Title of Invention	METHOD FOR OBTAINING A PICTURE OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AN OBJECT USING X-RAY RADIATION AND DEVICE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION THEREOF
Abstract	The invention relates to means used to obtain a picture, presented in a visually perceptible form, of the internal structure of a subject in particular a biological one. According to the inventive method, X-ray radiation emitted by a source is concentrated (for example, with the aid of an X-ray lens (2)) in an area containing a point (4), placed inside an investigated field (7) of a subject (5) and to which current measurement results are related. Secondary radiation (compton, fluorescent) which emerges within said area is transported (for example, with the aid of an X-ray lens (3)) to one or several detectors (6). A scan-out of the investigated field (7) of the subject (5) is performed by displacing said area, and the density of the subject at that point is determined by totaling the secondary radiation intensity values received from one or several detectors (6) and determined simultaneously with the coordinates of the point (4). The density values, together with corresponding coordinate values obtained with the aid of transducers (11), are used in the unit (12) for data processing and data display in order to create a picture of the density distribution of the substance within the investigated field of the subject.

Title of Invention

METHOD FOR OBTAINING A PICTURE OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AN OBJECT USING X-RAY RADIATION AND DEVICE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION THEREOF

Abstract

The invention relates to means used to obtain a picture, presented in a visually perceptible form, of the internal structure of a subject in particular a biological one. According to the inventive method, X-ray radiation emitted by a source is concentrated (for example, with the aid of an X-ray lens (2)) in an area containing a point (4), placed inside an investigated field (7) of a subject (5) and to which current measurement results are related. Secondary radiation (compton, fluorescent) which emerges within said area is transported (for example, with the aid of an X-ray lens (3)) to one or several detectors (6). A scan-out of the investigated field (7) of the subject (5) is performed by displacing said area, and the density of the subject at that point is determined by totaling the secondary radiation intensity values received from one or several detectors (6) and determined simultaneously with the coordinates of the point (4). The density values, together with corresponding coordinate values obtained with the aid of transducers (11), are used in the unit (12) for data processing and data display in order to create a picture of the density distribution of the substance within the investigated field of the subject.

Full Text	FORM-2 THE PATENTS ACT, 1970 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [Section 10] "Method for Obtaining a Picture of the Internal Structure of an Object Using X-Ray Radiation and Device for the Implementation thereof " (a) KUMAKHOV,MURADINABUBEKIROVICH (b) Moscow 123298, ul. Narodnogo Opolcheniya, d. 38, kv. 55, Russian Federation. (c) Nationality Russian. The following specification particularly describes the nature of,, the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed. The present inventions relate to the intra-vision means and are designed for producing visually sensed images of the internal structure of an object, in particular, of a biological object, with X-rays. The preferential applications include defectoscopy and medical diagnostics. 2. Description of the Prior Art Various methods and devices of the said intended use are known, where tradi¬tional principles of projection roentgenoscopy are embodied. In such methods and de¬vices, the visible image of the object"s internal structure, for example, tissues of a bio¬logical object, is obtained as a shadow projection. Density of the acquired image in each of its points is determined by the total attenuation of X-rays that passed through the object on their way from the source to the detection means. The latter is either a fluorescent screen or an X-ray film, which should be chemically treated to get the im¬age visualized (see Polytechnical Dictionary. Moscow, "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1976 [1], p. 425; Physics of image visualization in medicine. Edited by S. Webb. Moscow, "Mir", 1991 [2], p. 40-41). In the above mentioned known methods and devices, the image of a real three-dimensional structure is acquired as the said two-dimensional shadow projection, which interpretation requires from the specialist who carries out object analysis, in particular, technical or medical diagnostics, respective experience and qualification and, in a number of cases, is problematic. The reasons for this are low contrast, poor signal to noise ratio, inevitable overlapping of the images of structural elements, im¬possibility of quantitative comparison between individual local fragments by density. Sharpness and contrast of the acquired- image also" decrease under the influence of quanta of the secondary Compton scattered radiation, hitting the detection means. X-ray computer tomography methods and devices permitting to acquire a two-dimensional image of a thin layer of a three-dimensional object are known (V.V. Pik-lov, N.G. Preobrazhenskiy. Computational tomography and physical experiment. The progress of physical sciences, v. 141, 3rd ed., November 1983, p. 469-498 [3]; see also [2], p. 138-146). Such methods are using multiple irradiation of the object under study from different positions and registration of the radiation that passed through this object by a line of detectors. The obtained tissue density distribution of the object in the cross-section under study (target cross-section) is discrete and achieved through com¬puter-assisted solution of combined equations, the order of which as well as the num¬ber of resolution elements correspond to the product of the number of positions, from which irradiation is done, by the number of detectors. Doing irradiation in different cross-sections, one can obtain a three-dimensional image of the object based on a set of two-dimensional by-layer images. Computer tomography mesans permit in principle to obtain an image of sufficiently high quality, and this image presents the picture of tissues density distribution (in contrast to a picture specific to integral absorption of a substance (for example, biological tissiies)VJocated"in the path of radiation from the source to this or that element of the observed projection.) But this is achieved through a greater number of positions, from which irradiation is done. In this case, the dose of radiation absorbed by the substance is higher, which is undesirable (and in medical applications, is most frequently inadmissible). Presence of Compton scattered radia¬tion is a nuisance factor in this group of known methods and devices too. Both groups of methods and devices used for medical applications are also characterized by the fact, that tissues and organs, which present no interest in the study but are located in the radiation path (both in front and behind the target area), also suffer from intensive radiation (to a lesser degree in the second group of methods and devices than in the first group of methods and devices because when different positions are selected, dif¬ferent tissues and organs surrounding those that are under study are irradiated). Higher resolving power in the second group of means, requiring a greater number of irradiations from different positions, is limited, first of all, due to inadmis¬sible growth of the dosage. Technical means for acquiring primary data and further image reconstruction is quite complex due to necessity of using fast computers with special software and high-precision requirements to the mechanical structural ele¬ments, which must guarantee correct localization of one and the same resolution ele¬ments in the target area during their irradiation from different positions. The latter is ■■■f & , +v i caused by the fact that the image reconstruction calculations must use the actual data obtained from different irradiation cycles but referring to one and the same resolution elements. The second above mentioned group of methods and devices, where discrete data on the density of each of the resolution elements is obtained, is the closest one to what is suggested. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS The technical result, which the suggested inventions are aimed at, consists in higher accuracy of determining relative indices of the object"s substance density in the acquired image together with avoided use of complex and expensive technical means. When the suggested inventions are used for diagnostic purposes in medicine and other investigations related to the action on biological objects, the achieved result consists also in reduced dosage of radiation of tissues surrounding the tissues under study. To obtain the said types of technical results, in the suggested X-ray method of producing the image of the internal structure of an object, the X-rays are concentrated in a zone, which is located inside the area under study (which area is hereinafter re¬ferred to. as the target area) of the object. Secondary radiation (scattered Compton co¬herent and non-coherent, fluorescent radiation), excited in this zone, is transported to one or more detectors. Scanning of the target area of the object is done by way of moving the zone of concentration. The results of measurement at each current position of the zone of concentration (X-rays concentration zone) are attributed to one of the points inside this zone. Movement of the zone of concentration during scanning is fol¬lowed by simultaneous determination and fixation of coordinates of this zone. Judg¬ment on the density of the object"s substance in this point is made based on the population of intensity values of the secondary radiation, which are obtained with the help of one or more detectors and which are determined simultaneously with the coordinates of the said current point. The obtained values, recognized as the density indices of the object"s substance, together with respective values of coordinates, are used for building up a picture of the substance density distribution in the object"s target area. Movement of the X-ray concentration zone for scanning the object"s target area is done by way of relative movement of the object under study and the X-ray sources, which relative position between themselves remains stable, together with the X-ray concentration means, means for secondary radiation transportation to the detectors, and the detectors themselves. A common feature for the known from ([2], pp. 138-146, [3], pp. 471-472) and suggested methods is the action on the object under study with X-rays during rela¬tive movement of the object under study and the X-ray optical system including X-ray sources together with their control units and detectors. One of the differences of the suggested method consists in the presence of the Operation of concentrating X-rays in the zone covering the current point, in which it is required to determine a density value (a current point, to which the measurement re¬sults are attributed). Scanning, which presence is a common feature of the known and suggested methods, is done in a totally different way in case of the latter - by shifting the current position of the X-rays concentration zone into the vicinity of the next point, for which it is desirable to determine the density of the substance of the object under study. The difference consists also in the operation of transportation of the secondary radiation (scattered Compton coherent and non-coherent radiation, fluorescent radia¬tion), excited in this zone, from the concentration zone to the detector (detectors). In this instance, it is not the radiation of the source itself, which passed through the object under study, that renders action on the detector (detectors), but the said secondary radiation. Intensity of the latter, as is well known (see J. Jackson. Clas¬sical Electrodynamics. M., "Mir", 1965, pp. 537-538 [4]), when all other conditions are the same, is proportional to the density of the substance, in which this radiation is excited, regardless of the nature of this substance. Thanks to this, secondary scattered radiation, which is a nuisance factor in the known method, becomes an informative factor. Usage of current values of the secondary radiation intensity as an index of the substance density is another difference of the suggested method. Differences of the suggested method from the known one are also character¬ized below, in the description of possible particular cases of its embodiment, providing for using various combinations of X-rays concentration means and transportation means for the secondary scattered radiation. In one of such particular cases, X-rays concentration in the zone covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, is done using one or more collimators. In this case, a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources are used. Transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is also done using one or more collimators, where all collimators are oriented so that the axes of their central channels Would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In another particular case, X-rays concentration in the zone is done using one or more X-ray hemilenses transforming divergent radiation of a respective number of X-ray sources into quasi-parallel radiation. Transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is done, in this case, using one or more X-ray hemilenses or lenses, focusing this radiation on the detectors. It is also possible to per¬form transportation of the secondary radiation to one or more detectors using one or more hemilenses forming quasi-parallel radiation. In this case, all X-ray lenses and hemilenses are oriented so that their optical axes would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In still another particular case X-rays concentration in the zone is done using one or more X-ray hemilenses transforming the divergent radiation of a respective number of space-apart sources into quasi-parallel radiation, while transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is done using one or more colli¬mators. In this case, the X-ray hemilenses and collimators are oriented so that the opti¬cal axes of all X-ray hemilenses and central channels of all collimators would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. X-rays concentration can be also done using one or more space-apart X-ray sources and a respective number of X-ray lenses focusing the divergent X-rays from each of the sources directly in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed; while transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more de¬tectors is done using X-ray lenses focusing this radiation on the detectors and having a second focus in the said point. Another particular case differs from the previous one in that the transportation of excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is done using collimators ori¬ented so, that the optical axes of their central channels would cross in the output focus of the lens focusing divergent radiation from the source (in the common focus of more than one such lenses if more than one sources are used). The suggested device for producing the image of the internal structure of an object with X-rays comprises a means for positioning the object under study, an X-ray optical system, a means for relative movement of the means for positioning the object under study and the X-ray optical system, a means for data processing and imaging. The device also comprises sensors for determining the coordinates of the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed and which is located inside the target area. These sensors are linked to the means for positioning of the object under study and the X-ray optical system and connected through their outlets to the means for data processing and imaging. The X-ray optical system comprises one or more X-ray sources, means for concentration of the radiation from the said one or more X-ray sources in the zone covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In addition the X-ray optical system comprises one or more means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation and placed at their exits detectors of this radiation. The outlets of the said detectors are connected to the means for data processing and imaging. A common feature of the known and suggested devices is the presence of the means for positioning the object under study, an X-ray optical system, a means for relative movement of the means for positioning the object under study and the X-ray optical system, coordinate sensors, and the means for data processing and imaging. In contrast to the known device, the X-ray optical system in the suggested de¬vice comprises means for concentration of ,the radiation from one or more sources in the zone covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In addition, the X-ray optical system comprises one or more means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detectors of this radiation. Thanks to this, it is this radiation that is input to the detectors but not the radiation from the source (sources) after it has passed through the object under study. The coordinate sensors in the suggested device fulfill another function compared with the known device - they are used for determining coordinates of the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. The function of the means for data processing and imaging is also different - this means acts based on the input carrying direct data on the substance density and coordinates of the current point, to which these data are attributed. The de¬sign of the suggested device and its principle of operation create prerequisites for a situation, when there is no dependence on the accuracy or resolving power, since the performance characteristics for this device are practically fully determined by the pa¬rameters of the X-rays concentration means used. Other differences featured by the suggested device, in various possible par¬ticular cases of its embodiment, are characterized below. In one of such particular cases, the X-ray optical system of the suggested de¬vice includes more than one X-ray sources. In this instance, each of the means for X-rays concentration and each of the, means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to detectors are made as a collimator with its channels oriented towards the zone of concentration of the radiation from the X-ray sources. The optical axes of the central channels of all collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In this particular case, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical sys¬tem can be quasi-point. The collimators have channels that are all focused on these sources and are fanning (widening) towards the means for positioning the object under study. Between the exit from each X-ray source and entrance to a respective collima¬tor, there is a screen with an opening. In the same particular case, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system can be extended X-ray sources. In this instance, the collimators have channels that are all coming together (narrowing down) towards the means for positioning the object under study. In another particular case of embodiment of the suggested device, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the diver¬gent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secbndairy scattered Compton radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray hemilens focusing this radiation on the detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray, hemilenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In the next particular case of embodiment of the suggested device, same as in the previous one, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources, and each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation. But in contrast to the previous case, each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray hemilens with its focus in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, which hemilens transforms the said radiation into quasi-parallel radiation and directs it to the detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In still another particular case, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray op¬tical system are also quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation. But in contrast to the previous case, each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray lens focusing this radiation on the detector and having a second focus in the X-rays concentration zone. The optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses and lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In the next particular case, same as in the previous two, the X-ray sources in¬corporated ir.; the X-ray optical system are quasi-point, and each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation. In this instance, each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detector is made as a colli¬mator with channels that are all fanning (widening) towards a respective detector. The optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. The X-ray optical system of the suggested device can be made as follows too. The X-ray sources incorporated therein are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radia¬tion of a respective X-ray source into quasi-parallel radiation; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary Compton radiation to the detector is made as a collimator with channels that are all coming together (narrowing down) towards a respective detector. The optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. Another embodiment of the suggested device is also possible, where the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray lens focusing the divergent radia¬tion of the X-ray source. In this instance, each of the means for transportation of ex¬cited secondary radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray lens focusing this radia¬tion on a respective detector. The optical axes of all X-ray lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. Next particular case of embodiment of the suggested device is characterized by the fact that the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray lens fo- cusing the divergent radiation of the source; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the source is made as a collimator with its chan¬nels narrowing down (coming together) towards a respective detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the cur¬rent point, to which the measurement results are attributed. One more particular case of the device embodiment is characterized by the fact that the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray lens focusing the divergent radiation of the X-ray source; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary Compton radiation to the detector is made as a collimator with channels widening (fanning) towards a respective detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The suggested inventions are illustrated by the drawings showing: - Figure \ clarifies the principles, on which the suggested method is based, giving a schematic diagram of positional relationships and connections between the basic components of the device embodying the suggested method; - Figures 2 and 3 show particular cases of method embodiment and the device make, where collimators are used for. X-rays concentration and transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors; - Figures 4 and 5 show the same with the exception that here X-ray hemilenses are used; - Figure 6 shows the same with the exception that here X-ray hemilenses are used for X-rays concentration and "full" X-ray lenses are used for transportation of the secondary radiation to the detectors; - Figures 7 and 8 show the same with the exception that here X-ray hemilenses are used for X-rays concentration and collimators are used for transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors; - Figure 9 shows the same with the exception that here X-ray lenses are used for X-rays concentration and transportation of the secondary radiation to the detectors; - Figures 10 and 11 show the same with the exception that here X-ray lenses are used for X-rays concentration and collimators are used for transportation of the secondary radiation to the detectors. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTIONS The suggested method is embodied with the help of the suggested device as following. Divergent X-rays from a quasi-point source (Figure 1) is focused by the X-ray lens 2 in the specified current point 4 within the target area 7 of an object 5 (for exam¬ple, a biological object). The latter is positioned as necessary with the help of the means 10 for positioning. Focused in current point 4, radiation excites secondary scat¬tered radiation in the substance of object 5 (coherent and non-coherent Compton radia¬tion, fluorescent radiation). The intensity of secondary radiation is proportional, with the accuracy of the fluctuations due to the stochastic nature of the process of secon¬dary radiation excitation, to the density of the substance where it is excited. The focus of the second X-ray lens 3 is located in the same current point 4. This second lens fo¬cuses the scattered radiation that it has captured onto detector 6, which converts it into an electric signal that is input to the means 12 for data processing and imaging. The position of the common focus point of lenses 2 and 3 in point 4 is selected by way of relative movement of the means 10 for object positioning and a group of the device elements referred to as the X-ray optical system 8 comprising the X-ray source 1, the X-ray lenses 2 and 3, and the detector 6 of the secondary radiation. It should be explained that lenses used for controlling X-rays (focusing the di¬vergent radiation, formation of a quasi-parallel beam from divergent radiation, focus¬ing quasi-parallel beam and so on) are a one whole of curved channels transporting the radiation, within which the radiation experiences multiple total external reflection (see, for instance: Arkadiev V.A., Kolomiytsev A.I., Kumakhov M.A. et al. Broadband X-ray optics with wide angular aperture. The Progress of Physics, 1989, vol. 157, is¬sue 3, p. 529-537 [6], where the first lens of this type is described; USA patent No. 5744813 (published 28.04.98) [7], where the modern lens is described). On the whole, the lens is shaped as a barrel (i.e. it narrows down towards both ends), if it is designed for focusing the divergent radiation; or as a half-barrel (i.e. it narrows down to one of the two ends only), if it is designed for transformation of divergent radiation into quasi-parallel radiation, or for focusing such divergent radiation. The terms "full lens" and "hemilens" are widely used to determinate the lenses of two said types. There are two options of the device operation according to Figure 1. One op¬tion is to have the means 10 for positioning the object under study stable together with the object 5 under study located therein, while the X-ray optical system 8 is moved (the possibilities of its movement are shown by arrows 9 on Figure 1), where the posi¬tional relationship of elements 1, 2, 3, and 6 remains fixed (consequently, coincidence of focuses of lenses 2 and 3 is preserved). The other option, on the contrary, is to have the X-ray optical system 8 fixed, while the means 10 for positioning of the object un¬der study together with this object under study 5 is moved. Expediency of implement¬ing one or the other option depends on the size and weight of object 5 compared to the size and weight of the group of above listed elements making the X-ray optical system 8. The device also includes a coordinate sensor 11 that reacts to the relative movement of the X-ray optical system 8 and the means 10 for positioning of the object under study and is connected to the latter. Sensor 11 should be adjusted so as to form signals that would be proportional to the vcurrf nt coordinates of the common focal point of lenses 2 and 3 in point 4 relatively to the selected reference point linked to the means 10 for positioning of the object under study. Output signals from sensor 11 and the output signal from detector 6 are input to the means 12 for data processing and im¬aging. Focal point in point 4, in this case, is the current point, to which the measure¬ment results are attributed and in which vicinity (with regard to the final size of the focal zone of X-ray lens 2), the radiation from the source 1 is actually concentrated. Means 12 for data processing and imaging provides for reproduction of the picture of density distribution in the object"s substance through implementation of this or other two- or three-dimensional imaging algorithm (see, for instance, E. Lapshin. Graphics for IBM PC. M., "Solon", 1995 [5]). In the simplest case, when, for example, scanning (movement of the X-rays concentration zone that includes current point 4, to which the measurement results are attributed) is done in any flat cross-section of object 5, con¬currently image rastering goes on the screen of means 12 with a prolonged afterglow; it is also possible to save a certain amount of measurements" results provided with a later periodic image rastering, etc. The principle of operation of the suggested inventions is based on the fact that the intensity of secondary scattered Compton radiation (the probability of appearance of quanta of this radiation), when all other conditions are the same (in particular, in case of the same intensity of primary X-rays acting on the substance), is proportional to the substance density. As has been noted above in the subject matter of the suggested method and device, the main difference of these inventions consists in using quanta of the scat¬tered secondary Compton radiation as informative in contrast to known methods and devices where they are an adverse factor. As has been noted, in medical applications an important advantage of the sug¬gested inventions is the possibility of obtaining acceptable accuracy at lower dosage received by biological tissues. To assess possible benefit, let"s make the following assumptions: energy of photons E=50 keV; X-rays concentration zone is located at 50 mm depth and has the size of lmm x lmm x lmm (such values are typical, for example, for observation con¬ditions and accuracy in mammography examinations); the detector registers 5% of the secondary radiation that was excited at the depth of 5 cm (this assumption means that secondary radiation, before it enters the means for its transportation to the detector, passes 5 cm in the patient"s body; in this instance the angle of capture of a lens or a collimator delivering secondary radiation to the detector makes 0.05 x 4n steradian). Considering that photons" linear attenuation coefficient in a patient"s body is close to that typica.1 for water at E=50 keV energy and equals approximately to 2 x 10"" 1/cm, we derive, that when the primary X-ray beam reaches the depth of 5 cm, its intensity falls down in exp(2 x IO"1 x 5) = e &2.71 times. When the secondary radiation (which photon energy is also very close to 50 keV), leaves the patient"s body, its intensity also falls down in e &2.71 times. Hence, the total intensity loss due to radiation absorption in the patient"s body will make ex e »7.3 time. Understating the assessed benefit, we will take into consideration only the Compton component of secondary radiation. At depth Ax, the probability of secondary Compton radiation formation equals toto w = ak x Ne x Ax, where ak = 6.55 x Iff25 cm2 is the cross-section of secondary Compton scat¬tering; Ne~ 3 x 10231/cm3 is the density of electrons in water. Thus, at Ax = 1 mm = 16 Iff1 cm probability is co = 6.55 x 10"2S x3 x Iff23 x Iff1 #2 x 10"2, In other words, for¬mation of one secondary photon at the length of Ax = 1 mm requires on average 1 : (2 x 10"2) = 50 photons of the primary radiation. Let"s put a precondition that the error of density assessment (i.e. the error with which the quantity (number) of secondary photons is determined) is of the order of 1%. With regard to the probabilistic nature of the process, the root-mean-square value of the relative error equals to 8 = l/(N)l/2, where N is the number of registered pho¬tons. N = 10000 corresponds to S= 0.01. Now we can set up a simple equation for Nx, i.e. the required number of pri¬mary photons penetrating to the 5 cm depth and exciting, at this depth, secondary Compton radiation, which, in its turn, passes 5 cm to reach the detector; in this in¬stance, N = 10000 photons reach the detector: Nxxe2x5 xlO"2 x2 xIff2 = 104. Here coefficient 5 x Iff2 means that out of the total number of generated sec¬ondary photons, only 5% = Iff2 reach the detector and get registered. We obtain from the equation that Nx —73x 107. Photons featuring energy E=50 keV produce a dose of radiation equal to 1 Ro- in 9 entgen, if their flux equals to 2.8 x 10 1/cm (for table data showing the correlation between photon energy, their number and dose see, for example, [2]). If the cross-section of the primary X-rays at their entry to the patient"s body is assumed equal to 1 cm , then the flux of 7.3 x 10 1/cm will produce in the patient"s body a dose of radia-tion equal to 2.6 x Iff Roentgen. During traditional X-ray tomography, for example, during osteoporosis ex¬amination, the dosage usually makes 100 -f 300 milliroentgen, (V.I. Mazurov, E.G. Zotkin. Topical questions of osteoporosis diagnostics and treatment. Saint-Petersburg, ^IKF "Foliant", 1998, p. 47 [8]), i.e. approximately 100 times higher. Dosage can be further decreased several times if exposure is done using sev¬eral sources, which beams reach the X-rays concentration zone via different routs, so those beams are not summarized in the patient"s body. Therefore, such opti ons of embodiment of the suggested method and devices are more expedient, where several space-apart X-ray sources and X-ray detectors are used together with a respective number of the means for X-rays concentration and means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to the detectors (lenses, hemilenses, collimators). On one hand, it enables a more efficient X-rays concentra¬tion (in case of a sole the means for X-rays concentration, this is possible only using an X-ray lens as shown on figure 1) and better signal-to-noise ratio at the detector"s outlet. On the other hand, this allows achieving a more distributed action of X-rays on the object under study and avoiding overdosage for the object"s parts not subjected to examination. When, under all other equal conditions, several detectors and simple av¬eraging are used (or a more complicated processing of outputs from different detectors in means 12 for data processing and imaging, as, for example, a "weighted" averaging or processing taking into account correlation of densities in the closely located points), this permits using less powerful X-ray sources without compromising the accuracy. Besides, averaging leads to less impact rendered by other factors that decrease accu¬racy (for example, unequal absorption of X-rays from the sources on their route to dif¬ferent points in which the density is determined, and that of secondary radiation on the route from such points to the entries of the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to the detectors). These are such options that are discussed below (figures; 2 to 11). In terms of technical embodiment, the options shown in figure 2 and figure 3 are the simplest. In the diagram on figure 2, quasi-point X-ray sources 1 and collimators 13 are used; the channels of collimators are fanning (widening) in the direction of radiation propagation to concentrate the radiation in zone 16. Between the sources 1 and colli¬mators 13, there are screens 14 with openings for radiation transmission to the collimators" entries and for prevention of its direct action (aside the collimators) on the object. Secondary radiation is tiansported to detectors 6 with the help of collimators 15, which channels are coming together (narrowing down) in the direction of radiation propagation, i.e. towards detectors 6, and which can have a focus on the sensing sur¬face of the latter. For instance, semiconductor detectors with small entrance aperture can be used as detectors 6. In figure 3 the collimator"s orientation is opposite to that shown in figure 2. To achieve utmost use of the entrance aperture of collimators 18, which concentrate radiation in zone 16, it is better to use extended X-ray sources 17. For the same reason, it is better to use detectors 20 featuring large entrance aperture (for example, scintilla¬tion detectors). In figure 4, the X-rays concentration means for concentration of the radiation from quasi-point sources 1 and the means fpr transportation of the secondary radiation are made, correspondingly, as X-ray hemilenses 21 and 22. In this instance, hemilenses 22 focus secondary radiation on detectors 6. In figure 5, the X-rays concentration means concentrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1, and the means for transportation of the secondary radiation are made as hemilenses 21 and 23, correspondingly. In this instance, hemilenses 23 trans¬form scattered secondary radiation into quasi-parallel radiation and direct this quasi-parallel radiation to detectors 20 featuring large entrance aperture. Figure 6 shows a combined option, when the X-rays concentration means con¬centrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1 are made as X-ray hemilenses 21, which direct parallel beams towards zone 16; while the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to detectors 6 are made as "full" X-ray lenses 3. Figures 7 and 8 show other combinations that differ from the previous one in that the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to detectors are made as collimators. In figure 7, collimators 19 have channels widening towards detectors 6, while the latter have a large entrance aperture. In figure 8, on the contrary, collimators 15 have channels narrowing down to¬wards detectors 6, while the latter have a sniiall entrance aperture. Figure 9 shows the most effective option in terms of accuracy and resolution, where the X-rays concentration means concentrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1 and the means for transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors 6 are made as "full" lenses 2 and 3, respectively, (compare this option with the one shown in figure 1). Figures 10 and 11 show two more combined options. Their common feature is that in both cases "full" X-ray lenses 2 are used as the X-rays concentration means concentrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1. In figure 10 collimators 15 narrowing down towards the detectors are used as the means for transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors 6 featuring small aperture. In figure 11 collimators 19 widening towards the detectors are used as the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to detectors 20 featuring large aperture. Utilization of one or another scheme of the method embodiment and design of the device depends both on the availability of such effective means for radiation con¬centration and transportation as X-ray lenses and hernilenses, and on the required reso-lution. The latter affects also selection of parameters for lenses and hemilenses (such as the focal spot size, length of the focus zone in the direction of the lens" optical axis, and others). This is done also taking into consideration that implementation of quite high resolution, when "full" lenses are used (of the order of some sections of a milli¬meter or higher), is coupled with longer time required for scanning of the object"s tar¬get area. Other circumstances are also taken into account, such as availability of X-ray sources of suitable power and dimensions, and others. Availability of the described and many other options of the suggested method embodiment and the suggested device outlays provide wide possibilities for designing intra-vision means that would satisfy specific demands. References 1. The Polytechnic Dictionary. M., "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1976. 2. The Physics of Image Visualization in Medicine. Ed. by S. Webb: M., "Mir", 1991. 3. V.V. Piklov, N.G. Preobrazhenskiy. Computational Tomography and Phys¬ics Experiment. The Progress of Physics, v. 141, Issue 3, November 1983. 4. J. Jackson. Classical Electrodynamics. M., "Mir", 1965 5. E. Lapshin. Graphics for IBM PC. M., "Solon", 1995 6. V.A. Arkadiev, A.I. Kolomiytsev, M.A. Kumakhov, and others. Broadband X-ray Optics with Large Angular Aperture. The Progress of Physics, 1989, v. 157, Is¬sue 3. 7. The USA Patent No. 5744813 (published 04.28.98). I claim: 1. A method for producing the image of the internal structure of an object with X-rays, where an object is subjected to X-rays and the output from one or more X-ray detectors is used for obtaining data on the substance density of an object; wherein X-rays concentration is done in the zone located within the target area (7) of object (5) and covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed; the secondary radiation excited in this zone is transported to one or more detectors (6); the target area (7) of object (5) is scanned by moving the said zone; the density of an object in the current point (4is made based on the* population of intensTtywalues of the secondary radiation, which are obtained with the help of one or more detectors (6) and which are determined concurrently with coordinates of the current point (4) within the X-rays concentration zone, to which the measurement results are attributed; and the above density values are used together with respective coordinate values to build up a density distribution picture for the target area (7) of object (5). 2. Method according to claiml, wherein the X-rays concentration is done with the help of collimators (13 or 18) using a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources (1 or 17); excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6 or 20) with the help of one or more collimators (15 or 19), and all collimators are oriented so that the axes of their central channels would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the X-rays concentration is done using X-ray hemi-lenses (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources s(l) into quasi-parallel radiation; the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6 or 20) using one or several X-ray hemi-lenses (22 or 23) focusing this radiation on the detectors, or forming quasi-parallel radiation; in this instance all X-ray hemi-lenses are oriented so that their optical axes would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 4. Method according to claiml, wherein X-rays concentration is done using X-ray hemi-lenses (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources (1) in quasi-parallel radiation; the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6) using one or more X-ray lenses (3) focusing this radiation on detectors (6); "in this instance, all X-ray hemi-lenses and lenses are oriented so that their optical axes would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein X-rays concentration is done using X-ray hemi-lenses (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective number of space-apart sources (1) into quasi-parallel radiation; the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (20) using one or more collimators (19); in this instance X-ray hemi-lenses and collimators are oriented so that the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses and central channels of all collimators would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein X-rays concentration is done using one or more space-apart X-ray sources (1) and a respective number of X-ray lenses (2) focusing divergent X-rays from each of the sources (1) in the current point (4), to which the measurement results are attributed; the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6) using X-ray lenses (3) focusing this radiation on detectors (6) and having a second focus in the said current point. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein X-rays concentration is done using one or more space-apart X-ray sources (1) and a respective number of X-ray lenses (2) focusing divergent X-rays from each of the sources (1) in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed; the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6 or 20) is done using collimators (15 or 19), which are oriented so that the optical axes of their central channels would cross in the said current point. 8. Device for producing the image of the internal structure of an object with X-rays, comprising a means (10) for positioning the object under study (5), an X-ray optical system (8), a means for relative movement of the means (10) for positioning of the object under study (5) versus the X-ray optical system (8), a means (12) for data processing and imaging, wherein the X-ray optical system (8) contains one or more X-ray sources (1), an X-rays concentration means (2) for concentration of radiation from the said one or more X-ray sources (1) in the zone located inside the target area (7) of object (5) and covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed; one or more lanees or hemi-lanees (3) for transportation of excited secondary radiation and mounted close to their exits X-rays detectors (6) for the said secondary radiation, where the outputs from these detectors are connected to the means (12) for data processing and imaging; the means (10) for positioning of the object under study (5) and the X-ray optical system (8) are connected to the sensors (11) designed for determining the coordinates of the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, and those sensors are connected through their outlets to the means (12) for data processing and imaging. 9. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray optical system contains several X-ray sources (1 or 17); each of the X-rays concentration means designed for concentration of radiation from the said sources, and each of the means for transportation of the secondary radiation excited in the X-rays concentration zone (16) to detectors (6 or 20) is made as a collimator (13, 15 or 18, 19), having its channels oriented towards the above X-rays concentration zone (16), and the optical axes of the central channels of all collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 10. Device according to claim 9, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources and collimators (13, 15) have channels that are focused on these sources and on the detectors (6) and fan towards the means for positioning the object (5) under study; between the exit of each X-ray source (1) and entrance to a respective collimator (13), there is a screen (14), which has an opening. 11. Device according to claim 9, wherein the X-ray sources (17) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are extended X-ray sources and collimators (18, 19) have channels that narrow down towards the means for positioning the object under study. 12. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; each of the X-rays concentration means for concentration of the radiation is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation; and each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to detector (6) is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (22) focusing this radiation on detector (6); in this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses cross in the current point, to,which the measurement results are attributed. 13. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; each of the X-rays concentration means designed for concentration of radiation is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming the divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation; and each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (23) forming quasi-parallel radiation and "having its focus in the X-rays concentration zone (16); in this instance the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 14. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration in zone (16) that includes the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation; and each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to the detector (6) is made as an X-ray lens (3) focusing this radiation on the detector (6) and having a second focus in the X-rays concentration zone (16); where the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses and lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 15. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; " each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation; each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (20) is made as a collimator (19), its channels fanning towards a respective detector; where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and hemi-lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the current measurement results are attributed. 16. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation; each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (6) is made as a collimator (15), its channels coming together towards a respective detector; where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and hemi-lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 17. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration in zone (16) that includes the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, is made as*an X-ray lens (2) focusing divergent radiation from a respective source (1); each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (6) is made as a collimator (15), its channels coming together towards a respective detectors; where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. 18. Device according to claim 8, wherein the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources; each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration is made as an X-ray lens (2) focusing divergent radiation from a respective source (1); each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (20) is made as a collimator (19), its channels fanning towards a respective detector; where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. Dated this 15th Day of September 2001. Dr. Rajeshkumar H. Acharya Advocate & Patent Agent For and on behalf of Applicant

Full Text

FORM-2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
[Section 10]
"Method for Obtaining a Picture of the Internal Structure of an Object Using X-Ray Radiation and Device for the Implementation thereof "
(a) KUMAKHOV,MURADINABUBEKIROVICH
(b) Moscow 123298, ul. Narodnogo Opolcheniya, d. 38, kv. 55,
Russian Federation.
(c) Nationality Russian.
The following specification particularly describes the nature of,, the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.

The present inventions relate to the intra-vision means and are designed for producing visually sensed images of the internal structure of an object, in particular, of a biological object, with X-rays. The preferential applications include defectoscopy and medical diagnostics.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various methods and devices of the said intended use are known, where tradi¬tional principles of projection roentgenoscopy are embodied. In such methods and de¬vices, the visible image of the object"s internal structure, for example, tissues of a bio¬logical object, is obtained as a shadow projection. Density of the acquired image in each of its points is determined by the total attenuation of X-rays that passed through the object on their way from the source to the detection means. The latter is either a fluorescent screen or an X-ray film, which should be chemically treated to get the im¬age visualized (see Polytechnical Dictionary. Moscow, "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1976 [1], p. 425; Physics of image visualization in medicine. Edited by S. Webb. Moscow, "Mir", 1991 [2], p. 40-41).
In the above mentioned known methods and devices, the image of a real three-dimensional structure is acquired as the said two-dimensional shadow projection, which interpretation requires from the specialist who carries out object analysis, in particular, technical or medical diagnostics, respective experience and qualification and, in a number of cases, is problematic. The reasons for this are low contrast, poor signal to noise ratio, inevitable overlapping of the images of structural elements, im¬possibility of quantitative comparison between individual local fragments by density. Sharpness and contrast of the acquired- image also" decrease under the influence of quanta of the secondary Compton scattered radiation, hitting the detection means.

X-ray computer tomography methods and devices permitting to acquire a two-dimensional image of a thin layer of a three-dimensional object are known (V.V. Pik-lov, N.G. Preobrazhenskiy. Computational tomography and physical experiment. The progress of physical sciences, v. 141, 3rd ed., November 1983, p. 469-498 [3]; see also [2], p. 138-146). Such methods are using multiple irradiation of the object under study from different positions and registration of the radiation that passed through this object by a line of detectors. The obtained tissue density distribution of the object in the cross-section under study (target cross-section) is discrete and achieved through com¬puter-assisted solution of combined equations, the order of which as well as the num¬ber of resolution elements correspond to the product of the number of positions, from which irradiation is done, by the number of detectors. Doing irradiation in different cross-sections, one can obtain a three-dimensional image of the object based on a set of two-dimensional by-layer images. Computer tomography mesans permit in principle to obtain an image of sufficiently high quality, and this image presents the picture of tissues density distribution (in contrast to a picture specific to integral absorption of a substance (for example, biological tissiies)VJocated"in the path of radiation from the source to this or that element of the observed projection.) But this is achieved through a greater number of positions, from which irradiation is done. In this case, the dose of radiation absorbed by the substance is higher, which is undesirable (and in medical applications, is most frequently inadmissible). Presence of Compton scattered radia¬tion is a nuisance factor in this group of known methods and devices too. Both groups of methods and devices used for medical applications are also characterized by the fact, that tissues and organs, which present no interest in the study but are located in the radiation path (both in front and behind the target area), also suffer from intensive radiation (to a lesser degree in the second group of methods and devices than in the first group of methods and devices because when different positions are selected, dif¬ferent tissues and organs surrounding those that are under study are irradiated).

Higher resolving power in the second group of means, requiring a greater number of irradiations from different positions, is limited, first of all, due to inadmis¬sible growth of the dosage. Technical means for acquiring primary data and further image reconstruction is quite complex due to necessity of using fast computers with special software and high-precision requirements to the mechanical structural ele¬ments, which must guarantee correct localization of one and the same resolution ele¬ments in the target area during their irradiation from different positions. The latter is
■■■f & , +v i
caused by the fact that the image reconstruction calculations must use the actual data obtained from different irradiation cycles but referring to one and the same resolution elements.
The second above mentioned group of methods and devices, where discrete data on the density of each of the resolution elements is obtained, is the closest one to what is suggested.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS
The technical result, which the suggested inventions are aimed at, consists in higher accuracy of determining relative indices of the object"s substance density in the acquired image together with avoided use of complex and expensive technical means. When the suggested inventions are used for diagnostic purposes in medicine and other investigations related to the action on biological objects, the achieved result consists also in reduced dosage of radiation of tissues surrounding the tissues under study.
To obtain the said types of technical results, in the suggested X-ray method of producing the image of the internal structure of an object, the X-rays are concentrated in a zone, which is located inside the area under study (which area is hereinafter re¬ferred to. as the target area) of the object. Secondary radiation (scattered Compton co¬herent and non-coherent, fluorescent radiation), excited in this zone, is transported to one or more detectors. Scanning of the target area of the object is done by way of

moving the zone of concentration. The results of measurement at each current position of the zone of concentration (X-rays concentration zone) are attributed to one of the points inside this zone. Movement of the zone of concentration during scanning is fol¬lowed by simultaneous determination and fixation of coordinates of this zone. Judg¬ment on the density of the object"s substance in this point is made based on the population of intensity values of the secondary radiation, which are obtained with the help of one or more detectors and which are determined simultaneously with the coordinates of the said current point. The obtained values, recognized as the density indices of the object"s substance, together with respective values of coordinates, are used for building up a picture of the substance density distribution in the object"s target area. Movement of the X-ray concentration zone for scanning the object"s target area is done by way of relative movement of the object under study and the X-ray sources, which relative position between themselves remains stable, together with the X-ray concentration means, means for secondary radiation transportation to the detectors, and the detectors themselves.
A common feature for the known from ([2], pp. 138-146, [3], pp. 471-472) and suggested methods is the action on the object under study with X-rays during rela¬tive movement of the object under study and the X-ray optical system including X-ray sources together with their control units and detectors.
One of the differences of the suggested method consists in the presence of the Operation of concentrating X-rays in the zone covering the current point, in which it is required to determine a density value (a current point, to which the measurement re¬sults are attributed). Scanning, which presence is a common feature of the known and suggested methods, is done in a totally different way in case of the latter - by shifting the current position of the X-rays concentration zone into the vicinity of the next point, for which it is desirable to determine the density of the substance of the object under

study. The difference consists also in the operation of transportation of the secondary radiation (scattered Compton coherent and non-coherent radiation, fluorescent radia¬tion), excited in this zone, from the concentration zone to the detector (detectors).
In this instance, it is not the radiation of the source itself, which passed through the object under study, that renders action on the detector (detectors), but the said secondary radiation. Intensity of the latter, as is well known (see J. Jackson. Clas¬sical Electrodynamics. M., "Mir", 1965, pp. 537-538 [4]), when all other conditions are the same, is proportional to the density of the substance, in which this radiation is excited, regardless of the nature of this substance. Thanks to this, secondary scattered radiation, which is a nuisance factor in the known method, becomes an informative factor. Usage of current values of the secondary radiation intensity as an index of the substance density is another difference of the suggested method.
Differences of the suggested method from the known one are also character¬ized below, in the description of possible particular cases of its embodiment, providing for using various combinations of X-rays concentration means and transportation means for the secondary scattered radiation.
In one of such particular cases, X-rays concentration in the zone covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, is done using one or more collimators. In this case, a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources are used. Transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is also done using one or more collimators, where all collimators are oriented so that the axes of their central channels Would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
In another particular case, X-rays concentration in the zone is done using one or more X-ray hemilenses transforming divergent radiation of a respective number of X-ray sources into quasi-parallel radiation. Transportation of the excited secondary

radiation to one or more detectors is done, in this case, using one or more X-ray hemilenses or lenses, focusing this radiation on the detectors. It is also possible to per¬form transportation of the secondary radiation to one or more detectors using one or more hemilenses forming quasi-parallel radiation. In this case, all X-ray lenses and hemilenses are oriented so that their optical axes would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
In still another particular case X-rays concentration in the zone is done using one or more X-ray hemilenses transforming the divergent radiation of a respective number of space-apart sources into quasi-parallel radiation, while transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is done using one or more colli¬mators. In this case, the X-ray hemilenses and collimators are oriented so that the opti¬cal axes of all X-ray hemilenses and central channels of all collimators would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
X-rays concentration can be also done using one or more space-apart X-ray sources and a respective number of X-ray lenses focusing the divergent X-rays from each of the sources directly in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed; while transportation of the excited secondary radiation to one or more de¬tectors is done using X-ray lenses focusing this radiation on the detectors and having a second focus in the said point.
Another particular case differs from the previous one in that the transportation of excited secondary radiation to one or more detectors is done using collimators ori¬ented so, that the optical axes of their central channels would cross in the output focus of the lens focusing divergent radiation from the source (in the common focus of more than one such lenses if more than one sources are used).
The suggested device for producing the image of the internal structure of an object with X-rays comprises a means for positioning the object under study, an X-ray

optical system, a means for relative movement of the means for positioning the object under study and the X-ray optical system, a means for data processing and imaging. The device also comprises sensors for determining the coordinates of the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed and which is located inside the target area. These sensors are linked to the means for positioning of the object under study and the X-ray optical system and connected through their outlets to the means for data processing and imaging. The X-ray optical system comprises one or more X-ray sources, means for concentration of the radiation from the said one or more X-ray sources in the zone covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In addition the X-ray optical system comprises one or more means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation and placed at their exits detectors of this radiation. The outlets of the said detectors are connected to the means for data processing and imaging.
A common feature of the known and suggested devices is the presence of the means for positioning the object under study, an X-ray optical system, a means for relative movement of the means for positioning the object under study and the X-ray optical system, coordinate sensors, and the means for data processing and imaging.
In contrast to the known device, the X-ray optical system in the suggested de¬vice comprises means for concentration of ,the radiation from one or more sources in the zone covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed. In addition, the X-ray optical system comprises one or more means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detectors of this radiation. Thanks to this, it is this radiation that is input to the detectors but not the radiation from the source (sources) after it has passed through the object under study. The coordinate sensors in the suggested device fulfill another function compared with the known device - they are used for determining coordinates of the current point, to which the measurement

results are attributed. The function of the means for data processing and imaging is also different - this means acts based on the input carrying direct data on the substance density and coordinates of the current point, to which these data are attributed. The de¬sign of the suggested device and its principle of operation create prerequisites for a situation, when there is no dependence on the accuracy or resolving power, since the performance characteristics for this device are practically fully determined by the pa¬rameters of the X-rays concentration means used.
Other differences featured by the suggested device, in various possible par¬ticular cases of its embodiment, are characterized below.
In one of such particular cases, the X-ray optical system of the suggested de¬vice includes more than one X-ray sources. In this instance, each of the means for X-rays concentration and each of the, means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to detectors are made as a collimator with its channels oriented towards the zone of concentration of the radiation from the X-ray sources. The optical axes of the central channels of all collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
In this particular case, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical sys¬tem can be quasi-point. The collimators have channels that are all focused on these sources and are fanning (widening) towards the means for positioning the object under study. Between the exit from each X-ray source and entrance to a respective collima¬tor, there is a screen with an opening.
In the same particular case, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system can be extended X-ray sources. In this instance, the collimators have channels that are all coming together (narrowing down) towards the means for positioning the object under study.

In another particular case of embodiment of the suggested device, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the diver¬gent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secbndairy scattered Compton radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray hemilens focusing this radiation on the detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray, hemilenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
In the next particular case of embodiment of the suggested device, same as in the previous one, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources, and each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation. But in contrast to the previous case, each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray hemilens with its focus in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, which hemilens transforms the said radiation into quasi-parallel radiation and directs it to the detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
In still another particular case, the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray op¬tical system are also quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation. But in contrast to the previous case, each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray lens focusing this radiation on the detector and having a second focus in the X-rays concentration zone. The optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses and lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.

In the next particular case, same as in the previous two, the X-ray sources in¬corporated ir.; the X-ray optical system are quasi-point, and each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radiation of a respective source into quasi-parallel radiation. In this instance, each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the detector is made as a colli¬mator with channels that are all fanning (widening) towards a respective detector. The optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
The X-ray optical system of the suggested device can be made as follows too. The X-ray sources incorporated therein are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray hemilens transforming the divergent radia¬tion of a respective X-ray source into quasi-parallel radiation; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary Compton radiation to the detector is made as a collimator with channels that are all coming together (narrowing down) towards a respective detector. The optical axes of all X-ray hemilenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
Another embodiment of the suggested device is also possible, where the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray lens focusing the divergent radia¬tion of the X-ray source. In this instance, each of the means for transportation of ex¬cited secondary radiation to the detector is made as an X-ray lens focusing this radia¬tion on a respective detector. The optical axes of all X-ray lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
Next particular case of embodiment of the suggested device is characterized by the fact that the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray lens fo-

cusing the divergent radiation of the source; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to the source is made as a collimator with its chan¬nels narrowing down (coming together) towards a respective detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the cur¬rent point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
One more particular case of the device embodiment is characterized by the fact that the X-ray sources incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources; each of the means for X-rays concentration is made as an X-ray lens focusing the divergent radiation of the X-ray source; while each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary Compton radiation to the detector is made as a collimator with channels widening (fanning) towards a respective detector. In this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The suggested inventions are illustrated by the drawings showing:
- Figure \ clarifies the principles, on which the suggested method is based, giving a schematic diagram of positional relationships and connections between the basic components of the device embodying the suggested method;
- Figures 2 and 3 show particular cases of method embodiment and the device make, where collimators are used for. X-rays concentration and transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors;
- Figures 4 and 5 show the same with the exception that here X-ray hemilenses are used;

- Figure 6 shows the same with the exception that here X-ray hemilenses are used for X-rays concentration and "full" X-ray lenses are used for transportation of the secondary radiation to the detectors;
- Figures 7 and 8 show the same with the exception that here X-ray hemilenses are used for X-rays concentration and collimators are used for transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors;
- Figure 9 shows the same with the exception that here X-ray lenses are used for X-rays concentration and transportation of the secondary radiation to the detectors;
- Figures 10 and 11 show the same with the exception that here X-ray lenses are used for X-rays concentration and collimators are used for transportation of the secondary radiation to the detectors.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTIONS
The suggested method is embodied with the help of the suggested device as following.
Divergent X-rays from a quasi-point source (Figure 1) is focused by the X-ray lens 2 in the specified current point 4 within the target area 7 of an object 5 (for exam¬ple, a biological object). The latter is positioned as necessary with the help of the means 10 for positioning. Focused in current point 4, radiation excites secondary scat¬tered radiation in the substance of object 5 (coherent and non-coherent Compton radia¬tion, fluorescent radiation). The intensity of secondary radiation is proportional, with the accuracy of the fluctuations due to the stochastic nature of the process of secon¬dary radiation excitation, to the density of the substance where it is excited. The focus of the second X-ray lens 3 is located in the same current point 4. This second lens fo¬cuses the scattered radiation that it has captured onto detector 6, which converts it into

an electric signal that is input to the means 12 for data processing and imaging. The position of the common focus point of lenses 2 and 3 in point 4 is selected by way of relative movement of the means 10 for object positioning and a group of the device elements referred to as the X-ray optical system 8 comprising the X-ray source 1, the X-ray lenses 2 and 3, and the detector 6 of the secondary radiation.
It should be explained that lenses used for controlling X-rays (focusing the di¬vergent radiation, formation of a quasi-parallel beam from divergent radiation, focus¬ing quasi-parallel beam and so on) are a one whole of curved channels transporting the radiation, within which the radiation experiences multiple total external reflection (see, for instance: Arkadiev V.A., Kolomiytsev A.I., Kumakhov M.A. et al. Broadband X-ray optics with wide angular aperture. The Progress of Physics, 1989, vol. 157, is¬sue 3, p. 529-537 [6], where the first lens of this type is described; USA patent No. 5744813 (published 28.04.98) [7], where the modern lens is described). On the whole, the lens is shaped as a barrel (i.e. it narrows down towards both ends), if it is designed for focusing the divergent radiation; or as a half-barrel (i.e. it narrows down to one of the two ends only), if it is designed for transformation of divergent radiation into quasi-parallel radiation, or for focusing such divergent radiation. The terms "full lens" and "hemilens" are widely used to determinate the lenses of two said types.
There are two options of the device operation according to Figure 1. One op¬tion is to have the means 10 for positioning the object under study stable together with the object 5 under study located therein, while the X-ray optical system 8 is moved (the possibilities of its movement are shown by arrows 9 on Figure 1), where the posi¬tional relationship of elements 1, 2, 3, and 6 remains fixed (consequently, coincidence of focuses of lenses 2 and 3 is preserved). The other option, on the contrary, is to have the X-ray optical system 8 fixed, while the means 10 for positioning of the object un¬der study together with this object under study 5 is moved. Expediency of implement¬ing one or the other option depends on the size and weight of object 5 compared to the

size and weight of the group of above listed elements making the X-ray optical system 8.
The device also includes a coordinate sensor 11 that reacts to the relative movement of the X-ray optical system 8 and the means 10 for positioning of the object under study and is connected to the latter. Sensor 11 should be adjusted so as to form signals that would be proportional to the vcurrf nt coordinates of the common focal point of lenses 2 and 3 in point 4 relatively to the selected reference point linked to the means 10 for positioning of the object under study. Output signals from sensor 11 and the output signal from detector 6 are input to the means 12 for data processing and im¬aging. Focal point in point 4, in this case, is the current point, to which the measure¬ment results are attributed and in which vicinity (with regard to the final size of the focal zone of X-ray lens 2), the radiation from the source 1 is actually concentrated. Means 12 for data processing and imaging provides for reproduction of the picture of density distribution in the object"s substance through implementation of this or other two- or three-dimensional imaging algorithm (see, for instance, E. Lapshin. Graphics for IBM PC. M., "Solon", 1995 [5]). In the simplest case, when, for example, scanning (movement of the X-rays concentration zone that includes current point 4, to which the measurement results are attributed) is done in any flat cross-section of object 5, con¬currently image rastering goes on the screen of means 12 with a prolonged afterglow; it is also possible to save a certain amount of measurements" results provided with a later periodic image rastering, etc.
The principle of operation of the suggested inventions is based on the fact that the intensity of secondary scattered Compton radiation (the probability of appearance of quanta of this radiation), when all other conditions are the same (in particular, in case of the same intensity of primary X-rays acting on the substance), is proportional to the substance density.

As has been noted above in the subject matter of the suggested method and device, the main difference of these inventions consists in using quanta of the scat¬tered secondary Compton radiation as informative in contrast to known methods and devices where they are an adverse factor.
As has been noted, in medical applications an important advantage of the sug¬gested inventions is the possibility of obtaining acceptable accuracy at lower dosage received by biological tissues.
To assess possible benefit, let"s make the following assumptions: energy of photons E=50 keV; X-rays concentration zone is located at 50 mm depth and has the size of lmm x lmm x lmm (such values are typical, for example, for observation con¬ditions and accuracy in mammography examinations); the detector registers 5% of the secondary radiation that was excited at the depth of 5 cm (this assumption means that secondary radiation, before it enters the means for its transportation to the detector, passes 5 cm in the patient"s body; in this instance the angle of capture of a lens or a collimator delivering secondary radiation to the detector makes 0.05 x 4n steradian). Considering that photons" linear attenuation coefficient in a patient"s body is close to that typica.1 for water at E=50 keV energy and equals approximately to 2 x 10"" 1/cm, we derive, that when the primary X-ray beam reaches the depth of 5 cm, its intensity falls down in exp(2 x IO"1 x 5) = e &2.71 times. When the secondary radiation (which photon energy is also very close to 50 keV), leaves the patient"s body, its intensity also falls down in e &2.71 times. Hence, the total intensity loss due to radiation absorption in the patient"s body will make ex e »7.3 time. Understating the assessed benefit, we will take into consideration only the Compton component of secondary radiation. At depth Ax, the probability of secondary Compton radiation formation equals toto w = ak x Ne x Ax, where ak = 6.55 x Iff25 cm2 is the cross-section of secondary Compton scat¬tering; Ne~ 3 x 10231/cm3 is the density of electrons in water. Thus, at Ax = 1 mm =
16

Iff1 cm probability is co = 6.55 x 10"2S x3 x Iff23 x Iff1 #2 x 10"2, In other words, for¬mation of one secondary photon at the length of Ax = 1 mm requires on average 1 : (2 x 10"2) = 50 photons of the primary radiation.
Let"s put a precondition that the error of density assessment (i.e. the error with which the quantity (number) of secondary photons is determined) is of the order of 1%. With regard to the probabilistic nature of the process, the root-mean-square value of the relative error equals to 8 = l/(N)l/2, where N is the number of registered pho¬tons. N = 10000 corresponds to S= 0.01.
Now we can set up a simple equation for Nx, i.e. the required number of pri¬mary photons penetrating to the 5 cm depth and exciting, at this depth, secondary Compton radiation, which, in its turn, passes 5 cm to reach the detector; in this in¬stance, N = 10000 photons reach the detector:
Nxxe2x5 xlO"2 x2 xIff2 = 104.
Here coefficient 5 x Iff2 means that out of the total number of generated sec¬ondary photons, only 5% = Iff2 reach the detector and get registered. We obtain from the equation that Nx —73x 107.
Photons featuring energy E=50 keV produce a dose of radiation equal to 1 Ro-
in 9
entgen, if their flux equals to 2.8 x 10 1/cm (for table data showing the correlation
between photon energy, their number and dose see, for example, [2]). If the cross-section of the primary X-rays at their entry to the patient"s body is assumed equal to 1 cm , then the flux of 7.3 x 10 1/cm will produce in the patient"s body a dose of radia-tion equal to 2.6 x Iff Roentgen.
During traditional X-ray tomography, for example, during osteoporosis ex¬amination, the dosage usually makes 100 -f 300 milliroentgen, (V.I. Mazurov, E.G.

Zotkin. Topical questions of osteoporosis diagnostics and treatment. Saint-Petersburg, ^IKF "Foliant", 1998, p. 47 [8]), i.e. approximately 100 times higher.
Dosage can be further decreased several times if exposure is done using sev¬eral sources, which beams reach the X-rays concentration zone via different routs, so those beams are not summarized in the patient"s body.
Therefore, such opti ons of embodiment of the suggested method and devices are more expedient, where several space-apart X-ray sources and X-ray detectors are used together with a respective number of the means for X-rays concentration and means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to the detectors (lenses, hemilenses, collimators). On one hand, it enables a more efficient X-rays concentra¬tion (in case of a sole the means for X-rays concentration, this is possible only using an X-ray lens as shown on figure 1) and better signal-to-noise ratio at the detector"s outlet. On the other hand, this allows achieving a more distributed action of X-rays on the object under study and avoiding overdosage for the object"s parts not subjected to examination. When, under all other equal conditions, several detectors and simple av¬eraging are used (or a more complicated processing of outputs from different detectors in means 12 for data processing and imaging, as, for example, a "weighted" averaging or processing taking into account correlation of densities in the closely located points), this permits using less powerful X-ray sources without compromising the accuracy. Besides, averaging leads to less impact rendered by other factors that decrease accu¬racy (for example, unequal absorption of X-rays from the sources on their route to dif¬ferent points in which the density is determined, and that of secondary radiation on the route from such points to the entries of the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to the detectors).
These are such options that are discussed below (figures; 2 to 11).

In terms of technical embodiment, the options shown in figure 2 and figure 3 are the simplest.
In the diagram on figure 2, quasi-point X-ray sources 1 and collimators 13 are used; the channels of collimators are fanning (widening) in the direction of radiation propagation to concentrate the radiation in zone 16. Between the sources 1 and colli¬mators 13, there are screens 14 with openings for radiation transmission to the collimators" entries and for prevention of its direct action (aside the collimators) on the object. Secondary radiation is tiansported to detectors 6 with the help of collimators 15, which channels are coming together (narrowing down) in the direction of radiation propagation, i.e. towards detectors 6, and which can have a focus on the sensing sur¬face of the latter. For instance, semiconductor detectors with small entrance aperture can be used as detectors 6.
In figure 3 the collimator"s orientation is opposite to that shown in figure 2. To achieve utmost use of the entrance aperture of collimators 18, which concentrate radiation in zone 16, it is better to use extended X-ray sources 17. For the same reason, it is better to use detectors 20 featuring large entrance aperture (for example, scintilla¬tion detectors).
In figure 4, the X-rays concentration means for concentration of the radiation from quasi-point sources 1 and the means fpr transportation of the secondary radiation are made, correspondingly, as X-ray hemilenses 21 and 22. In this instance, hemilenses 22 focus secondary radiation on detectors 6.
In figure 5, the X-rays concentration means concentrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1, and the means for transportation of the secondary radiation are made as hemilenses 21 and 23, correspondingly. In this instance, hemilenses 23 trans¬form scattered secondary radiation into quasi-parallel radiation and direct this quasi-parallel radiation to detectors 20 featuring large entrance aperture.

Figure 6 shows a combined option, when the X-rays concentration means con¬centrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1 are made as X-ray hemilenses 21, which direct parallel beams towards zone 16; while the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to detectors 6 are made as "full" X-ray lenses 3.
Figures 7 and 8 show other combinations that differ from the previous one in that the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to detectors are made as collimators.
In figure 7, collimators 19 have channels widening towards detectors 6, while the latter have a large entrance aperture.
In figure 8, on the contrary, collimators 15 have channels narrowing down to¬wards detectors 6, while the latter have a sniiall entrance aperture.
Figure 9 shows the most effective option in terms of accuracy and resolution, where the X-rays concentration means concentrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1 and the means for transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors 6 are made as "full" lenses 2 and 3, respectively, (compare this option with the one shown in figure 1).
Figures 10 and 11 show two more combined options. Their common feature is that in both cases "full" X-ray lenses 2 are used as the X-rays concentration means concentrating radiation from quasi-point sources 1.
In figure 10 collimators 15 narrowing down towards the detectors are used as the means for transportation of the secondary radiation to detectors 6 featuring small aperture.
In figure 11 collimators 19 widening towards the detectors are used as the means for transportation of the secondary Compton radiation to detectors 20 featuring large aperture.

Utilization of one or another scheme of the method embodiment and design of the device depends both on the availability of such effective means for radiation con¬centration and transportation as X-ray lenses and hernilenses, and on the required reso-lution. The latter affects also selection of parameters for lenses and hemilenses (such as the focal spot size, length of the focus zone in the direction of the lens" optical axis, and others). This is done also taking into consideration that implementation of quite high resolution, when "full" lenses are used (of the order of some sections of a milli¬meter or higher), is coupled with longer time required for scanning of the object"s tar¬get area. Other circumstances are also taken into account, such as availability of X-ray sources of suitable power and dimensions, and others.
Availability of the described and many other options of the suggested method embodiment and the suggested device outlays provide wide possibilities for designing intra-vision means that would satisfy specific demands.
References
1. The Polytechnic Dictionary. M., "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1976.
2. The Physics of Image Visualization in Medicine. Ed. by S. Webb: M., "Mir", 1991.
3. V.V. Piklov, N.G. Preobrazhenskiy. Computational Tomography and Phys¬ics Experiment. The Progress of Physics, v. 141, Issue 3, November 1983.
4. J. Jackson. Classical Electrodynamics. M., "Mir", 1965
5. E. Lapshin. Graphics for IBM PC. M., "Solon", 1995
6. V.A. Arkadiev, A.I. Kolomiytsev, M.A. Kumakhov, and others. Broadband X-ray Optics with Large Angular Aperture. The Progress of Physics, 1989, v. 157, Is¬sue 3.
7. The USA Patent No. 5744813 (published 04.28.98).

I claim:
1. A method for producing the image of the internal structure of an object with X-rays, where an object is subjected to X-rays and the output from one or more X-ray detectors is used for obtaining data on the substance density of an object;
wherein
X-rays concentration is done in the zone located within the target area (7) of object (5) and covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed; the secondary radiation excited in this zone is transported to one or more detectors (6);
the target area (7) of object (5) is scanned by moving the said zone;
the density of an object in the current point (4is made based on the* population of intensTtywalues of the secondary radiation, which are obtained with the help of one or more detectors (6) and which are determined concurrently with coordinates of the current point (4) within the X-rays concentration zone, to which the measurement results are attributed;
and the above density values are used together with respective coordinate values to build up a density distribution picture for the target area (7) of object (5).
2. Method according to claiml, wherein
the X-rays concentration is done with the help of collimators (13 or 18) using a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources (1 or 17);
excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6 or 20) with the help of one or more collimators (15 or 19),
and all collimators are oriented so that the axes of their central channels would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
3. Method according to claim 1, wherein

the X-rays concentration is done using X-ray hemi-lenses (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources s(l) into quasi-parallel radiation;
the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6 or 20) using one or several X-ray hemi-lenses (22 or 23) focusing this radiation on the detectors, or forming quasi-parallel radiation;
in this instance all X-ray hemi-lenses are oriented so that their optical axes would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
4. Method according to claiml, wherein
X-rays concentration is done using X-ray hemi-lenses (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective number of space-apart X-ray sources (1) in quasi-parallel radiation;
the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6) using one or more X-ray lenses (3) focusing this radiation on detectors (6);
"in this instance, all X-ray hemi-lenses and lenses are oriented so that their optical axes would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
5. Method according to claim 1, wherein
X-rays concentration is done using X-ray hemi-lenses (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective number of space-apart sources (1) into quasi-parallel radiation;
the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (20) using one or more collimators (19);
in this instance X-ray hemi-lenses and collimators are oriented so that the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses and central channels of all collimators would cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
6. Method according to claim 1, wherein

X-rays concentration is done using one or more space-apart X-ray sources (1) and a respective number of X-ray lenses (2) focusing divergent X-rays from each of the sources (1) in the current point (4), to which the measurement results are attributed;
the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6) using X-ray lenses (3) focusing this radiation on detectors (6) and having a second focus in the said current point.
7. Method according to claim 1, wherein
X-rays concentration is done using one or more space-apart X-ray sources (1) and a respective number of X-ray lenses (2) focusing divergent X-rays from each of the sources (1) in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed;
the excited secondary radiation is transported to one or more detectors (6 or 20) is done using collimators (15 or 19), which are oriented so that the optical axes of their central channels would cross in the said current point.
8. Device for producing the image of the internal structure of an object with
X-rays, comprising
a means (10) for positioning the object under study (5),
an X-ray optical system (8),
a means for relative movement of the means (10) for positioning of the object under study (5) versus the X-ray optical system (8),
a means (12) for data processing and imaging,
wherein
the X-ray optical system (8) contains one or more X-ray sources (1), an X-rays concentration means (2) for concentration of radiation from the said one or more X-ray sources (1) in the zone located inside the target area (7) of object (5) and covering the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed;

one or more lanees or hemi-lanees (3) for transportation of excited secondary radiation and mounted close to their exits X-rays detectors (6) for the said secondary radiation,
where the outputs from these detectors are connected to the means (12) for data processing and imaging;
the means (10) for positioning of the object under study (5) and the X-ray optical system (8) are connected to the sensors (11) designed for determining the coordinates of the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed,
and those sensors are connected through their outlets to the means (12) for data processing and imaging.
9. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray optical system contains several X-ray sources (1 or 17);
each of the X-rays concentration means designed for concentration of radiation from the said sources, and each of the means for transportation of the secondary radiation excited in the X-rays concentration zone (16) to detectors (6 or 20) is made as a collimator (13, 15 or 18, 19), having its channels oriented towards the above X-rays concentration zone (16),
and the optical axes of the central channels of all collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
10. Device according to claim 9, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point sources
and collimators (13, 15) have channels that are focused on these sources and on the detectors (6) and fan towards the means for positioning the object (5) under study;
between the exit of each X-ray source (1) and entrance to a respective collimator (13), there is a screen (14), which has an opening.

11. Device according to claim 9, wherein
the X-ray sources (17) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are extended X-ray sources and collimators (18, 19) have channels that narrow down towards the means for positioning the object under study.
12. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;
each of the X-rays concentration means for concentration of the radiation is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation;
and each of the means for transportation of the excited secondary radiation to detector (6) is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (22) focusing this radiation on detector (6);
in this instance, the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses cross in the current point, to,which the measurement results are attributed.
13. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;
each of the X-rays concentration means designed for concentration of radiation is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming the divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation;
and each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (23) forming quasi-parallel radiation and "having its focus in the X-rays concentration zone (16);
in this instance the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
14. Device according to claim 8, wherein

the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;
each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration in zone (16) that includes the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation;
and each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to the detector (6) is made as an X-ray lens (3) focusing this radiation on the detector (6) and having a second focus in the X-rays concentration zone (16);
where the optical axes of all X-ray hemi-lenses and lenses cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
15. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;
" each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation;
each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (20) is made as a collimator (19), its channels fanning towards a respective detector;
where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and hemi-lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the current measurement results are attributed.
16. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;

each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration is made as an X-ray hemi-lens (21) transforming divergent radiation from a respective source (1) into quasi-parallel radiation;
each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (6) is made as a collimator (15), its channels coming together towards a respective detector;
where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and hemi-lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
17. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;
each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration in zone (16) that includes the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed, is made as*an X-ray lens (2) focusing divergent radiation from a respective source (1);
each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (6) is made as a collimator (15), its channels coming together towards a respective detectors;
where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
18. Device according to claim 8, wherein
the X-ray sources (1) incorporated in the X-ray optical system are quasi-point X-ray sources;
each of the X-rays concentration means for radiation concentration is made as an X-ray lens (2) focusing divergent radiation from a respective source (1);

each of the means for transportation of excited secondary radiation to detector (20) is made as a collimator (19), its channels fanning towards a respective detector;
where the optical axes of all X-ray lenses and central channels of collimators cross in the current point, to which the measurement results are attributed.
Dated this 15th Day of September 2001.

Dr. Rajeshkumar H. Acharya
Advocate & Patent Agent
For and on behalf of Applicant

Documents:

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in-pct-2001-01133-mum-correspondence(ipo)-(20-8-2004).pdf

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Patent Number

212329

Indian Patent Application Number

IN/PCT/2001/01133/MUM

PG Journal Number

04/2008

Publication Date

25-Jan-2008

Grant Date

30-Nov-2007

Date of Filing

18-Sep-2001

Name of Patentee

KUMAKHOV, MURADIN ABUBEKIROVICH

Applicant Address

MOSCOW 123298, UL. NARODNOGO OPOLCHENIYA, D. 38, KV. 55,

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	KUMAKHOV MURADIN ABUBEKIROVICH	MOSCOW 123298, UL. NARODNOGO OPOLCHENIYA, D. 38, KV. 55,

PCT International Classification Number

G01N 23/223

PCT International Application Number

PCT/RU00/00207

PCT International Filing date

2000-05-30

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	2000103190	2000-02-11	Russia