Title of Invention	CERAMIC CANDLE AND FILTRATION SYSTEM FROM TREATED KIMBERRLITE WASTE FOR REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE FROM WATER RICH IN FLUORIDE CONTENT
Abstract	Development of Ceramic Candle and Filtration system from treated Kimberrlite Waste for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in Fluoride Content. Kimberlite waste after treatment with acid develops surface area from 54.41 to 281.42 m7g. Which indicates good utilization for adsorbent. There fore filter candles were made by manner and filter system was designed as illustrated at fig-1. The system has proved that fluoride content fromlOppm to 1.5 ppm can be reduced. The capacity has been worked out for 20!iters water for average family of 4 members for 24 his requirement. The life of candle and material will lost 3 and 2 months respectively.

Title of Invention

CERAMIC CANDLE AND FILTRATION SYSTEM FROM TREATED KIMBERRLITE WASTE FOR REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE FROM WATER RICH IN FLUORIDE CONTENT

Abstract

Development of Ceramic Candle and Filtration system from treated Kimberrlite Waste for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in Fluoride Content. Kimberlite waste after treatment with acid develops surface area from 54.41 to 281.42 m7g. Which indicates good utilization for adsorbent. There fore filter candles were made by manner and filter system was designed as illustrated at fig-1. The system has proved that fluoride content fromlOppm to 1.5 ppm can be reduced. The capacity has been worked out for 20!iters water for average family of 4 members for 24 his requirement. The life of candle and material will lost 3 and 2 months respectively.

Full Text	Development of Ceramic Candle and Filtration system from treated Kiinberrlite Waste for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in Fluoride Content. 1 The invention relates to a development of Ceramic Candle and nidation system Horn Healed Kimberrlite Waste available at Panna Diamond Mine (3 - 4 Million Tones allcr recovery of diamonds) for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in lluoiide Content. Background: It lias been found that Fluorosis is a chronic menace affecting huge population woildwidc. As per the survey conducted by Technology mission, aiound 25-30 million peo\|)le in 8700 villages are suffering from Fluorosis. Fluorosis results from excess intake of Fluoride mainly through drinking water. Although it is known that small amount of lluoiide is required for general health as an activator for some enzyme system and for the dental caries, excess intake leads to dental and skeletal Fluorosis. WHO has set the guidelines of 1.5 mg/L lluoiide as maximum permissible limit in potable water. Existing Scenario of fluoride removal methods: 1. Lime and Alum Method ' Ref: Jendrickson 1984, Mgcngcia (1988, Rao 1988 and Nowlakhe- 1978. Current status:- La en Field tested, applicable at community level and in Central treatment Plants. Successful field tests have been done in rural pails of India and Kenya. Conflicting views with respect to its efficiency. 2. Lime: Ref:- Choi - 1979, Hendrickson 1984, Mjengera - 1988 Rabosky and Miller - 1974 Current status:- Lab and field tested, well known process Trained operators are needed. Poor removal efficiency at low fluoride concentrations. 3. And co: Ref:- O'Brien- 1983. Current status:- The process is sophisticated, but the consumption of chemicals is low but reduction of fluoride concentration below I mg 171 is possible. The facilities 1 for using the Andco process are supplied by Andco Lnviionmenlal process inc. USA as package plants. But not proved popular. 4. Polyaluminium Chloride: Ref> Mjcngcra- 1988. Current status:- Lab tests only. High removal capacity of (lie chemical polyaluminium chloride possibility to develop the method for application at Community level. But requires regeneration system 5. Aluminum Sulphate (Alum): Ref: Hendrickson, 1984 Current status:- Lab and field tested, well know process. Trained operatois aie needed. 6. Calcium Chloride: ■\ Ref: Diver, 1982, Hendrickson - 1984 Current status:- Process is well known and well I lained operators are lecjuiied 7 Gypsum and Fluoritc:- Ref:- Graaff, Van. De 1991. Schuiling, 1991, 1990. Current status:- Lab tests o.nly, well known process. Very simple method, application at house-hold and community level is possible Method can be used as a first step in which the bulk of fluoride is removed, followed by a more expensive adsoption method in which the rest of fluoride is removed. 8. Magnestie (Mg Coj): Ref: Mjengera, 1988. Current status:- The method has been tested in the Laboratory. The removal efficiency depends on the contract time allowed. Maximum observed removal efficiency is 81% but the PH increase substantially, this making the treatment unfit. 9. Dolomite: (Semi - Calcined dolomite) ' Ref:- Shablovskayaetal. 1988. Current status:- The method has been tested in the Laboratory. The experiments indicate that the average residual concentration of fluoride is between 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L, which corresponds to the WHO level. The capacity of the filter medium was 400 g F/ni3 which is about two time less than the capacity of granules of activated aluminum oxide, used for water defluoridation. But the life of material was limited. (ADSORPTION - ION - I 10. Dcfliioron - I Ref: Hendrickson- 1984. Current status:- The medium is reported to have poor hydiaulic properties and high attritional losses. Trained technical operalois aie needed lor media regeneration. Application in treatment plant only. 1. Activated alumina (Complex, Granulated activated alumina, lluidi/.ed activated alumina) Ref: Barbicr- 1984, Belle- 1984, llepp- 1979 Mazounie - 1984, Mjcngera, 1988 Schoeman- 1985 abd 1987. Current status:- The method has been well documented and studied A number of publications have demonstrated the advantage over other excess fluoride removal methods. The method is quite suitable for municipal plants in developed countries and has been applied in several countries. But not suitable at domestic level because of regeneration problem after short period of time. 12. Clays as natural adsorbents. Ref:- Chaturvedi, 1988, Gitonga, 1985, Jinadasa, 1988, Mjcngera, 1988, Weerasootiya - 1989. Current status:- Only Lab tested, Huoiide Concentration can be lowered to approximately 1 nig F/L. Simple method which can be developed for application at household and community level. The objective of the invention is to devise system for removal ofllouride from water rich in flouride for common villagers who have no access for good potable water. The devise has been made in such away that a villager also can handle the system without depending upon trained persons or chemicals to be used for regeneration activities as illustrated in above activities. Thus, according to this invention a system has been made to remove llouride from water rich in flouride content by utilizing the waste material known as Kimbei lite waste after activation. The invention will be more clearly described with reference to fig-1 of accompanying drawing of the filtration system Referring to fig-1, a container (A) with multiple holes at the bollom is tided with course cloth to cover the holes, over the cloth calcined & chemically surface tieated Kimberlite waste is filled (5kgs). This serves two put poses, i) Filtering off water with suspended impurities, ii) Arresting the ilouride content in the water to the extent of 10-20% iii) The second chamber (13) is fitted with thiee caudles made from treated Kimberlite waste. The fitting is done by known manner. The candle pieparation is also carried by known manner, iv) The treatment is carried by tieating Kimbcilite waste with 0.1 N I Id for 4 hrs after filtration the Kimberlite waste is washed with water and remove all chloride ions. The surface aica increases from 54.4 I to 28 1.42 m;/g . v) The filtered water is collected in the third chamber. In this chamber, granulated activated charcoal available in the tnaikcl is placed in order to remove smell of clay and any colour present in the water. In third chamber there is central tube which has got number of holes around less than size of granulated activated charcoal. The water after passing through candles, gets associated with activated charcoal before getting collected in fourth. The above slated system will take care of 20 liters of water to average family consumption. After alternate month calcined Kimberlite has to be replaced and candles made from treated Kimberlite has to be replaced after ever three months The system will take care of I0-ppm (louiide content in the water and reduces to 1.0-1.5-ppm level which is within WHO prescribed limits. We Claim: 1 Development of Ceramic Candle and Initiation system fiom treated Kimberrlite Waste for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in Fluoride Content which involves following steps:. a. The Waste material as such is screened to get -1 50 mesh size for down piocess, b. -150 mesh Kimberlite Waste is Heated with 0 IM - IM MCI for A his in the ratio of 1:5 under atmospheric Condition with Constant stirring of 80 - 100 rpm. Without heating, c. The residue is washed with Cold water till ficc liom Chloride ions, d. The treated Kimberlite is dried and mixed with Ball clay (2%) for bonding properties, e. The material is casted on mould as candle, f. The casted candle is air dried and calcined at 700 - 900° C to get its strength , g. A part of as such Kimberrlite Waste is calcined directly up to 900°C and chemically surface treated ,this becomes the initial filtration media for removal of suspended particle and increase of life of candles, h. 10-ppm water rich in fluoride is poured into upper portion of filter, i. The calcined chemically surface treated material and three candles made from treated Kimberlite is fitted in the Miration system as design and illustrated at Fig - I by known manner, j. The Filter bed of calcined and chemically surface treated Kimberlite is to be replaced every alternate month, k. The candle has to be replaced alter every three months, 1. The treat water is passing through activated coal to remove any colour & smell. in. The water free from flouride is getting in the collecting chamber at the bottom. 2. Kimberlites wasle after treatment with hydrochloric acid develops surface area from 51/11 to 281.42 m2/g and act as a good adsorbent. 3. The process as claimed 1-2 wherein waste ma! CUM I (Kimbeiilite Tailing) is utilised 4. The process claimed in claim I - 2 fulfills the lequiieinent of WHO i.e. lo maintain I - 1.5 mg/l fluoride content , 5. The designed fluoride system as here in before described and as illustrated in fig I of the drawing accompanying the complete specification

Full Text

Development of Ceramic Candle and Filtration system from treated Kiinberrlite Waste
for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in Fluoride Content.
1 The invention relates to a development of Ceramic Candle and nidation system Horn Healed
Kimberrlite Waste available at Panna Diamond Mine (3 - 4 Million Tones allcr recovery of
diamonds) for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in lluoiide Content.
Background:
It lias been found that Fluorosis is a chronic menace affecting huge population woildwidc. As
per the survey conducted by Technology mission, aiound 25-30 million peo|)le in 8700 villages
are suffering from Fluorosis. Fluorosis results from excess intake of Fluoride mainly through
drinking water. Although it is known that small amount of lluoiide is required for general
health as an activator for some enzyme system and for the dental caries, excess intake leads to
dental and skeletal Fluorosis. WHO has set the guidelines of 1.5 mg/L lluoiide as maximum
permissible limit in potable water.
Existing Scenario of fluoride removal methods:
1. Lime and Alum Method
' Ref: Jendrickson 1984, Mgcngcia (1988, Rao 1988 and Nowlakhe- 1978.
Current status:- La en Field tested, applicable at community level and in Central
treatment Plants. Successful field tests have been done in rural pails of India and Kenya. Conflicting views with respect to its efficiency.
2. Lime:
Ref:- Choi - 1979, Hendrickson 1984, Mjengera - 1988 Rabosky and Miller - 1974
Current status:- Lab and field tested, well known process Trained operators are
needed. Poor removal efficiency at low fluoride concentrations.
3. And co:
Ref:- O'Brien- 1983.
Current status:- The process is sophisticated, but the consumption of chemicals
is low but reduction of fluoride concentration below I mg 171 is possible. The facilities
1 for using the Andco process are supplied by Andco Lnviionmenlal process inc. USA
as package plants. But not proved popular.

4. Polyaluminium Chloride:
Ref> Mjcngcra- 1988.
Current status:- Lab tests only. High removal capacity of (lie chemical
polyaluminium chloride possibility to develop the method for application at Community level. But requires regeneration system
5. Aluminum Sulphate (Alum):
Ref: Hendrickson, 1984
Current status:- Lab and field tested, well know process. Trained operatois aie
needed.
6. Calcium Chloride:
■\ Ref: Diver, 1982, Hendrickson - 1984
Current status:- Process is well known and well I lained operators are lecjuiied
7 Gypsum and Fluoritc:-
Ref:- Graaff, Van. De 1991. Schuiling, 1991, 1990.
Current status:- Lab tests o.nly, well known process. Very simple method, application at house-hold and community level is possible Method can be used as a first step in which the bulk of fluoride is removed, followed by a more expensive adsoption method in which the rest of fluoride is removed.
8. Magnestie (Mg Coj):
Ref: Mjengera, 1988.
Current status:- The method has been tested in the Laboratory. The removal efficiency depends on the contract time allowed. Maximum observed removal efficiency is 81% but the PH increase substantially, this making the treatment unfit.
9. Dolomite: (Semi - Calcined dolomite)
' Ref:- Shablovskayaetal. 1988.
Current status:- The method has been tested in the Laboratory. The experiments indicate that the average residual concentration of fluoride is between 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L, which corresponds to the WHO level.
The capacity of the filter medium was 400 g F/ni3 which is about two time less than the capacity of granules of activated aluminum oxide, used for water defluoridation. But the life of material was limited.

(ADSORPTION - ION - I 10. Dcfliioron - I
Ref: Hendrickson- 1984.
Current status:- The medium is reported to have poor hydiaulic properties and high attritional losses. Trained technical operalois aie needed lor media regeneration. Application in treatment plant only.
1. Activated alumina (Complex, Granulated activated alumina, lluidi/.ed activated
alumina)
Ref: Barbicr- 1984, Belle- 1984, llepp- 1979 Mazounie - 1984, Mjcngera, 1988 Schoeman- 1985 abd 1987.
Current status:- The method has been well documented and studied A number of publications have demonstrated the advantage over other excess fluoride removal methods. The method is quite suitable for municipal plants in developed countries and has been applied in several countries. But not suitable at domestic level because of regeneration problem after short period of time.
12. Clays as natural adsorbents.
Ref:- Chaturvedi, 1988, Gitonga, 1985, Jinadasa, 1988, Mjcngera, 1988, Weerasootiya - 1989.
Current status:- Only Lab tested, Huoiide Concentration can be lowered to
approximately 1 nig F/L. Simple method which can be developed for application at household and community level.
The objective of the invention is to devise system for removal ofllouride from water
rich in flouride for common villagers who have no access for good potable water. The
devise has been made in such away that a villager also can handle the system without
depending upon trained persons or chemicals to be used for regeneration activities as
illustrated in above activities.
Thus, according to this invention a system has been made to remove llouride from
water rich in flouride content by utilizing the waste material known as Kimbei lite
waste after activation.
The invention will be more clearly described with reference to fig-1 of accompanying
drawing of the filtration system

Referring to fig-1, a container (A) with multiple holes at the bollom is tided with course cloth to cover the holes, over the cloth calcined & chemically surface tieated Kimberlite waste is filled (5kgs). This serves two put poses,
i) Filtering off water with suspended impurities,
ii) Arresting the ilouride content in the water to the extent of 10-20%
iii) The second chamber (13) is fitted with thiee caudles made from treated
Kimberlite waste. The fitting is done by known manner. The candle pieparation
is also carried by known manner,
iv) The treatment is carried by tieating Kimbcilite waste with 0.1 N I Id for 4 hrs
after filtration the Kimberlite waste is washed with water and remove all
chloride ions. The surface aica increases from 54.4 I to 28 1.42 m;/g .
v) The filtered water is collected in the third chamber. In this chamber, granulated
activated charcoal available in the tnaikcl is placed in order to remove smell of clay and any colour present in the water. In third chamber there is central tube which has got number of holes around less than size of granulated activated charcoal. The water after passing through candles, gets associated with activated charcoal before getting collected in fourth. The above slated system will take care of 20 liters of water to average family consumption. After alternate month calcined Kimberlite has to be replaced and candles made from treated Kimberlite has to be replaced after ever three months The system will take care of I0-ppm (louiide content in the water and reduces to 1.0-1.5-ppm level which is within WHO prescribed limits.

We Claim:
1 Development of Ceramic Candle and Initiation system fiom treated Kimberrlite Waste
for removal of Fluoride from Water rich in Fluoride Content which involves following steps:.
a. The Waste material as such is screened to get -1 50 mesh size for down piocess,
b. -150 mesh Kimberlite Waste is Heated with 0 IM - IM MCI for A his in the
ratio of 1:5 under atmospheric Condition with Constant stirring of 80 - 100
rpm. Without heating,
c. The residue is washed with Cold water till ficc liom Chloride ions,
d. The treated Kimberlite is dried and mixed with Ball clay (2%) for bonding
properties,
e. The material is casted on mould as candle,
f. The casted candle is air dried and calcined at 700 - 900° C to get its strength ,
g. A part of as such Kimberrlite Waste is calcined directly up to 900°C and
chemically surface treated ,this becomes the initial filtration media for removal
of suspended particle and increase of life of candles,
h. 10-ppm water rich in fluoride is poured into upper portion of filter,
i. The calcined chemically surface treated material and three candles made from
treated Kimberlite is fitted in the Miration system as design and illustrated at
Fig - I by known manner,
j. The Filter bed of calcined and chemically surface treated Kimberlite is to be
replaced every alternate month,
k. The candle has to be replaced alter every three months,
1. The treat water is passing through activated coal to remove any colour & smell.
in. The water free from flouride is getting in the collecting chamber at the bottom.

2. Kimberlites wasle after treatment with hydrochloric acid develops surface area from 51/11 to 281.42 m2/g and act as a good adsorbent.
3. The process as claimed 1-2 wherein waste ma! CUM I (Kimbeiilite Tailing) is utilised
4. The process claimed in claim I - 2 fulfills the lequiieinent of WHO i.e. lo maintain I - 1.5
mg/l fluoride content ,
5. The designed fluoride system as here in before described and as illustrated in fig I of the
drawing accompanying the complete specification

Documents:

016-mas-2000-abstract.pdf

016-mas-2000-claims duplicate.pdf

016-mas-2000-claims original.pdf

016-mas-2000-correspondence others.pdf

016-mas-2000-correspondence po.pdf

016-mas-2000-description complete duplicate.pdf

016-mas-2000-description complete original.pdf

016-mas-2000-description provisnal.pdf

016-mas-2000-drawings.pdf

016-mas-2000-form 1.pdf

016-mas-2000-form 19.pdf

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Patent Number

207971

Indian Patent Application Number

16/MAS/2000

PG Journal Number

30/2007

Publication Date

27-Jul-2007

Grant Date

02-Jul-2007

Date of Filing

10-Jan-2000

Name of Patentee

NATIONAL MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED

Applicant Address

KHANIJ BHAVAN 10-3-311/A CASTLE HILLS, MASAB TANK, HYDERABAD 500 028.

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	DR.MAHARAJ KISHEN DHAR	RESEARCH & DEVLOPMENT CENTER UPPAL ROAD, HYDERABAD 500 007. ANDHRA PRADESH.

PCT International Classification Number

C04338/00

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1			NA