Title of Invention	FM IN-BAND-ON CHANNEL DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING METHOD AND SYSTEM
Abstract	This invention provides a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband (30) of an FM radio channel, the upper sideband ranging from about + 100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband (32) of the FM radio channel, the lower sideband ranging from about +100 khz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (34) of the first plurality of sub-carriers with a digitally coded encoded version of program signal to be transmitted, and orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (44) of the second plurality of sub-carriers with the digitally coded version of the program signal to be transmitted, characterized by the steps of providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band (28) of the FM radio chanel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands, modulating the third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data, and transmitting the first group of the first plurality of sub-carriers, the first group of the second plurality of sub-carriers, and the third plurality of sub-carriers. Transmitters and receivers that uti1ized the method are also included.

Title of Invention

FM IN-BAND-ON CHANNEL DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING METHOD AND SYSTEM

Abstract

This invention provides a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband (30) of an FM radio channel, the upper sideband ranging from about + 100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband (32) of the FM radio channel, the lower sideband ranging from about +100 khz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (34) of the first plurality of sub-carriers with a digitally coded encoded version of program signal to be transmitted, and orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (44) of the second plurality of sub-carriers with the digitally coded version of the program signal to be transmitted, characterized by the steps of providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band (28) of the FM radio chanel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands, modulating the third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data, and transmitting the first group of the first plurality of sub-carriers, the first group of the second plurality of sub-carriers, and the third plurality of sub-carriers. Transmitters and receivers that uti1ized the method are also included.

Full Text	1 FM IN-BAND-ON-CHANNEL DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING METHOD AND SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to radio broadcasting, and more particularly, to modulation formats for FM In-Band-On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and broadcasting systems utilizing such modulation formats. Digital Audio Broadcasting is a medium for providing digital-quality audio, superior to existing analog broadcasting formats. FM IBOC DAB can be transmitted in a hybrid format where the digitally modulated signal coexists with the currently broadcast analog FM signal. IBOC requires no new spectral allocations because each DAB signal is simultaneously transmitted within the same spectral mask of an existing FM channel allocation. IBOC promotes economy of spectrum while enabling broadcasters to supply digital quality audio to their present base of listeners. FM IBOC broadcasting systems using have been the subject of several United States patents including patents no. 5,465,396; 5,315.583; 5,278.844 and 5,278,826. In addition, a commonly assigned pending patent application for a "Method and System for Simultaneously Broadcasting and Receiving Digital and Analog Signals, by D. Kumar and B. Hunsinger, Serial No. 08/294,140, filed July 1994 discloses an FM IBOC DAB system. The advantages of digital transmission for audio include better signal quality with less noise and wider dynamic range than with existing FM radio channels. Initially the hybrid format would be adopted allowing the existing receivers to continue to receive the analog FM signal while allowing new IBOC receivers to decode the digital signal. Some time in the future, when IBOC DAB receivers are abundant, broadcasters may elect to transmit an all-digital formal. The goal of FM hybrid IBOC DAB is to provide virtual-CD-quality stereo digital audio (plus data) while simultaneously transmitting the existing FM signal. The goal of FM all-digital IBOC DAB is to provide virtual-CD-quality stereo audio along with a data channel with capacity of up to about 200 kbps. depending upon a particular station's interference environment. Since there is expected to be a transition from hybrid to all-digital IBOC DAB formats, it would be desirable to devise a modulation format that can be used by both systems so that the transition can be made with minimal changes in transmitting equipment. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of: providing a broadcast signal in a central frequency band of an FM radio channel; providing a plurality of upper sideband sub-carriers in an upper sideband of the FM radio channel, with the upper sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about + 100kHz to about +200 kHz from the center frequency of the radio channel; providing a plurality of lower sideband sub-carriers in a lower sideband of the FM radio channel, with the lower sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about -100kHz to about -200 kHz of the center frequency of the radio channel: orthogonal frequency division modulating a first group of the plurality of upper sideband sub-carriers with a complementary punctured convolution coded version of a program to be transmitted; orthogonal frequency division multiplexing the plurality of lower sideband sub-carriers with the complementary punctured convolution coded version of the program signal to be transmitted; and transmitting the central frequency band signal, the plurality of upper sideband sub-carriers, and the plurality of lower sideband sub-carriers. When operating with a hybrid modulation format, the central frequency band signal comprises a carrier FM modulated by an analog program signal. When operating with an all-digital modulation format, the central frequency band signal comprises a third plurality of sub-carriers modulated by a digital signal and broadcast at an average power spectral density less than that of the upper sideband and lower sideband sub-carriers. In the all-digital format, this invention includes a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of: providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband of an FM radio channel; providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband of said FM radio channel: orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group of said first plurality 3 of sub-carriers with a digitally coded version of program signal to be transmitted; orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said digitally coded version of said program signal to be transmitted; providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band of said FM radio channel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands; and transmitting said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers. and said third plurality of sub-carriers. The invention also encompasses transmitters and receivers that utilize the above methods. This invention provides a modulation format that can be used by both hybrid and all-digital in-band-on-channel digital audio broadcasting systems so that the transition can be made with minimal changes in transmitting equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for a hybrid FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for an all-digital FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention; Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for the upper sideband of the FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for the lower sideband of the FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention; Figure 5 illustrates the potential interference between a channel broadcast in accordance with this invention and the left first adjacent analog EM channel in an IBOC DAB system; Figure 6 illustrates the potential interference between a channel broadcast in accordance with this invention and the left first adjacent IBOC DAB channel in an IBOC DAB system; and 4 Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram of a broadcasting system which may incorporate the modulation method of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to the drawings. Figure I is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations (spectral placement) and relative power spectral density of the signal components for a hybrid FM IBOC DAB signal 10 in accordance with the present invention. The hybrid format includes the conventional FM stereo analog signal 12 having a power spectral density represented by the triangular shape 14 positioned in a central, or central frequency band, 16 portion of the channel. The Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a typical analog FM broadcast signal is nearly triangular with a slope of about -0.35 dB/kHz from the center frequency. A plurality of digitally modulated evenly spaced sub-carriers are positioned on either side of the analog FM signal, in an upper sideband 18 and a lower sideband 20, and are transmitted concurrently with the analog FM signal. All of the carriers are transmitted at a power level that falls within the United States -Federal Communications Commission channel mask 22. The vertical axis in Figure I shows the peak power spectra! density as opposed to a more conventional average power spectral density characterization. In this case. the total one-sided DAB signal power is 25 dB below the FM carrier power while the peak spectral power ratio appears significantly greater. The short-term FM spectrum is more "peaky" than the short-term DAB spectrum when both are observed in a 1 kHz bandwidth. As will be seen from the description below, the digitally modulated portion of the hybrid signal is a subset of the all-digital DAB signal that will be transmitted in the all-digital IBOC DAB format. Signals from an adjacent FM channel (i.e. the first adjacent FM signals), if present, would be centered at a spacing of 200 kHz from the center of the channel of interest. In one embodiment of the invention, referred to as the hybrid FM IBOC modulation format, 95 evenly spaced orthogonal frequency division modulated (OFDM) sub-carriers are placed on each side of the host analog FM signal occupying the spectrum from about 129 kHz through 198 kHz away from the host FM center frequency as illustrated by the upper sideband 18 and the lower sideband 20 in Figure I. In the hybrid system the total DAB power in the OFDM modulated sub-carriers in each sideband is set to about -25 dB relative to its host analog FM power. 5 The spectral placement and relative signal power density levels of the OFDM digital sub-carriers in a second embodiment of the invention, referred to as the all-digital FM DAB format illustrated by item number 24, is shown in Figure 2. In this embodiment of the invention, the analog FM signal has been replaced by an optional additional group of OFDM sub-carriers, referred to as the extended all-digital signal 26. located in the central frequency band 28. Once again evenly spaced OFDM sub-carriers are positions in an upper sideband 30 and a lower sideband 32. The sidebands of the all-digital format of Figure 2 are wider than the sidebands of Figure 1. In addition, the power spectral density level of the all-digital IBOC signal sidebands is set about 10 dB higher than that allowed in the hybrid IBOC sidebands. This provides the all-digital IBOC signal with a significant performance advantage. Furthermore the power spectral density of the extended all-digital signal is about 15 dB below that of the hybrid IBOC sidebands. This minimizes or eliminates any interference problems to adjacent hybrid or all-digital IBOC signal while providing additional capacity for other digital services. It is recommended that the extended data sub-carriers be set at a relative level of roughly 15 dB below the level of the other main sub-carriers. This is a compromise between the robustness of these extended sub-carriers and interference to the main sub-carriers of a first adjacent signal. To assess the potential interference situation, assume that the maximum relative level of the first adjacent all-digital station is -6 dB at the 54 dBu protected contour. This is the case for the pair of first-adjacent stations that meet the FCC guidelines, although there are exceptions that are close-spaced. The extended data sub-carriers would interfere with the first adjacent main sub-carriers at a relative level of -21 dB (-6dB-15dB). This level of interference includes some margin for fading and should not result in significant degradation if the main signal. However, the extended data sub-carriers would suffer when the first adjacent interferer is -6 dB lower since the interfered main sub-carriers would be 9 dB higher than the extended data sub-carriers. FEC coding would be imposed upon the extended data sub-carriers such that one first adjacent interferer can be tolerated. If the extended data is perceived to be more valuable than indicative of the protection provided, then consider raising the level of the extended data sub-carriers to -10 dB instead of-15 dB. Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the placement and relative power spectral density of the signal components for the upper sideband of FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention. In Figures 3 and 4, the potential sub-carrier locations 6 arc indexed (assigned numbers) ranging from zero at the FM center frequency to plus or minus 273 at the edges of the 400 kHz bandwidth, with the positive assignments having carrier frequencies above the channel center frequency and the negative numbers having frequencies below the channel center frequency. The sub-carrier assignments shown in parentheses above the frequency scale Figure 3 include all optional sub-carriers in the upper sideband of both the hybrid and all-digital systems. The hybrid DAB sub-carriers comprise a subset of the all-digital DAB sub-carriers. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, the individual OFDM sub-carriers are QPSK modulated at 689.0625 Hz (44100/64) and are orthogonally spaced at about 726.7456055 Hz (44100*135/8192) after pulse shaping is applied (root raised cosine time pulse with 7/128 excess time functions as guard time). The frequency scale-shows the frequency difference from the channel center frequency. "The upper sideband represented in Figure 3, is comprised of information-bearing sub-carriers 140 through 272 corresponding to subcarrier frequencies 101.744 Hz through 197.675 Hz. Sub-carrier 273 is an optional reference sub-carrier. The upper sideband is shown to be divided into several groups: 34, 36, 38 and 40. Group 34 represents the main-channel and contains sub-carriers 178 through 253. The main channel sub-carriers are used to transmit the program material to be broadcast in the form of data bits of the coding algorithm at a rate of at least 96 thousand bits per second (kbs). The main channel may include ancillary and auxiliary data. A second group of carriers 36 occupying sub-carrier positions 254 through 272 are used to transmit parity bits. A third group of carriers can be used to carry a 24 kbps delayed version of the program material for tuning an backup purposes. As will be discussed below, these sub-carriers are more likely to be corrupted by interferers than sub-carriers that are positioned closer to the center of the channel. The most expendable code bits are placed on the outer OFDM sub-carriers. The expendable bits contribute least to the free distance or coding gain of the combined code and they are least important to the error correction ability of the code. Therefore, the most vulnerable sub-carriers are used to carry these expendable bits. Another group of sub-carriers 38 is used in the all-digital embodiment of the invention to carry parity bits or optional data and may be used in the hybrid embodiment of the invention, if the analog srgnal in the central frequency band is scaled back, for example by removing stereo information. Sub-carrier group 40 includes sub-carrier positions 140 through 158 and is used in the all-digital embodiment to transmit a delayed backup version of the program material at a lower data rate, of for example 24 kbs. The sub-carriers in this group would not be used in the hybrid embodiment unless the analog base band signal is further scaled back. In the all-digital embodiment, the sub-carriers of group 40 provide data that can be used in the event of a loss of the signal transmitted in the main channel. The sub-carrier at location 273 represents an optional reference signal 42. This signal may be used for signal acquisition purposes if desired. The lower sideband shown in Figure 4, has a mirror image of the upper sideband format with negative indexes and frequencies. Lower sideband main channel 44 contains the sub-carriers at locations -178 through -253 and is used to transmit the same program material as is transmitted in the upper sideband main channel. The sub-camers in groups 46, 48 and 50 are utilized in the same manner as the sub-carriers of group 36. 38 and 40 of the upper sideband. The sub-carrier in position -273 may be used to transmit an optional reference signal. The sub-carriers in both sidebands use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and are FEC coded using Complementary Punctured Convolution (CPC) codes. CPC codes are known in the art, for'example, see S. Kaiiel, "Complementary Punctured Convolution (CPC) Codes and Their Applications," IEEE Trans. Comm.. Vol. 43, No, 6, pp. 2005-2009, June, 1995. The reference sub-carriers, if used, are located at plus or minus 273 with center frequencies of plus or minus 198,402 Hz. The reference sub-carriers would be modulated with the same symbol phase used to modulate sub-carrier 272 for the previous symbol time. This allows the receiver the option of performing differential detection in frequency starting with the reference sub-carrier, or differential detection in frequency starting with the time differential detection of sub-carrier 272. Ideally, in the absence of interference, but with fading, performance may be better using the reference sub-carrier. However, it may be advantageous to eliminate the reference sub-carrier to minimize potential interference from a second adjacent DAB signal. The 96 kbps PAC main channel occupying sub-carriers 178 through 253 is formatted identically in both the hybrid and all-digital systems. This main channel is coded over both DAB sidebands using CPC codes, resulting in a rate ½ CPC code. The reference sub-carrier, if used, would also be identical in both hybrid and all-digital systems. These reference (pilot) sub-carriers may be modulated with an alternating sequence to permit assistance in frequency and symbol timing acquisition and tracking. The preferred s embodiment of this invention uses a perceptual audio coding {PAC) algorithm. Perceptual audio coding algorithms have been the subject of numerous U. S. Patents such as 5.481.614: 5,285.498 a nd 5.040.217. However, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the use of perceptual audio coding algorithms. Sub-carriers 254 through 272 (upper and lower sidebands) carry either additional parity bits for the CPC code, or data in both hybrid and all-digital systems. The transmission of parity bits here improves the FEC code rate over the main channel from R-½ to R=2/5, or R=4/5 on each sideband independently. In the presence of adjacent channel FM interference, these outer OFDM sub-carriers are most vulnerable to corruption, and the interference on the upper and lower sidebands is independent. Since the PSD of an FM broadcast signal is nearly triangular, then the interference increases as the OFDM sub-carriers approach the frequency of a first adjacent signal. When parity bits are transmitted, the coding and interleaving may be specially tailored to deai with this nonuniform interference such that the communication of information is robust. Sub-carriers 159 through 177 in group 38 of the upper sideband and sub-carriers -159 through -177 in group 48 of the lower sideband can carry either additional parity bits for the CPC code, or data, This selection is optional in the hybrid system, but mandatory in the all-digital system. The transmission of parity bits here improves the FEC code rate over the main channel from R=½ to R=2/5, or R=4/5 on each independent DAB sideband. If parity bits are transmitted in both regions 159 through 177 and 255 through 273 (and corresponding sub-carriers in the lower sideband), then the overall code rate is R=173. or R=2/3 on each independent DAB sideband. The IBOC DAB system will transmit all the digital audio information on each DAB sideband (upper or lower) of the FM carrier. Although additional sub-carriers beyond the baseline system can be activated to enable the transmission of all the code bits of the rate 1/3 FEC code, the baseline system employs a code rate of 2/5. Each sideband can be detected and decoded independently with an FEC coding gain achieved by a rate 4/5 (optionally rate 2/3) convolutional code. This redundancy permits operation on one sideband while the other is corrupted. However, usually both sides are combined to provide additional signal power and coding gain commensurate with a rate 2/5 (optionally rate 1/3) code. Furthermore special techniques can be employed to demodulate and separate strong first adjacent imerferers such 9 that a "recovered" DAB sideband can supplement the opposite sideband to improve coding gain and signal power over any one sideband. The all-digital system will utilize sub-carriers 140 through 158 in group 40 of the upper sideband and sub-carriers -140 through -158 of the lower sideband to carry a lower data rate version of the data in the main channel, e.g. 24 kbps embedded PAC code. This lower rate backup data is delayed to enhance performance using time diversity. This backup data of the all-digital system replaces the analog FM blend of the hybrid system which is described in commonly owned co-pending application "A System And Method For Mitigating Intermittent Interruption In An Audio Radio Broadcast System", filed October 9, 1997, Serial No. 08/947.902. When the Main Channel data is corrupted, the backup data can fill-in the audio segment. Since the backup data is comprised of an embedded subset of the main channel data bits, the backup can enable additional error protection for the main channel. in the all-digital embodiment, sub-carriers from index -139 to 139 which are located in the central frequency band 28 in Figure 2, can be used as an option to extend DAB capacity. The channel bit rate over this "extended" bandwidth without coding is about 384 kbps. Because half of this bandwidth can be corrupted by a first adjacent DAB signal, the CPC FEC coding technique should be applied to each half of the extended bandwidth, i.e. sub-carriers 1 through 139 should carry the same information as sub-carriers -1 through -139. Then, if either half becomes corrupted, there will still be a rate 2/3 complementary code on the remaining half. In this case, the information capacity after rate 1/3 coding is-about 128 kbps. The extended all-digital band is exposed to interference only from a first-adjacent hybrid or all-digital interferer. Under present protected contour guidelines, the maximum level of the first adjacent interferer is -6dB relative to the host station. If this first adjacent interferer is an all-digital IBOC, then the interferer can be up to 14 dB higher than the level of that half of the extended band The extended band starts to positively contribute to the coding gain when the spectral density of the interferer is about the same level as the extended band signal. This implies that an all-digital first adjacent interferer must be at least 20 dB below the signal of interest (20 dB di/du) before that half of the extended band is useful. Reception of the extended data might be possible with both first adjacents present at 10 -20 dB; however robust reception in fading probably requires at least one first adjacent at -30 dB or lower. Consider the possibility of raising the level of the extended band as high as the hybrid DAB sideband levels. The extended band interference to a first adjacent hybrid is then only -6dB at the 54 dBu contour. Similarly the interference to an all-digital is -16 dB. While the coverage area and robustness of the extended region are not as good as the all-digital sidebands, acceptable levels of performance should be achievable within the normal protected contour, except in areas where both first adjacent signals are significant. Possible uses of the extended all-digital bandwidth are surround-sound, slow-scan video, datacasting. etc. These extended services can be received where available. The interference to and from the first adjacent channels placed ± 200 kHz away from the host signal can be derived from the relationship of the adjacent signals shown in the plot of Figure 5. Figure. 5 shows a hybrid DAB signal 54 having a central frequency band signal 56 and upper and lower sidebands 58 and 60., and a conventional first adjacent left channel 62. FM stations are geographically plaGed such that the nominal received power of an undesired adjacent channel is at least 6 dB below the desired station's power at the edge of its coverage area. Then the D/U (desired to undesired power ratio in dB) is at least 6 dB. Knowledge of the ratio of each station's DAB signal power to its FM host permits assessment of first adjacent interference to DAB. Similarly the interference of the first adjacent DAB signal 64 (with central frequency band signal 66 and upper and lower sidebands 68 and 70) to the host FM signal can be assessed from the relationship shown in Figure 6. In this example the host signal is shown at 200 kHz offset from the interferer. Interference from a second adjacent DAB interference to the host DAB signal has also been addressed. This problem has been avoided by limiting the far edge of the DAB signal to within 200 kHz of its host carrier frequency to prevent spectral overlap. Analysis of the DAB to first adjacent interference at the edge of coverage showed that the total DAB signal should be set at about -21 to -25 dB relative to its FM host power. This reduces the adjacent DAB interference ratio to the FM signal from about -24 dB to about -31 to -34 dB, assuming the D/U at the edge of coverage is 6 dB. Although FM channel spacing in some countries is 100 kHz, these first adjacents are geographically separated such that FM reception is not impaired within the coverage area. Therefore this should pose no problem to the FM IBOC system. The DAB to 11 DAB interference at 300 kHz spacing can impair performance on one sideband, but the CPC :ode is designed to tolerate this condition. An OFDM technique has been described for IBOC DAB. An OFDM signal consists of orthogonally spaced carriers all modulated at a common symbol rate. The frequency spacing for rectangular pulse symbols (e.g.. BPSK, QPSK.. 8PSK or QAM) is equal to the symbol rate. For IBOC transmission of FM/DAB signals, a redundant set of OFDM sub-carriers is placed within about 100 kHz to 200 kHz on either side of a coexisting FM channel spectrum. The DAB power (upper or lower sideband) is set to about -25 dB relative to the FM signal. The level and spectral occupancy of the DAB signal is set to limit interference to its FM host while providing adequate SNR for the DAB sub-carriers. First adjacent signals spaced at +-200 kHz from the FM carrier can corrupt the DAB signal. However, at any particular location within a station's coverage area, it is unlikely that both first adjacents will significantly interfere with DAB. Therefore the upper and lower DAB sidebands carry the same redundant information such that only one sideband is needed to communicate the information. Inherent advantages of OFDM include robustness in the presence of multipath interference, and tolerance to non-gaussian short term noise or notches due to selective fading. The relatively long symbol integration times tend to "gaussianize" these short-term degradations. Figure 7 is a greatly simplified block diagram of a digital audio broadcast system constructed in accordance with the invention. A transmitter 72 includes inputs 74 and 76 for receiving left and right channels of the program material. A separate data input 78 is included for an additional data signal, particularly for use with the all-digital modulation format of this invention. The transmitter an analog FM processor 80 and FM exciter 82 which operate in accordance with prior art processors and exciters to produce an analog FM broadcast signal on line 84. The inputs 74 and 76 are also fed to a coding processor 86 which converts the program material in complementary punctured convolution coded signals that are error corrected in block 88 and fed to a modulator 90 which applies the coded signals to the plurality of sub-carriers using orthogonal frequency division modulation. The output 92 of the modulator is summed with the signal on line 84 in summer 94 and sent to antenna 96. The receiver 98 receives the transmitted signal on antenna 100 and demodulates the signal in demodulator 102 to recover the program material and associated data, if included. The audio 12 information is sent to a speaker 104 and additional data, if any is provided to output 106. which may be fed to a display or other device that can further process the data. The present invention provides modulation formats for FM hybrid and all-digital In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) systems. The FM hybrid IBOC modulation format is backward compatible with the existing FM analog system, and the all-digital IBOC modulation format is backward compatible with the FM hybrid IBOC system. The all-digital format embodiment of the present invention enables a substantially greater datacasting capacity. The modulation formats presented here allow a compatible transition for the broadcasters and listeners to migrate to digital signal virtual-CD audio quality while also -providing a new datacasting medium. The IBOC DAB modulation format of the present invention uses a complementary punctured convolution (CPC) coded version of the program material in two sidebands (upper sideband and lower sideband) which are potentially impaired by nearly independent interferers with independent fading. If one sideband is completely corrupted by. a strong first adjacent FM signal in the vicinity of the receiver, the opposite sideband must be independently decodable at the receiver. Therefore each sideband must be coded with an independently decodable FEC code. However, when both sidebands contain useful information that is not completely corrupted by an interferer, then CPC codes provide additional coding gain above that achieved by power combining the two sides. While the present invention has been illustrated in terms of its preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes may be made to the disclosed method and system without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined by the following claims. For example, while the above preferred embodiment shows the use of QPSK using CPC codes, various other modulation formats and code types may be used, such s 8PSK using 2/3 trellis code modulation followed by an optional Reed Soloman block code. 13 1. A method of broadcasting comprising the steps of providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband (30) of an FM radio channel, said upper sideband ranging from about +100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel; providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband (32) of said FM radio channel, said lower sideband ranging from about +100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel; modulating a first group (34) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with a digitally encoded version of a program signal to be transmitted; and modulating a first group (44) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said digitally encoded version of said program signal to be transmitted; characterized by the steps of: providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band (28) of said FM radio channel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands; modulating said third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data; and transmitting said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers, and said third plurality of sub-carriers. 2. The method of claim 1, further characterized by: modulating a second group (40) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with a delayed digitally encoded version of program material; and modulating a second group (50) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said delayed digitally encoded version of program material. 3. The method of claim 2, further characterized in that: said second group of said first plurality of sub-carriers is positioned closer to the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers; and said second group of said second plurality of sub-carriers is positioned closer to the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers. 4. The method of claim 2, further characterized in that: 14 a sub-carrier in said upper sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier; and a sub-carrier in said lower sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier. 5. The method of claim 2, further characterized by: modulating a third group (36) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material; and modulating a third group (46) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material. 6. The method of claim 5, further characterized by: modulating a fourth group (38) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with digitally encoded additional information; and modulating a fourth group (48) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with parity bits for said digitally encoded additional information. 7. The method of claim 5, further characterized by: modulating a fourth group (38) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with additional parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material; and modulating a fourth group (48) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with additional parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material. 8. The method of claim 5, further characterized in that: said third group of said first plurality of sub-carriers is positioned farther from the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers; ami said third group of said second plurality of sub-carriers is positioned farther from the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers. 9. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that: said digitally encoded version of said program material comprises a complementary convolutional code, with a first portion of said complementary convolutional code transmitted on said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers and with a second portion of said complementary convolutional code transmitted on said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers being independently decodable. 15 0. A transmitter (72) for broadcasting in-band-on-channel digital audio signals, said transmitter characterized by: means (82) for producing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband of an _FM radio channel, said upper sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about +100kHz to about +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel, a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband of said FM radio channel, said lower sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about -100kHz to about -200 kHz from the center frequency of said radio channel, and a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band of the FM radio channel, wherein the third plurality of sub-carriers have a lower power spectral density than that of the first and second plurality of sub-carriers; means (90) for modulating a first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers with a coded version of program material; means (90) for modulating a first' group of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said coded version of said program material; means (90) for modulating said third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data; and means (96) for transmitting said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers, and said third plurality of sub-carriers. 11. The transmitter of claim 10, further characterized in that: a sub-carrier in said upper sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier; and a sub-carrier in said lower sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier. 12. A receiver (98) for receiving in-band-on-channel digital audio signals, said receiver characterized by: means (100) for receiving a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband of an FM radio channel, said upper sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about + 100kHz to about +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel, said first plurality of sub-carriers being modulated with a complementary punctured convolution coded encoded version of the program material; a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband of said FM radio channel, said lower sideband lying 16 within a frequency band extending from about -100kHz to about -200 kHz from the center frequency of said radio channel, said second plurality of sub-carriers being modulated with a complementary punctured convolution coded encoded version of the program material; and a third plurality of sub-carriers, said third plurality of sub-carriers being modulated with additional data having a lower power spectral density than that of said first and second plurality of sub-carriers; means (102) for demodulating a first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, a first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers, and said third plurality of sub-carriers; and means (104, 106) for outputting said program material obtained from demodulating said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers and said second plurality of sub-carriers, and additional data obtained from demodulating said third plurality of sub-carriers. 13. The receiver of claim 12, further characterized by: means for differentially detecting a reference sub-carrier in said upper sideband; and means for differentially detecting a reference sub-carrier in said lower sideband. This invention provides a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband (30) of an FM radio channel, the upper sideband ranging from about + 100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband (32) of the FM radio channel, the lower sideband ranging from about +100 khz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (34) of the first plurality of sub-carriers with a digitally coded encoded version of program signal to be transmitted, and orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (44) of the second plurality of sub-carriers with the digitally coded version of the program signal to be transmitted, characterized by the steps of providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band (28) of the FM radio chanel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands, modulating the third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data, and transmitting the first group of the first plurality of sub-carriers, the first group of the second plurality of sub-carriers, and the third plurality of sub-carriers. Transmitters and receivers that uti1ized the method are also included.

Full Text

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FM IN-BAND-ON-CHANNEL DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING
METHOD AND SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to radio broadcasting, and more particularly, to modulation formats for FM In-Band-On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and broadcasting systems utilizing such modulation formats.
Digital Audio Broadcasting is a medium for providing digital-quality audio, superior to existing analog broadcasting formats. FM IBOC DAB can be transmitted in a hybrid format where the digitally modulated signal coexists with the currently broadcast analog FM signal. IBOC requires no new spectral allocations because each DAB signal is simultaneously transmitted within the same spectral mask of an existing FM channel allocation. IBOC promotes economy of spectrum while enabling broadcasters to supply digital quality audio to their present base of listeners. FM IBOC broadcasting systems using have been the subject of several United States patents including patents no. 5,465,396; 5,315.583; 5,278.844 and 5,278,826. In addition, a commonly assigned pending patent application for a "Method and System for Simultaneously Broadcasting and Receiving Digital and Analog Signals, by D. Kumar and B. Hunsinger, Serial No. 08/294,140, filed July 1994 discloses an FM IBOC DAB system.
The advantages of digital transmission for audio include better signal quality with less noise and wider dynamic range than with existing FM radio channels. Initially the hybrid format would be adopted allowing the existing receivers to continue to receive the analog FM signal while allowing new IBOC receivers to decode the digital signal. Some time in the future, when IBOC DAB receivers are abundant, broadcasters may elect to

transmit an all-digital formal. The goal of FM hybrid IBOC DAB is to provide virtual-CD-quality stereo digital audio (plus data) while simultaneously transmitting the existing FM signal. The goal of FM all-digital IBOC DAB is to provide virtual-CD-quality stereo audio along with a data channel with capacity of up to about 200 kbps. depending upon a particular station's interference environment.
Since there is expected to be a transition from hybrid to all-digital IBOC DAB formats, it would be desirable to devise a modulation format that can be used by both systems so that the transition can be made with minimal changes in transmitting equipment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of: providing a broadcast signal in a central frequency band of an FM radio channel; providing a plurality of upper sideband sub-carriers in an upper sideband of the FM radio channel, with the upper sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about + 100kHz to about +200 kHz from the center frequency of the radio channel; providing a plurality of lower sideband sub-carriers in a lower sideband of the FM radio channel, with the lower sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about -100kHz to about -200 kHz of the center frequency of the radio channel: orthogonal frequency division modulating a first group of the plurality of upper sideband sub-carriers with a complementary punctured convolution coded version of a program to be transmitted; orthogonal frequency division multiplexing the plurality of lower sideband sub-carriers with the complementary punctured convolution coded version of the program signal to be transmitted; and transmitting the central frequency band signal, the plurality of upper sideband sub-carriers, and the plurality of lower sideband sub-carriers.
When operating with a hybrid modulation format, the central frequency band signal comprises a carrier FM modulated by an analog program signal. When operating with an all-digital modulation format, the central frequency band signal comprises a third plurality of sub-carriers modulated by a digital signal and broadcast at an average power spectral density less than that of the upper sideband and lower sideband sub-carriers.
In the all-digital format, this invention includes a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of: providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband of an FM radio channel; providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband of said FM radio channel: orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group of said first plurality

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of sub-carriers with a digitally coded version of program signal to be transmitted; orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said digitally coded version of said program signal to be transmitted; providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band of said FM radio channel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands; and transmitting said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers. and said third plurality of sub-carriers.
The invention also encompasses transmitters and receivers that utilize the above methods.
This invention provides a modulation format that can be used by both hybrid and all-digital in-band-on-channel digital audio broadcasting systems so that the transition can be made with minimal changes in transmitting equipment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for a hybrid FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for an all-digital FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for the upper sideband of the FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations and relative power spectral density of the signal components for the lower sideband of the FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 5 illustrates the potential interference between a channel broadcast in accordance with this invention and the left first adjacent analog EM channel in an IBOC DAB system;
Figure 6 illustrates the potential interference between a channel broadcast in accordance with this invention and the left first adjacent IBOC DAB channel in an IBOC DAB system; and

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Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram of a broadcasting system which may incorporate the modulation method of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the drawings. Figure I is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations (spectral placement) and relative power spectral density of the signal components for a hybrid FM IBOC DAB signal 10 in accordance with the present invention. The hybrid format includes the conventional FM stereo analog signal 12 having a power spectral density represented by the triangular shape 14 positioned in a central, or central frequency band, 16 portion of the channel. The Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a typical analog FM broadcast signal is nearly triangular with a slope of about -0.35 dB/kHz from the center frequency. A plurality of digitally modulated evenly spaced sub-carriers are positioned on either side of the analog FM signal, in an upper sideband 18 and a lower sideband 20, and are transmitted concurrently with the analog FM signal. All of the carriers are transmitted at a power level that falls within the United States -Federal Communications Commission channel mask 22. The vertical axis in Figure I shows the peak power spectra! density as opposed to a more conventional average power spectral density characterization. In this case. the total one-sided DAB signal power is 25 dB below the FM carrier power while the peak spectral power ratio appears significantly greater. The short-term FM spectrum is more "peaky" than the short-term DAB spectrum when both are observed in a 1 kHz bandwidth. As will be seen from the description below, the digitally modulated portion of the hybrid signal is a subset of the all-digital DAB signal that will be transmitted in the all-digital IBOC DAB format.
Signals from an adjacent FM channel (i.e. the first adjacent FM signals), if present, would be centered at a spacing of 200 kHz from the center of the channel of interest. In one embodiment of the invention, referred to as the hybrid FM IBOC modulation format, 95 evenly spaced orthogonal frequency division modulated (OFDM) sub-carriers are placed on each side of the host analog FM signal occupying the spectrum from about 129 kHz through 198 kHz away from the host FM center frequency as illustrated by the upper sideband 18 and the lower sideband 20 in Figure I. In the hybrid system the total DAB power in the OFDM modulated sub-carriers in each sideband is set to about -25 dB relative to its host analog FM power.

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The spectral placement and relative signal power density levels of the OFDM digital sub-carriers in a second embodiment of the invention, referred to as the all-digital FM DAB format illustrated by item number 24, is shown in Figure 2. In this embodiment of the invention, the analog FM signal has been replaced by an optional additional group of OFDM sub-carriers, referred to as the extended all-digital signal 26. located in the central frequency band 28. Once again evenly spaced OFDM sub-carriers are positions in an upper sideband 30 and a lower sideband 32. The sidebands of the all-digital format of Figure 2 are wider than the sidebands of Figure 1. In addition, the power spectral density level of the all-digital IBOC signal sidebands is set about 10 dB higher than that allowed in the hybrid IBOC sidebands. This provides the all-digital IBOC signal with a significant performance advantage. Furthermore the power spectral density of the extended all-digital signal is about 15 dB below that of the hybrid IBOC sidebands. This minimizes or eliminates any interference problems to adjacent hybrid or all-digital IBOC signal while providing additional capacity for other digital services.
It is recommended that the extended data sub-carriers be set at a relative level of roughly 15 dB below the level of the other main sub-carriers. This is a compromise between the robustness of these extended sub-carriers and interference to the main sub-carriers of a first adjacent signal. To assess the potential interference situation, assume that the maximum relative level of the first adjacent all-digital station is -6 dB at the 54 dBu protected contour. This is the case for the pair of first-adjacent stations that meet the FCC guidelines, although there are exceptions that are close-spaced. The extended data sub-carriers would interfere with the first adjacent main sub-carriers at a relative level of -21 dB (-6dB-15dB). This level of interference includes some margin for fading and should not result in significant degradation if the main signal. However, the extended data sub-carriers would suffer when the first adjacent interferer is -6 dB lower since the interfered main sub-carriers would be 9 dB higher than the extended data sub-carriers. FEC coding would be imposed upon the extended data sub-carriers such that one first adjacent interferer can be tolerated. If the extended data is perceived to be more valuable than indicative of the protection provided, then consider raising the level of the extended data sub-carriers to -10 dB instead of-15 dB.
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the placement and relative power spectral density of the signal components for the upper sideband of FM IBOC DAB signal in accordance with the present invention. In Figures 3 and 4, the potential sub-carrier locations

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arc indexed (assigned numbers) ranging from zero at the FM center frequency to plus or minus 273 at the edges of the 400 kHz bandwidth, with the positive assignments having carrier frequencies above the channel center frequency and the negative numbers having frequencies below the channel center frequency. The sub-carrier assignments shown in parentheses above the frequency scale Figure 3 include all optional sub-carriers in the upper sideband of both the hybrid and all-digital systems. The hybrid DAB sub-carriers comprise a subset of the all-digital DAB sub-carriers. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, the individual OFDM sub-carriers are QPSK modulated at 689.0625 Hz (44100/64) and are orthogonally spaced at about 726.7456055 Hz (44100*135/8192) after pulse shaping is applied (root raised cosine time pulse with 7/128 excess time functions as guard time). The frequency scale-shows the frequency difference from the channel center frequency.
"The upper sideband represented in Figure 3, is comprised of information-bearing sub-carriers 140 through 272 corresponding to subcarrier frequencies 101.744 Hz through 197.675 Hz. Sub-carrier 273 is an optional reference sub-carrier. The upper sideband is shown to be divided into several groups: 34, 36, 38 and 40. Group 34 represents the main-channel and contains sub-carriers 178 through 253. The main channel sub-carriers are used to transmit the program material to be broadcast in the form of data bits of the coding algorithm at a rate of at least 96 thousand bits per second (kbs). The main channel may include ancillary and auxiliary data. A second group of carriers 36 occupying sub-carrier positions 254 through 272 are used to transmit parity bits. A third group of carriers can be used to carry a 24 kbps delayed version of the program material for tuning an backup purposes. As will be discussed below, these sub-carriers are more likely to be corrupted by interferers than sub-carriers that are positioned closer to the center of the channel. The most expendable code bits are placed on the outer OFDM sub-carriers. The expendable bits contribute least to the free distance or coding gain of the combined code and they are least important to the error correction ability of the code. Therefore, the most vulnerable sub-carriers are used to carry these expendable bits.
Another group of sub-carriers 38 is used in the all-digital embodiment of the invention to carry parity bits or optional data and may be used in the hybrid embodiment of the invention, if the analog srgnal in the central frequency band is scaled back, for example by removing stereo information. Sub-carrier group 40 includes sub-carrier positions 140 through 158 and is used in the all-digital embodiment to transmit a delayed backup version of the

program material at a lower data rate, of for example 24 kbs. The sub-carriers in this group would not be used in the hybrid embodiment unless the analog base band signal is further scaled back. In the all-digital embodiment, the sub-carriers of group 40 provide data that can be used in the event of a loss of the signal transmitted in the main channel. The sub-carrier at location 273 represents an optional reference signal 42. This signal may be used for signal acquisition purposes if desired.
The lower sideband shown in Figure 4, has a mirror image of the upper sideband format with negative indexes and frequencies. Lower sideband main channel 44 contains the sub-carriers at locations -178 through -253 and is used to transmit the same program material as is transmitted in the upper sideband main channel. The sub-camers in groups 46, 48 and 50 are utilized in the same manner as the sub-carriers of group 36. 38 and 40 of the upper sideband. The sub-carrier in position -273 may be used to transmit an optional reference signal. The sub-carriers in both sidebands use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and are FEC coded using Complementary Punctured Convolution (CPC) codes. CPC codes are known in the art, for'example, see S. Kaiiel, "Complementary Punctured Convolution (CPC) Codes and Their Applications," IEEE Trans. Comm.. Vol. 43, No, 6, pp. 2005-2009, June, 1995.
The reference sub-carriers, if used, are located at plus or minus 273 with center frequencies of plus or minus 198,402 Hz. The reference sub-carriers would be modulated with the same symbol phase used to modulate sub-carrier 272 for the previous symbol time. This allows the receiver the option of performing differential detection in frequency starting with the reference sub-carrier, or differential detection in frequency starting with the time differential detection of sub-carrier 272. Ideally, in the absence of interference, but with fading, performance may be better using the reference sub-carrier. However, it may be advantageous to eliminate the reference sub-carrier to minimize potential interference from a second adjacent DAB signal.
The 96 kbps PAC main channel occupying sub-carriers 178 through 253 is formatted identically in both the hybrid and all-digital systems. This main channel is coded over both DAB sidebands using CPC codes, resulting in a rate ½ CPC code. The reference sub-carrier, if used, would also be identical in both hybrid and all-digital systems. These reference (pilot) sub-carriers may be modulated with an alternating sequence to permit assistance in frequency and symbol timing acquisition and tracking. The preferred

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embodiment of this invention uses a perceptual audio coding {PAC) algorithm. Perceptual audio coding algorithms have been the subject of numerous U. S. Patents such as 5.481.614: 5,285.498 a nd 5.040.217. However, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the use of perceptual audio coding algorithms.
Sub-carriers 254 through 272 (upper and lower sidebands) carry either additional parity bits for the CPC code, or data in both hybrid and all-digital systems. The transmission of parity bits here improves the FEC code rate over the main channel from R-½ to R=2/5, or R=4/5 on each sideband independently. In the presence of adjacent channel FM interference, these outer OFDM sub-carriers are most vulnerable to corruption, and the interference on the upper and lower sidebands is independent. Since the PSD of an FM broadcast signal is nearly triangular, then the interference increases as the OFDM sub-carriers approach the frequency of a first adjacent signal. When parity bits are transmitted, the coding and interleaving may be specially tailored to deai with this nonuniform interference such that the communication of information is robust.
Sub-carriers 159 through 177 in group 38 of the upper sideband and sub-carriers -159 through -177 in group 48 of the lower sideband can carry either additional parity bits for the CPC code, or data, This selection is optional in the hybrid system, but mandatory in the all-digital system. The transmission of parity bits here improves the FEC code rate over the main channel from R=½ to R=2/5, or R=4/5 on each independent DAB sideband. If parity bits are transmitted in both regions 159 through 177 and 255 through 273 (and corresponding sub-carriers in the lower sideband), then the overall code rate is R=173. or R=2/3 on each independent DAB sideband.
The IBOC DAB system will transmit all the digital audio information on each DAB sideband (upper or lower) of the FM carrier. Although additional sub-carriers beyond the baseline system can be activated to enable the transmission of all the code bits of the rate 1/3 FEC code, the baseline system employs a code rate of 2/5. Each sideband can be detected and decoded independently with an FEC coding gain achieved by a rate 4/5 (optionally rate 2/3) convolutional code. This redundancy permits operation on one sideband while the other is corrupted. However, usually both sides are combined to provide additional signal power and coding gain commensurate with a rate 2/5 (optionally rate 1/3) code. Furthermore special techniques can be employed to demodulate and separate strong first adjacent imerferers such

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that a "recovered" DAB sideband can supplement the opposite sideband to improve coding gain and signal power over any one sideband.
The all-digital system will utilize sub-carriers 140 through 158 in group 40 of the upper sideband and sub-carriers -140 through -158 of the lower sideband to carry a lower data rate version of the data in the main channel, e.g. 24 kbps embedded PAC code. This lower rate backup data is delayed to enhance performance using time diversity. This backup data of the all-digital system replaces the analog FM blend of the hybrid system which is described in commonly owned co-pending application "A System And Method For Mitigating Intermittent Interruption In An Audio Radio Broadcast System", filed October 9, 1997, Serial No. 08/947.902. When the Main Channel data is corrupted, the backup data can fill-in the audio segment. Since the backup data is comprised of an embedded subset of the main channel data bits, the backup can enable additional error protection for the main channel.
in the all-digital embodiment, sub-carriers from index -139 to 139 which are located in the central frequency band 28 in Figure 2, can be used as an option to extend DAB capacity. The channel bit rate over this "extended" bandwidth without coding is about 384 kbps. Because half of this bandwidth can be corrupted by a first adjacent DAB signal, the CPC FEC coding technique should be applied to each half of the extended bandwidth, i.e. sub-carriers 1 through 139 should carry the same information as sub-carriers -1 through -139. Then, if either half becomes corrupted, there will still be a rate 2/3 complementary code on the remaining half. In this case, the information capacity after rate 1/3 coding is-about 128 kbps.
The extended all-digital band is exposed to interference only from a first-adjacent hybrid or all-digital interferer. Under present protected contour guidelines, the maximum level of the first adjacent interferer is -6dB relative to the host station. If this first adjacent interferer is an all-digital IBOC, then the interferer can be up to 14 dB higher than the level of that half of the extended band The extended band starts to positively contribute to the coding gain when the spectral density of the interferer is about the same level as the extended band signal. This implies that an all-digital first adjacent interferer must be at least 20 dB below the signal of interest (20 dB di/du) before that half of the extended band is useful. Reception of the extended data might be possible with both first adjacents present at

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-20 dB; however robust reception in fading probably requires at least one first adjacent at -30 dB or lower.
Consider the possibility of raising the level of the extended band as high as the hybrid DAB sideband levels. The extended band interference to a first adjacent hybrid is then only -6dB at the 54 dBu contour. Similarly the interference to an all-digital is -16 dB. While the coverage area and robustness of the extended region are not as good as the all-digital sidebands, acceptable levels of performance should be achievable within the normal protected contour, except in areas where both first adjacent signals are significant. Possible uses of the extended all-digital bandwidth are surround-sound, slow-scan video, datacasting. etc. These extended services can be received where available.
The interference to and from the first adjacent channels placed ± 200 kHz away from the host signal can be derived from the relationship of the adjacent signals shown in the plot of Figure 5. Figure. 5 shows a hybrid DAB signal 54 having a central frequency band signal 56 and upper and lower sidebands 58 and 60., and a conventional first adjacent left channel 62. FM stations are geographically plaGed such that the nominal received power of an undesired adjacent channel is at least 6 dB below the desired station's power at the edge of its coverage area. Then the D/U (desired to undesired power ratio in dB) is at least 6 dB. Knowledge of the ratio of each station's DAB signal power to its FM host permits assessment of first adjacent interference to DAB. Similarly the interference of the first adjacent DAB signal 64 (with central frequency band signal 66 and upper and lower sidebands 68 and 70) to the host FM signal can be assessed from the relationship shown in Figure 6. In this example the host signal is shown at 200 kHz offset from the interferer.
Interference from a second adjacent DAB interference to the host DAB signal has also been addressed. This problem has been avoided by limiting the far edge of the DAB signal to within 200 kHz of its host carrier frequency to prevent spectral overlap.
Analysis of the DAB to first adjacent interference at the edge of coverage showed that the total DAB signal should be set at about -21 to -25 dB relative to its FM host power. This reduces the adjacent DAB interference ratio to the FM signal from about -24 dB to about -31 to -34 dB, assuming the D/U at the edge of coverage is 6 dB.
Although FM channel spacing in some countries is 100 kHz, these first adjacents are geographically separated such that FM reception is not impaired within the coverage area. Therefore this should pose no problem to the FM IBOC system. The DAB to

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DAB interference at 300 kHz spacing can impair performance on one sideband, but the CPC :ode is designed to tolerate this condition.
An OFDM technique has been described for IBOC DAB. An OFDM signal consists of orthogonally spaced carriers all modulated at a common symbol rate. The frequency spacing for rectangular pulse symbols (e.g.. BPSK, QPSK.. 8PSK or QAM) is equal to the symbol rate. For IBOC transmission of FM/DAB signals, a redundant set of OFDM sub-carriers is placed within about 100 kHz to 200 kHz on either side of a coexisting FM channel spectrum. The DAB power (upper or lower sideband) is set to about -25 dB relative to the FM signal. The level and spectral occupancy of the DAB signal is set to limit interference to its FM host while providing adequate SNR for the DAB sub-carriers. First adjacent signals spaced at +-200 kHz from the FM carrier can corrupt the DAB signal. However, at any particular location within a station's coverage area, it is unlikely that both first adjacents will significantly interfere with DAB. Therefore the upper and lower DAB sidebands carry the same redundant information such that only one sideband is needed to communicate the information.
Inherent advantages of OFDM include robustness in the presence of multipath interference, and tolerance to non-gaussian short term noise or notches due to selective fading. The relatively long symbol integration times tend to "gaussianize" these short-term degradations.
Figure 7 is a greatly simplified block diagram of a digital audio broadcast system constructed in accordance with the invention. A transmitter 72 includes inputs 74 and 76 for receiving left and right channels of the program material. A separate data input 78 is included for an additional data signal, particularly for use with the all-digital modulation format of this invention. The transmitter an analog FM processor 80 and FM exciter 82 which operate in accordance with prior art processors and exciters to produce an analog FM broadcast signal on line 84. The inputs 74 and 76 are also fed to a coding processor 86 which converts the program material in complementary punctured convolution coded signals that are error corrected in block 88 and fed to a modulator 90 which applies the coded signals to the plurality of sub-carriers using orthogonal frequency division modulation. The output 92 of the modulator is summed with the signal on line 84 in summer 94 and sent to antenna 96. The receiver 98 receives the transmitted signal on antenna 100 and demodulates the signal in demodulator 102 to recover the program material and associated data, if included. The audio

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information is sent to a speaker 104 and additional data, if any is provided to output 106. which may be fed to a display or other device that can further process the data.
The present invention provides modulation formats for FM hybrid and all-digital In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) systems. The FM hybrid IBOC modulation format is backward compatible with the existing FM analog system, and the all-digital IBOC modulation format is backward compatible with the FM hybrid IBOC system. The all-digital format embodiment of the present invention enables a substantially greater datacasting capacity. The modulation formats presented here allow a compatible transition for the broadcasters and listeners to migrate to digital signal virtual-CD audio quality while also -providing a new datacasting medium.
The IBOC DAB modulation format of the present invention uses a complementary punctured convolution (CPC) coded version of the program material in two sidebands (upper sideband and lower sideband) which are potentially impaired by nearly independent interferers with independent fading. If one sideband is completely corrupted by. a strong first adjacent FM signal in the vicinity of the receiver, the opposite sideband must be independently decodable at the receiver. Therefore each sideband must be coded with an independently decodable FEC code. However, when both sidebands contain useful information that is not completely corrupted by an interferer, then CPC codes provide additional coding gain above that achieved by power combining the two sides.
While the present invention has been illustrated in terms of its preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes may be made to the disclosed method and system without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined by the following claims. For example, while the above preferred embodiment shows the use of QPSK using CPC codes, various other modulation formats and code types may be used, such s 8PSK using 2/3 trellis code modulation followed by an optional Reed Soloman block code.

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1. A method of broadcasting comprising the steps of providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband (30) of an FM radio channel, said upper sideband ranging from about +100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel; providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband (32) of said FM radio channel, said lower sideband ranging from about +100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel; modulating a first group (34) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with a digitally encoded version of a program signal to be transmitted; and modulating a first group (44) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said digitally encoded version of said program signal to be transmitted; characterized by the steps of:
providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band (28) of said FM radio channel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands;
modulating said third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data; and transmitting said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers, and said third plurality of sub-carriers.
2. The method of claim 1, further characterized by:
modulating a second group (40) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with a delayed digitally encoded version of program material; and
modulating a second group (50) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said delayed digitally encoded version of program material.
3. The method of claim 2, further characterized in that:
said second group of said first plurality of sub-carriers is positioned closer to the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers; and
said second group of said second plurality of sub-carriers is positioned closer to the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers.
4. The method of claim 2, further characterized in that:

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a sub-carrier in said upper sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier; and
a sub-carrier in said lower sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier.
5. The method of claim 2, further characterized by:
modulating a third group (36) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material; and
modulating a third group (46) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material.
6. The method of claim 5, further characterized by:
modulating a fourth group (38) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with digitally encoded additional information; and
modulating a fourth group (48) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with parity bits for said digitally encoded additional information.
7. The method of claim 5, further characterized by:
modulating a fourth group (38) of said first plurality of sub-carriers with additional parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material; and
modulating a fourth group (48) of said second plurality of sub-carriers with additional parity bits for said digitally encoded version of program material.
8. The method of claim 5, further characterized in that:
said third group of said first plurality of sub-carriers is positioned farther from the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers; ami
said third group of said second plurality of sub-carriers is positioned farther from the center of the FM radio channel than said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers.
9. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that:
said digitally encoded version of said program material comprises a complementary convolutional code, with a first portion of said complementary convolutional code transmitted on said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers and with a second portion of said complementary convolutional code transmitted on said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers being independently decodable.

15
0. A transmitter (72) for broadcasting in-band-on-channel digital audio signals, said transmitter characterized by:
means (82) for producing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband of an _FM radio channel, said upper sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about +100kHz to about +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel, a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband of said FM radio channel, said lower sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about -100kHz to about -200 kHz from the center frequency of said radio channel, and a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band of the FM radio channel, wherein the third plurality of sub-carriers have a lower power spectral density than that of the first and second plurality of sub-carriers;
means (90) for modulating a first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers with a coded version of program material;
means (90) for modulating a first' group of said second plurality of sub-carriers with said coded version of said program material;
means (90) for modulating said third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data; and
means (96) for transmitting said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, said first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers, and said third plurality of sub-carriers.
11. The transmitter of claim 10, further characterized in that:
a sub-carrier in said upper sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier; and
a sub-carrier in said lower sideband positioned farthest from the center of the FM radio channel is a reference sub-carrier.
12. A receiver (98) for receiving in-band-on-channel digital audio signals, said receiver characterized by:
means (100) for receiving a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband of an FM radio channel, said upper sideband lying within a frequency band extending from about + 100kHz to about +200 kHz from a center frequency of said radio channel, said first plurality of sub-carriers being modulated with a complementary punctured convolution coded encoded version of the program material; a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband of said FM radio channel, said lower sideband lying

16
within a frequency band extending from about -100kHz to about -200 kHz from the center frequency of said radio channel, said second plurality of sub-carriers being modulated with a complementary punctured convolution coded encoded version of the program material; and a third plurality of sub-carriers, said third plurality of sub-carriers being modulated with additional data having a lower power spectral density than that of said first and second plurality of sub-carriers;
means (102) for demodulating a first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers, a first group of said second plurality of sub-carriers, and said third plurality of sub-carriers; and
means (104, 106) for outputting said program material obtained from demodulating said first group of said first plurality of sub-carriers and said second plurality of sub-carriers, and additional data obtained from demodulating said third plurality of sub-carriers.
13. The receiver of claim 12, further characterized by:
means for differentially detecting a reference sub-carrier in said upper sideband; and
means for differentially detecting a reference sub-carrier in said lower sideband.
This invention provides a method of broadcasting comprising the steps of providing a first plurality of sub-carriers in an upper sideband (30) of an FM radio channel, the upper sideband ranging from about + 100 kHz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, providing a second plurality of sub-carriers in a lower sideband (32) of the FM radio channel, the lower sideband ranging from about +100 khz to +200 kHz from a center frequency of the radio channel, orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (34) of the first plurality of sub-carriers with a digitally coded encoded version of program signal to be transmitted, and orthogonally frequency division modulating a first group (44) of the second plurality of sub-carriers with the digitally coded version of the program signal to be transmitted, characterized by the steps of providing a third plurality of sub-carriers in a central frequency band (28) of the FM radio chanel, wherein the power spectral density of the third plurality of sub-carriers is less than the power spectral density of the sub-carriers in the upper and lower sidebands, modulating the third plurality of sub-carriers with additional data, and transmitting the first group of the first plurality of sub-carriers, the first group of the second plurality of sub-carriers, and the third plurality of sub-carriers. Transmitters and receivers that uti1ized the method are also included.

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Patent Number

208004

Indian Patent Application Number

IN/PCT/2000/00317/KOL

PG Journal Number

27/2007

Publication Date

06-Jul-2007

Grant Date

05-Jul-2007

Date of Filing

14-Sep-2000

Name of Patentee

IBIQUITY DIGITAL CORPORATION

Applicant Address

8865 STANFORD BOULEVARD COLUMBIA,MD-21045,

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	KROEGER WILLIAM	12813 AMBERWOODS WAY, SYKESVILLE, MD-21784
2	CAMMARATA DENISE MAUREEN	OF 12087 LONG LAKE DRIVE, OWINGS MILL ,MD-21117
3	MARTINSON RICHARD EDWARD	OF 906 HIGH STEPPER TRAIL,SKYESVILLE ,MD-21784 U.S.A
4	BAIRD JEFFREY SCOTT	OF 19882 OLDE WOODS WAY COLUMBIA ,MD21044
5	PEYLA PAUL JAMES	OF 6528 MEADWOFIELD COURT, ELKRIDGE ,MD-21075 U.S.A
6	WALDEN E.GLYNN	OF 14 LANDINGS DRIVE,MARLTON NJ-08053 U.S.A

PCT International Classification Number

H 04 L 27/28

PCT International Application Number

PCT/US99/04328

PCT International Filing date

1999-02-24

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	09/049,210	1998-03-27	U.S.A.