Title of Invention	GAS COOLING DEVICE FOR COKE OVEN GAS THAT CONTAINS CONDENSING CONSTITUENTS.
Abstract	The invention relates to a pressure-regulated friction clutch (1), comprising a cylinder/piston unit (5), operated by a pressure medium, which permits a frictional connection of an output shaft (4) with a driven plate (11) fixed thereto and an input shaft (3) with a driving plate (9) fixed thereto, for the transmission of a torque from the input shaft with a permanently pressurised cylinder/piston unit (5).

Title of Invention

GAS COOLING DEVICE FOR COKE OVEN GAS THAT CONTAINS CONDENSING CONSTITUENTS.

Abstract

The invention relates to a pressure-regulated friction clutch (1), comprising a cylinder/piston unit (5), operated by a pressure medium, which permits a frictional connection of an output shaft (4) with a driven plate (11) fixed thereto and an input shaft (3) with a driving plate (9) fixed thereto, for the transmission of a torque from the input shaft with a permanently pressurised cylinder/piston unit (5).

Full Text	This application is a non-provisional filing of a provisional application US. App. No. 60/425,938, filed on November 13, 2002. 5 Field of the Invention This invention relates to the inspection of cosmetically tinted contact lenses or molds that are used in the formation of the tinted contact lenses, more particularly to pad printed molds that are used in the formation of the tinted contact lenses. 10 Background of the Invention The inspection of untinted contact lenses is known. Techniques and systems for inspecting untinted contact lenses are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,245,062; 6,154,274; 5,995,213; 5,943,436; 5,823,446; 5,815,254; 5,805,276; 5,748,300; 5,745,230; 5,687,541; 5,675,962; 5,649,410; 5,640,464; 5,578,331; 15 5,568,715; 5.443,152; 5,529,357; 5,500,732; 4,961,487; 5,244,470; 5,196,633; 4,663,240; 5,324,719; 4,963,159; 4,946,269; 4,872.404; 4,896,695; 5,255,077; 4,634,449; 4,705,370; 4,777,684; 4,733,959; 5,271,874; 4,889,421; 5,055,602; 5,034,166; 4,937,637;5,116,112; 5,120,121; 5,871,675; 5,938,795; 6,046,371; 6,132,043; 6,322,214; 6,364,934; 6,149,842; 6,096,799; 5,845,457; 5,824,276; 20 5,792,822; 5,534,038; 5,452,658; 5,292,350; 5,160,463; 6,248,266; 5,151,106; 5,271,874; 5,271,875; 5,466,147; and 6,348,507, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Additionally methods of tinting contact fenses have been disclosed in the following applications, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/745,511 filed December 22, 2000 (VTN0527); U.S. 25 Patent Application Serial No.09/793.671 filed Fabruary 23,2001 (VTN0530); U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/027,579 filed December 20, 2001 (VTN0571); U.S. Patent Application Serial No.10/165,058 filed June 7,2002 (VTN0602) all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Before this invention, automated inspection techniques had not been 30 used for inspecting the application of tint to a tinted contact lens. The application of the tint was either not inspected of it was done manually, by operators who visually inspect each lens to determine if the tint contains any irregularities, and if the layers of tint are concentric to the edge of the mold. If WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 any irregularity or flaw in the tint was found and it made the lens unsuitable for consumer use, the lens was identified so that it was not subsequently sold to a consumer. This prior art inspection system is subject to human error. Additionally, 5 a manual inspection step would likely be located after the lens hast gone through most, if not all, of the manufacturing steps. An automated inspection system that could be inserted at any convenient location within the manufacturing line would be desirable to avoid fully processing lenses that will ultimately be rejected. Additionally, if the inspection system is immediately 10 after the application of the colorant to a lens or to a lens mold, then if there are a high number of rejects, a problem within the area of the machine where the colorants are applied can be immediately addressed, and not discovered much later during production after many more lenses have been made having a defect in the colorant, 15 This invention provides a method and system that inspects the tint and/or printed patterns on a contact lens or mold for molding a contact lens therein. The method and system finds defects including voids in the colorant, excess colorant, and incorrect position of the colorant and/or pattern(s) of the colorant with respect to the center and for edges of the ophthalmic products, 20 e.g. mold or contact lens or other colorant layers. One benefit of this invention is that the inspection does not have to be done on finished lenses, but can be done immediately after the colorant is added to the mold or lens. This provides immediate feedback to the machine to relect for various defects and allows the machine operator to react quickly if 25 numerous defects in the colorant arts being made. Art additional benefit is that because defects are difficult to define, standardize and learn, human inspection often gave inconsistent results, whereas the automated system gives more consistent results. This invention also comprises the system described herein for performing the method of this invention. 30 Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a transparent layer on an ophthalmic part Fig. 2 is a transparent layer on an ophthalmic part. Fig. 3 is a colorant striac layer on an ophthalmic part. 2 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 Fig. 4 is a colorant feather layer on an ophthalmic part- Fig. 5 is a system of the invention. Fig. 6 is a flow chart the process steps of one embodiment of the invention. Fig. 7 is a in a flow chart the process steps of another embodiment of the 5 Invention. Fig. 8 is a scan of a single image captured by the system shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 9 illustrates schematically two search vectors across the image captured by the system shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 10 illustrates the search zones in the ophthalmic part, 10 Fig. 11 illustrates the diagnostic print with the Test Fig. 12 illustrates an image of a diagnostic opaque tens mold Fig. 13 is a scanned image of a diagnostic enhancer lens mold Detailed Description of the Invention This invention provides a method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising 15 colorants the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the steps of: a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image; 20 b) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part and finding the center of said reference means; c) faceting at least one first pixel area in the portion of said image of said ophthalmic part comprising said at least one colorant, d) comparing the location of said at least one first pixel area to the 25 location of a first pixel standard to determine the location of said colorant center, and comparing the location of the center of said reference means lo the Location of said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part. 30 As used herein, the term "ophthalmic part" refers to a tinted contact lenses or transparent or semi-transparent object used in the production of the tinted contact lenses. Ophthalmic parts may be tinted by a number of methods which 3 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 include but are not limited to pad printing on the contact lens, pad printing on the fens mold, tinting in a solution, adding colorants la the reaction mixture used to form the contact lens; however, the preferred ophthalmic parts are lens molds that are pad printed with colorants. As used herein, the term "colorant" 5 means any organic or inorganic composition that may be used to impart a visible color an article. The inspection of a pad printed lens mold having colorant thereon will be described below, but these methods maybe applied to all tinted ophthalmic parts. When lens molds are tinted, the colorant can be applied in single or 10 multiple layers of transparent colorants and/or opaque colorants or combinations of any of those. The methods and system of the invention inspect and verify the print quality and registration tolerance (either or both concentriclly and the pattern to pattern distance) of each printed layer of colorant either step-wise after each individual colorant layer is applied or in one 15 step after all the colorant has been applied to the lens mold. If multiple colorant layers are applied the colorants are typically applied in individual layers that typically overlap, although colorant layers that do not overlap could be inspected using the machine vision system described herein. Additionally, there may be a clear binder layer added to the ophthalmic part as a separate 20 layer without added colorant, which may be referred to as a "foundation layer". This layer is typically transparent so unless there is a major defect in the binder layer, it will not be inspected in the method of this invention. Currently, there are two types of tinted contact lenses in the industry. Enhancer contact lenses enhance a user's natural iris color and opaque 25 contact lenses change the user's natural iris color. Both types of lenses can be made by using lens molds containing colorant. The enhancer contact lens mold is composed of at least one layer of translucent colorant. The translucent colorant is applied in one or more layers to a circular area of the contact lens covering the iris and pupil area or to a donut-shaped (iris-shaped) area of the 30 contact lens covering only the iris of the contact lens wearer. The transparent layers of the enhancers are shown in Figures 1(covering the iris) and 7. (iris- shaped). Opaque contact lens molds contain 2 or more layers of opaque and/or translucent layers in any combination. Preferably the opaque contact 4 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 lens molds contain at least one translucent layer as shown in Figure 1 or 2, and at least one opaque layer. The opaque layers typically are not solid colorant layers that cover the entire iris, but consist of patterns within a boundary having a donut-shape (iris shape), such as shown fn Figures 3 and 4. Figures 3 and 5 4 show the patterns that make up a striae layer and a feather layer, respectively; however, any pattern e.g. consisting of dots, or cross-hatches, etc. can be used to create the colorant patterned layers of the opaque lens. In one preferred embodiment, the contact lens molds comprise a binder layer, a translucent layer, an opaque layer comprising a striae design and may be 10 referred to as the "striae layer" and another opaque layer comprising a feather design and may be referred to as the "feather layer". However, the inspection methods and system described herein can be used to inspect enbsneere, and opaque contact lens molds with any number or combination of layers. In the preferred embodiment, the tinted mold, is preferably the front 15 curve lens mold which may or may not be attached to a frame, mounted onto a pallet are pad printed with layers of colorant as described in U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos. 09/745,511; 09/792,671; 10/027,579; and 10/165,058, incorporated earlier by reference. After printing, the molds are conveyed to the inspection system. Molds, frames and pallets have been disclosed in the prior 20 art, such as, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,094,609; 6,368,572 and 6,007t228, incorporated herein in their entireties. As used herein, the term "reference means" defines an area of the captured image that does not contain a colorant. The reference means may be the knife edge, outside edge of the mold, tab, or a feature added to the lens 25 mold, such as a hatch mark, or the like, added to the mold specifically to be a registration means, in the preferred embodiment, the reference means is the knife edge 800 which as shown in Figure 8 shows up as a dark circular line; that is, a circular pattern of low intensity pixels (on a gray scale of 0-255, low intensity is less than or equal to about 30) in the pixel image. Alternatively, for 30 a contact lens, the reference means could be the lens edge, which can be located as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,732. The same gradient orocess described in U.S. Pat No. 5,500,732 or in U.S. Pat. No, 5,640,464 that is used 5 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 many layers, a model of each layer may be prepared. In this invention, it is preferred that computer generated models of the colorant designs are used. As used herein, the phrase, "first pixel standard" refers to an area in a model of the colorant design. This area must be distinguishable from other areas 5 containing colorant. Preferably the first pixel standard covers an area of the model of about 5x5 pixels, but can be larger. This first pixel standard may be anywhere in the model other than the equivalent of the Optical Zone (defined hereinafter) or the reference means (defined hereinafter). Preferably, the first pixel standard is in the area of the image equivalent to the iris of an eye, As 10 used herein, the phrase "second pixel standard" refers an area of the model having the same characteristics as the first pixel standard, but located in a different portion of the model. As used herein, "capturing an image" tan be accomplished as described in U.S. Patent 5,500,732. In the presently preferred mode, the lighting is done 15 with a constant-on (LED-Light Emitting Diode), white light source, using an electronic shutter mechanism on the camera to capture the image when the molds are properly positioned and stationary under the cameras. If manufacturing requirements increase and fast conveying of the molds becomes necessary the imaging step could be accompolished using a storebe 20 with moving parts as described in US 5,500,732. The frames or pallets carrying the molds are conveyed under the cameras, and above the lighting source, the shutter of the cameras is activated and the cameras capture in image of the maid carrying the colorant. The cameras may be gray-scale or color cameras. If a color camera is used the image will be divided into the red, 25 green and blue layers on 3 chips in the color camera. If the camera is a gray- scale image the intensity of the light in the image is assigned a value of 0 to 255 for each pixel in the image. Preferably, a 1024 by 1024 pixel array is used to capture the image for the single gray-scale image, although less or more resolution can be used if desired. For the color arrays, preferably fewer pixels 30 are used, e.g., 768 by 494 pixel arrays for each color image, because more calculations have to be performed when three colors are captured within an individual images. Figure 8 shows a single image of a mold and all the colorant layers thereon. It is presently preferred to capture a color image of the 7 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 mold and the colorant layers, so that the captured image can he separated into the red, green and blue portions of the entire image. The preferred system is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows four cameras 40. The cameras a me preferably color cameras. Sony XC-003 having 5 having a 55 mm focal length Telecentric lenses 70 (with 0,75x Extension) with a 5 mm spacer between the camera body and the telecentric fens. The cameras are focused above a surface (not shown) upon which the lens curve molds (not shown) optionally on pallets (not shown) are pushed, so that the cameras are focused onto the lens curves (not shown). In the surface (not 10 shown) are holes through which light from light sources 80 is directed at the tens curves. The light sources am attached to a power supply 100 via power cables 90. Any conveyor mechanism can be used, for example a pusher arm or walking beam as described in US 5,5100,732, which is hereby incorporated by 15 reference in its entirety. The molds attached to the frame can be conveyed without a pallet, individual molds are preferably conveyed on a pallet. The frame or pallet may ride on the surface in a channel directed by guide rails. Four lens curves (not shown) are placed between the cameras 40 and the light sources 80. Alternatively, the cameras may be mounted underneath the 20 surface on which the pallets are conveyed facing up to allow imaging of the convex side of the pattern. An image of the colorant on the mold is captured by camera 40 and communicated via cables 50 to the Vision Processor/ Frame Grabber20 for processing. The Processor/Frame Grabber 20 is housed within computer 10. 25 The software in the PC contains various algorithms that analyze the image of the lens mold having the colorant thereon. The decision is sent via the PB 24 Opto IO Rack 13 and cable 12 to an external PLC computer (not shown) that controls a material handling device. This device will either allow the mold having colorant layers) thereon to continue through the process of 30 manufacturing the tinted contact tens or it will remove it from further material processing. The next step is to analyze the captured image or images to determine if the colorant is property oriented on the ophthalmic part. The reference means 8 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 of the image and the center of the reference means are located as previously discussed. As shown in Figure 9 the intensity values of the pixel image are scanned in multiple lines either across or up and down the image (lines A, B across two rows of pixels are shown) to find a reference means. After 5 scanning the image, and locating adjacent pixels having low intensity that are part of the knife edge, the algorithm can define the circular Knife edge by calculating the circumference of the circle. Additional points can be located either before or after the circle is calculated to check for a misshapen mold, or to verify that the knife edge has been property located. 10 If a single gray scale image of the colorant layer(s) is processed to determine the position of the design in the lens mold, then all three colorant layers may be treated as a single shape and the same gradient techniques described above that were used to locate the knife edge or outside edge of the mold in the pixel image are used to find the inside and for outside boundaries of 15 the single colorant layer shape. Using the location of the first pixel area and the location of the first pixel standard, the center of the colorant may be found. If location of the calculated colorant center is not within a specific distance of the location of the center of the reference means, ophthalmic part is rejected. Preferably parts are rejected if the distance between the center of the 20 reference means and the colorant center are greater than about 0.9 mm, more preferably greater than about 0.6 mm, preferably greater than about 0.550 mm, more preferably, greater than about 0.300 mm, most preferably greater than about 0.200 mm. For the preferred embodiment three color images (red, green and blue 25 color images) are created by the camera. The reference means on the ophthalmic part is found on at least one of the color images using the gradient technique described above, and then the algorithm calculates the location of the center of reference means. Each color pixel image is analyzed using any the gradient processes, previously described, to locate the first pixel area and 30 the colorant center of the colorant layers, if parts of the individual layers are occluded by others, the visible parts of the layers are identified. Alternatively, when the design has multiple layers, the individual layers are compared to a previously stored pattern that was created by a commercially available graphics 9 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 design package. The colorant centers of each Individual layer may be calculated as described above, Then, either the individual colorant centers determined from the individual color images are compared to each other or to the reference center to determine if the colorant layer or layers are in the 5 proper location. If the centers are not within a specified distance from each other, preferably no than about 0.9 mm, more preferably greater than about 0.6 mm, preferably greater than about 0.550 mm, more preferably, greater than about 0.300 mm, most preferably greater than about 0.200 mm, the ophthalmic part is rejected. 10 If using the outer edges of the pattern in the one or more colorant layers to form a circle to determine the center of the colorant layer is problematic since the outer edges of the pattern in the colorant layer may vary in their distance from the center of the colorant layer, the algorithm can be modified to search along a circle made midway through the expected location of the 15 colorant layer. Along this circle, known features of the pattern are identified. Further, when several features of the pattern are identified, the center of the pattern is known, because the expected pattern is known. A further aspect of the indention provides a method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the method comprising, consisting 20 esaentially of, or consisting of the steps of. a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image: b) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part :25 and finding the center of said reference means; c) analyzing said portion of said image comprising at least one colorant to determine the dimension of said portion and finding the colorant center of said image; d) comparing the location of the center of said reference means to 30 said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part. 10 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 The terms ophthalmic part, colorant, reference means, colorant center, and capturing an image all have their aforementioned meanings and preferred ranges. The terms "analyzing said portion" refers to measuring the contrast (difference in intensity) between the colorant portion and the remainder of the 5 lens mold and using those measurements to calculate the circular area of that portion and its colorant center, using known non-linear regression analysis or known area-weighted (centroidial) calculations. Once the location of the colorant center is known, it may be compared with the location of the reference center as previously described to determine if the lens mold may be used to 10 prepare a tinted contact lens. Another aspect of the present invention is a method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the steps of: a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part having at least one 15 colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image: b) capturing a reference image of a standard ophthalmic part wherein said reference image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said reference image; 20 c) comparing the intensities of the image from step a) with the reference image from step b) to determine whether the image from step a) contains defects. The terms ophthalmic part, colorant, and capturing an image all have their aforementioned meanings and preferred ranges. 25 The terms "reference image" and "standard ophthalmic part" refers to an image of an acceptable ophthalmic part which be used as the standard for judging other ophthalmic parts. The term "defects" refers to either the absence of colorant in a particular area of an ophthalmic part, (a void) or the presence of too much colorant (an excess) in a particular area of an ophthalmic part. 30 The preferred ranges for defects shall be described in detail in later paragraphs. In the preferred embodiment, reference images are captured by a camera 40 and taught to the Vision Processor/Frame Grabber 20 for 11 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 processing in computer 10 (Fig. 5) and stored in that system. Preferably the system is taught by imaging an ophthalmic part with an acceptable colorant layer thereon and having the system generate a pixel map for each of the color images in that colorant layer. If the ophthatmic part has multiple color layers, 5 this step is repeated for alI colorant layers to be applied to the ophthalmic part, and for the ophthalmic part having all the colorant layers. The system generates individual images (pixel maps) for each individual colorant layer and for the all the colorant layers together. These images (pixel maps) can be used while performing inspections to analyze the images of the ophthalmic parts to 10 be inspected. Alternatively, an ophthalmic part having all colorant layers can be taught to the system in a single step, and the system can develop the individual pixel maps by extracting the individual colorant layers from the full image. The intensities of the image of the part to be inspected and the 15 reference image can be compared as a whole, by analyzing all portions of each image in a systematic matter. In the preferred embodiment, the images may be compared in discrete zones. As shown in Fig. 10, the zones include the optical zone 801, the iris pattern zone 800 and the knife edge zone 802. By defining the zones, the 20 algorithm can begin its analysis of the pixels within each zone. The optical zone and the knife edge zone are checked to be sure that there is no stray colorant in those areas. Colorant can mistakenly drip, or splash in the optical zone or knife edge zone by the pad printing equipment, or be present within these zones by the application of a improperly located 25 colorant layer. In the preferred embodiment the optical zone is the central 4 mm of the image. For this analysis, values for the sensitivity threshold, which is an allowable contrast in intensity between neighboring pixels, minimum defect size, which is an area in which the intensity values of the pixels are not within an acceptable range of intensities, and the defect size thresholds, which 30 is the minimum allowable sum of the area of all the defects in a zone, are inputted into the algorithm and used by the system during the area inspections. Each zone can have different sensitivities and defect sizes depending upon 12 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 how important it is to have an area free of excess colorant, or other defects in the colorant. Sensitivities for each zone of the image are set by an off-line lest method. The method involves presenting multiple images with absences and 5 excess colorant to multiple human observers. For example, when the observers decide to reject an image for a given access, the sensitivity setting for excess iS first set to an insensitive level (e.g. 50) to ensure the lens passes when processed. The image is then reprocessed multiple times, each time with a slighily more sensitive setting (e.g. 49, 48, 47 ,46), until the image is 10 rejected by the system. The sensitivity value that makes the image fail is used as a basis for the sensitivity setting for production. This method continues for multiple excesses and absences in each of the image zones until all sensitivities for each color being produced are determined as shown in Table A. Defect size thresholds and minimum defect sizes are also determined in a 15 similar fashion and are included in Table A. 13 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 WO 2lH>4/fmSi5 PCT/US2{H»mjfc*78 Therefore, the sensitivity of the optical zone is typically high and the allowable amount of excess colorant is very low. In contrast, the sensitivity of 5 the iris pattern zone can be relatively lower to allow some excess colorant. Excess colorant is a cosmetic consideration in the iris Pattern Zone and does not effect visual acuity, whereas excess colorant in the Optical Zone may affect visual acuity. Further, the knife edge zone, the area outside of the printed pattern, may also have lower sensitivity and a higher allowable area of excess 10 ink than the optical zone for the same reason. All of these sensitivity values can be determined by the above described off-line method experimentation by analyzing acceptable and unacceptable tinted ophthalmic parts. For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses in the optical zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm, 15 to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the optical zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for absences in the optical zone is about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm, 15 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 preferably about 0.03 mm, to about 0.04 mm, most preferably, about 0.06 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for absences in the optical zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0,4 mm2. 5 For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses in the iris pattern zone is about 0.3 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, 10 most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for absences in the iris pattern zone is about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm, preferably about 00.8 mm, to about 0.04 mm, most preferably, about 0.06 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for absences in the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mms, 15 preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses in the outer buffer zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the outer buffer zone 20 is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses in the knife edge zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm, to about 0,3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens 25 molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the knife edge zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses in the optical zone is about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm, preferably about 30 0.08 mm, to about 0.03 mm, most preferably, about 0.06 mm. For opaque lens molds the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the optical zone is about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm, preferably about 0.08 mm, to about 0.03 mm, most preferably, about 0.06 mm. 16 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 for opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses fn the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For opaque lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the iris pattern zone is 5 about 4.0 mm2 to about 0.9 mm2; preferably about 3.0 mm2 to about 1.0 mm2. most preferably, about 2.0 mm2. For opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for absences in the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0,6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For opaque lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for 10 absences in the iris pattern zone is about 4.0 mm2 to about 0.9 mm2, preferably about 3.0 mm2 to about 1.0 mm2, most preferably, about 2.0 mm2. For opaque lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the outer buffer zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.5 mm2. 15 For opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses in the knife edge zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the knife edge zone is about 0.9 mm2 to about 0.2mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, 20 most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. The algorithm analyzes the pixels in the image to the optical zone for changes in intensity from one pixel to another (i.e. contrast). Every pixel that is found above the intensity level corresponding to the sensitivity threshold is tracked in a database with its location, and the process continues with 25 neighboring pixels to determine the size of the defect. The defect size is the area of neighboring pixels that are outside the allowed contrast range and the allowed pattern area. (An area is determined based on the number of pixels, because the mold size is known and the total number of pixels within the area of the imaged mold is known.) Once the defect size has been determined, it is 30 compared to the value for the minimum defect size area allowed. If the defect size is below the minimum allowed defect size the process of analyzing the intensity levels of pixels continues to find any other defects if any. For each zone all the defect sizes found are preferably summed and compared to the 17 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 value for the defect size threshold. If this summation exceeds the defect size threshold, the image is rejected. To analyze the pixels, the eight neigh to ring pixels can be analyzed as describe in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,732, earlier incorporated by reference. The eight neighboring pixel analysis continues for 5 all the pixels within the zone, either until the defect areas or thresholds for the zone have been exceeded, or unit the all the pixels in the zone have been analyzed. Each zone is analyzed in the same way; however the allowable range of sensitivities in the zone, the defect areas and the defect size thresholds can be adjusted; for each zone. 10 The preferred method of printing the lens molds causes darker colorant intensities at the borders of the iris pattern zone; therefore, in the most preferred method of inspecting, the algorithm defines two additional areas called the inner buffer zone and the outer buffer zone. The inner buffer zone and the outer buffer zone sensitivities and defect sizes are set to different 15 values from the rest of the iris pattern zone. The inner buffer zone is preferably 0.1 mm from the inside colorant border. The outer buffer zone is preferably 0.5 mm from the outside colorant border. Alternatively, for colorant layers having sufficiently different and definable intensity ranges for each colorant layer in a single gray-scale image, 20 e.g. for an ophthalmic part having a transparent enhancer layer and a dark opaque layer, the inspection could be performed by an algorithm that would determine based on the relative intensity values which intensity values correspond to which colorants. For example the lowest intensity value would correspond to no color, the next level of intensity values would correspond to 25 the first colorant, e.g. transparent layer, and the next range of intensity values would correspond to the second colorant, e.g. the opaque layer. The values assigned to each colorant can also be checked by knowing the pattern for each colorant and comparing the pixel intensity values in the captured image to the expected location of the pixels in the patterns. 30 An alternate method of inspecting the zones would be to define, the numbers of pixels falling within specified ranges of intensities that correlate to ihs expected intensities of the colorants in the zone. As the intensities for pixels in a zone are read, they could be categorized into the specified ranges 18 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 and each range summed. If the number of pixels within those defined ranges does not correspond to an expected number, based on the known patterns and colorants that make up the colorant layers, then the mold is rejected. Therefore, if a pattern of an acceptable intensity e.g. between 100-200 gray 5 levels and if it covers 80% of the iris pattern zone, then the mold would pass. The accuracy of the inspection could be improved by more specifically defining intensity ranges at several different levels and the expected number of pixels within each range. As the pixels falling within the individual ranges and outside all the ranges are encountered they can be added to a record in the database 10 that sums the pixels for the various ranges, and when the analysis is complete the individual totals for the individual ranges can be compared to the expected number for each of those ranges. If the pixels counted within each intensity range differ from the expected number of pixels and allowing for a small error margin that were mathematically calculated based an the expected pattern, 15 then the mold is passed. If not the mold is rejected. Alternatively, the pixels can be snalyzod using the modified eight- neighbor method that skips every other pixel during its analysis to look for intensities within the zone. The modified eight-neighbor method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,732. 20 Alternately, index marks can be introduced into the pattern to allow for easy recognition of the rotational position and displacement of each colorant layer. Commercially available pattern recognition software could be adapted to locate the index mark and to measure the angle and displacement between each of the index marks. This technique would then provide a means to 25 compare the relative position of the different colorant layers that does not rely on finding the center of an individual colorant layer. Note that these index marks would not be so obvious as to detract from the cosmetic appearance of the lens, but would be easily recognized by a pattern recognition system. The index marks can be lines or clusters of dots that differ from the rest of the 30 pattern in the colorant lavers, but that cannot be fully covered by the colorant pattern of another layer when property applied. Alternatively the index marks could be added to the colorant layers in areas of those layers that are not 19 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 expected to overlap. If the index mark or pattern could not be located on the ophthalmic part the part would be relected. Another optional step in the method of inspection includes determining the rotation of the colorant layers. Rotation of a colorant layer's pattern can be 5 determined relative to the taught image. This is accomplished by comparing the angular position of one or more features in the pattern. The angle between a feature on the outer edge of the taught image and the corresponding feature on the captured image yields the amount of rotation. The algorithm can provide for multiple features or for the ability to repeat the search if an attempt 10 to find a feature is unsuccessful such as in the case of distortion of the applied colorant or a missing area of pattern on the captured image. The amount of rotation of the pattern is the angular difference between the expected or desired position of the feature in the taught image and the location of the feature in the captured image and can be averaged if multiple individual angle 15 measurements are measured. For example if the tip of a 'feather" in the feather layer is supposed to be located at the zero degree position, in fine with the tab on the mold, and it is located in the pixel image at the one degree position instead, then the pattern was rotated by the pad printing process by one degree. In some embodiments of tinted lens designs, the rotation of a 20 pattern may be very important if multiple colorant layers must be applied in exact angular positions to achieve a desired cosmetic effect. The methods and associated apparatuses and systems, provide a multi- step process of analyzing the colorant on an ophthalmic part; however, the steps can be done individually or in any order depending upon the 35 characteristics of the ophthalmic part to be inspected or the requirements of the manufacturer. If it is only important that concentricity of the patterns be checked, then that step can be done alone. If it is only important that the optical area be free of stray colorant and/or of a uniform intensity of colorant then that step can be done alone. However, if it is imperative that every pixel 30 be analyzed to make sure that it matches the expected pattern, then that can be done also. Additionally the sensitivity of the system to the pixel intensity variations can be adjusted as desired, and can vary from high sensitivity, for 20 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 example, within the optical zone to very low sensitivity, for example in the iris pattern zone. Figures 6 and 7 both illustrate decision charts illustration specific embodiments of the invention. It is preferred that all of the steps of the 5 invention are automated and occur on-line in a manufacturing line. Embodiments of the method invention are described in further detail in the following steps: Method of Inspecting a Mold for an Opaque Lens: 1. Capture the image with a color or gray-level camera 10 2. Image is divided into RGB layers from the 3 chips of the color camera 3. Check for Proper Registration (centered locations) of the Image: 3.1 Find the knife-edge of the mold. This is the dark, narrow outer circle in the image of the plastic curve. It is not part of the print. Locate the center of the knife edge. 15 3.2 Scan left to right and tip and down (grid pattern) to find the patterns in the opaque image. 3.3 Separate the full Image (all 3 layers of color) into in divide layers 3.4 Locate the center point of each individual layer 3.5 Locate the clock position of each pattern (i.e. rotation clockwise or 20 counterclockwise when compared to the laught image for each layer). 3.6 Compare the position of the center point of the feather layer to the knife edge center. Likewise, compare the center point of the enhancer and striae layer to the center point of the knife edge. This is the concentricity measurement. 25 3.7 Compare the concentricity for the feather layer to the allowable concentricity. 3.8 If the concentricity is less than or equal to the allowable value, accept the image for this test and proceed with processing. If concentricity is above this value, reject the image. In addition, the relative center distance between 30 the feather and the striae layer and between the feather and the foundation layer may be calculated. This may be compared to an allowable value and accepted or rejected accordingly. 4 Area, a Inspection Check; 21 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 4.1 Identify possible defect areas. For the optical zone, the central 4mm of the image, identify pixels with excess color. 4.2 Calculate the Minimum Defect Size of possible defect areas. Through the calibration process, the size of each pixel is calculated using a known 5 standard that is presented to the camera. Using the known number of mm per pixel, calculate the area of each possible defect area that was found in the step above. 4.3 Compare this area to the allowable Defect area = 4 square mm. If the area of each possible defect is greater than or equal to the Minimum Defect 10 Size, for the area is considered a detect. 4.4 Take the sum of all of the defect areas above and compare them to the Defect Size Threshold. If this sum is greater than or equal to this Threshold, the lens mold is rejected. 4.5 Calculation for each of the areas shown in Fig. 5 continues in the same 15 way as described above for Optical Zone Excess. These calculations include: 4.6 Iris Pattern Zone — excess color and absence of color including special regions: 4.6.1.1 Inner Buffer zone - (an annulus of approximately .1 mm on the outer edge of the iris pattern zone) - excess color and absence of color. 20 4.6.1.2 Outer Suffer zone - (an annulus of approximately .5 mm on the inner edge of the Iris pattern zone) - excess color and absence of color. 4.7 Knife Edge Zone — (the area between the outside of the pattern and the knife edge) - excess color. 5 The calculations are completed and compared to the allowable levels, 25 images with values that are not within the allowable levels are rejected. Processing may be discontinued after any of the calculations yield a rejection. Alternatively, at calculations can be completed to give an overall report to assist troubleshooting. Diagnostic Prints for Opague Lens Molds: 30 6.1 Similar processing can be done for the diagnostic opaque lens where the pattern is identical except for a "chop top" pattern for feather and striae layers instead of the standard round pattern. The diagnostic opaque pattern has the word "TEST" printed above the chop top pattern. Allowable missing 22 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 and extra ink in the "TEST" ward is selectable be allow for different print conditions and fettering completeness and legibility requirements. See Fig. 11. A good/bad report is sent to the Input/ Output modules and then is communicated to the PLC computer for the material handling machine. The 5 product is then accepted or rejected as per the good/bad report. Figure 12 illustrates an example of image of a diagnostic opaque lens mold. The area which defines the optical zone is represented by the dashed line 901. Excess colorant in the optical zone, 902 is shown and if the area of excess color is greaterman 0.06 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. The 10 center of the reference means, 909 is calculated from the knife edge of the image, 911. The colorant center is 910, and if the difference, 908, between the canter of the reference means and the colorant center, 909 is greater is than 0.55 mm the lens mold will be rejected. Excess colorant near the diagnostic letters, 900, is shown and if the square area of such colorant is greater than 15 0.01 mm2 the lens mold will be rejected. Any voids appear in the diagnostic letters, 907, if the area of the voids is greater than 0.035 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. If the overlap between the diagnostic lettering and the beginning of the chopped is pattern is greater than 0.15 mm (906), the lens mold will be rejected. Excess colorant in the area outside of the iris pattern, 20 905, is shown and if that area if greater than 0.4 mm2 the lens mold will be rejected. Avoid inside the iris pattern, 903 is shown, if this void has an area greater than 0.4 mm2, the void is considered an attribute. If the sum of the area of all of the attributes in the iris pattern area, 904, is greater than 2.0 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. 25 Method Inspecting a Lens Mold for Enhancer Prints: 1. Capture the Image with a color or gray-level camera 2. Image is divided into RGB layers from the 3 chips of the color camera 3. Check for Proper Registration (centered location) of the Image: 3.1 Find the knife-edge of the mold. This is the dark, narrow outer circle in 30 the image of the plastic curve. It is not part of the print. Locate the center of the knife edge. 2.2 Scan left to right and up and down (grid pattern) to find the enhancer pattern. 23 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 3.3 Locate the center of the pattern. 3.4 Compare the position of the center of the enhancer layer to the knife edge center. This is the concentricity measurement. 3.5 Compare the knife edge center to the center of the enhancer layer. 5 If the difference between the location of the two centers is less than or equal to the allowable value, accept the Image for this test and proceed with processing. If this value is too high, reject the image. 4. Area inspection Check: 4.1 Identify possible defect areas. For the optical zone, the central 4 mm of 10 the image, identify pixels with excess color with the sensitivity set 4.2 Calculate the Minimum Defect Size of possible defect areas. Through the calibration process, the size of each pixel is calculated using a known standard that is presented to the camera. Using the known number of mm per pixel, calculate the area of each possible defect area that was found in the step 15 above. 4.3 Compare this area to the allowable area (Optical Zone. Excess, Minimum Defect Size ). If the area of each possible defect is greater than or equal to the Minimum Defect Size, the area is considered a defect. 4.4 Take the sum of all of the defect areas above and compare them to the 20 Defect Size Threshold . If this sum is greater than or equal to this Threshold, the lens is rejected. 4.5 Calculation for each of the areas continues in the same way as described above for Optical Zone Excess. Additional calculations include: 4.6 OpticaI Zone - absence of color 25 4.7 Iris Pattern Zone - excess color and absence of color including special regions: 4.8 Knife Edge Zone - (the area between the outside of the pattern and the Knife edge) - excess color. 4.9 Non-uniformity-The non-unifomity of the enhancer layer is calculated 30 to determine if the color is evenly distributed over an area. This is done in the Optical zone and iris Pattern Zone with different sensitivity levels. 5. The calculations are completed and compared to the allowable levels, images with values that are not within the allowable levels are rejected. 24 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 Processing may be discontinued after any of the calculations yield 3 rejection. Alternatively, all calculations can be completed to give an overall report to assist troubleshooting. 6. Diagnostic Prints 5 6.1 Simllar processing can be done for the diagnostic enhancer lens where the pattern is identical except for a "chop top" pattern is used instead of a standard round pattern. The diagnostic opaque pattern has the word "TEST" printed above the chop top pattern. Allowable missing and extra ink in the "TEST" word is selectable to allow for different print conditions and lettering 10 completeness and legibility requirements. 7. A good/bad report is sent to the Input/Output modules and then is communicated to the PLC computer for the material handling machine. The product is then accepted or rejected as per the good/bad report. Figure 13 illustrates an image of an enhancer lens mold. The area that defines 15 the optical zone is represented by the solid line 1210. Excess colorant in the optical zone, 1204 is shown and if the area of excess color is greater than 0.400 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. The center of the reference means, 1211 is calculated from the knife edge, 1212 of the Image. The colorant center is 1209, and if the difference between the center of the reference means and 20 the colorant center, 1205 is greater is than 0.3 mm the lens mold will be rejected. Excess colorant near the diagnostic letters, 1201, is shown and if the square area of such colorant is greater than 0.01 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. Any voids appear in the diagnostic letters, 1200, if the area of the voids is greater than 0.035 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. If the 25 overlap,1207, between the diagnostic lettering and the beginning of the chopped iris pattern is greater than 0.15 mm, the lens mold will be rejected. Excess colorant in the area outside of the iris pattern, 1206, is shown and if that area if greater than 0.4 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. A void inside the iris pattern, 1202 is shown, if this void has an area greater than 0.06 mm2, 30 the void is considered an attribute. If the sum of the area of all of the attributes in the iris pattern area, 1203, is greater than 0.4 mrn2, the lens mold will be rejected. 25 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 We claim: 1. A method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the method comprising the steps of: 5 a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image; b) to eating a reference means in said image of said, ophthalmic part and finding the center of said reference means; 10 c) locating at least one first pixel area in the portion of said image of said ophthalmic part comprising said at least one colorant; d) comparing the location of said at least one first pixel area to the location of a first pixel standard to determine the location of said colorant center and 15 comparing the location of the center of said reference means to the location of said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reference means is the knife edge. 20 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the reference means is the outside edge. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first pixel area is located in the iris 25 pattern and first pixel area comprises 10x10 pixels. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the first pixel area comprises at least 5 x 5 pixels. 30 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of e) comparing a second pixel standard to at least one second pixel area in the portion of said image of said ophthalmic part comprising a colorant to determine the location of the colorant center. 26 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 7. The method of claim 1 wherein all steps are automated and occur in an on-line manufacturing line. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of 5 e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference, between the location of the center of said reference and the location of the center of said colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm. 9. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of 10 e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference between the location of the center of said reference and the location of the center of said colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm. 10. A method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the 15 method comprising the steps of; a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image; b) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part 20 and finding the center of said reference means; c) analyzing said portion of said image comprising at least one colorant to determine the dimension of said portion and finding the colorant center of said image; d) comparing the location of the center of said reference means to 25 said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference between the location of the center of 30 said reference and the location of the center of said colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm. 27 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 12. The method of claim 10 wherein all steps are automated and occur in an on-line manufacturing line. 13. A method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the 5 method comprising of the steps of; a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part having at least one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image; b) capturing a reference image of a standard ophthalmic part 10 wherein said reference image comprises an array of pixels and said at least one colorant is present in a portion of said reference image; c) comparing the intensities of the image from step a) with the reference image from step b) to determine whether the image from step a) contains defects. 1.5 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts having excess colorant in the optical zone having an area of greater than about 0.06 mm2. 20 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts having voids of colorant in the iris pattern, wherein said voids have a total area of great than about 2.0 mm2. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein all of the steps are automated and 25 occur in an on-line manufacturing fine. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising the steps of e) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part and finding the center of said reference means; 30 f) locating at least one first pixel area in the portion of said image of said ophthalmic part comprising said at least one colorant; 28 WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378 g) comparing the location of said at least one first pixel area to the location of a first pixel standard to determine the location of said colorant center, and comparing the location of the center of said reference means to 5 the location of said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of h) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference between the 10 location of the center of said reference and the location of the center of said colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of h) rejecting all ophthalmic parts having excess colorant in the optical 15 zone having an area of greater than about 0.08 mm2or having voids of colorant in the iris pattern, wherein said voids have a total area of great than about 2.0 mm2. 29 The invention relates to a pressure-regulated friction clutch (1), comprising a cylinder/piston unit (5), operated by a pressure medium, which permits a frictional connection of an output shaft (4) with a driven plate (11) fixed thereto and an input shaft (3) with a driving plate (9) fixed thereto, for the transmission of a torque from the input shaft with a permanently pressurised cylinder/piston unit (5).

Full Text

This application is a non-provisional filing of a provisional application
US. App. No. 60/425,938, filed on November 13, 2002.
5 Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the inspection of cosmetically tinted contact
lenses or molds that are used in the formation of the tinted contact lenses,
more particularly to pad printed molds that are used in the formation of the
tinted contact lenses.
10 Background of the Invention
The inspection of untinted contact lenses is known. Techniques and
systems for inspecting untinted contact lenses are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,245,062; 6,154,274; 5,995,213; 5,943,436; 5,823,446; 5,815,254; 5,805,276;
5,748,300; 5,745,230; 5,687,541; 5,675,962; 5,649,410; 5,640,464; 5,578,331;
15 5,568,715; 5.443,152; 5,529,357; 5,500,732; 4,961,487; 5,244,470; 5,196,633;
4,663,240; 5,324,719; 4,963,159; 4,946,269; 4,872.404; 4,896,695; 5,255,077;
4,634,449; 4,705,370; 4,777,684; 4,733,959; 5,271,874; 4,889,421; 5,055,602;
5,034,166; 4,937,637;5,116,112; 5,120,121; 5,871,675; 5,938,795; 6,046,371;
6,132,043; 6,322,214; 6,364,934; 6,149,842; 6,096,799; 5,845,457; 5,824,276;
20 5,792,822; 5,534,038; 5,452,658; 5,292,350; 5,160,463; 6,248,266; 5,151,106;
5,271,874; 5,271,875; 5,466,147; and 6,348,507, all of which are hereby
incorporated by reference in their entireties. Additionally methods of tinting
contact fenses have been disclosed in the following applications, U.S. Patent
Application Serial No. 09/745,511 filed December 22, 2000 (VTN0527); U.S.
25 Patent Application Serial No.09/793.671 filed Fabruary 23,2001 (VTN0530);
U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/027,579 filed December 20, 2001
(VTN0571); U.S. Patent Application Serial No.10/165,058 filed June 7,2002
(VTN0602) all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Before this invention, automated inspection techniques had not been
30 used for inspecting the application of tint to a tinted contact lens. The
application of the tint was either not inspected of it was done manually, by
operators who visually inspect each lens to determine if the tint contains any
irregularities, and if the layers of tint are concentric to the edge of the mold. If

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378

any irregularity or flaw in the tint was found and it made the lens unsuitable for
consumer use, the lens was identified so that it was not subsequently sold to a
consumer.
This prior art inspection system is subject to human error. Additionally,
5 a manual inspection step would likely be located after the lens hast gone
through most, if not all, of the manufacturing steps. An automated inspection
system that could be inserted at any convenient location within the
manufacturing line would be desirable to avoid fully processing lenses that will
ultimately be rejected. Additionally, if the inspection system is immediately
10 after the application of the colorant to a lens or to a lens mold, then if there are
a high number of rejects, a problem within the area of the machine where the
colorants are applied can be immediately addressed, and not discovered much
later during production after many more lenses have been made having a
defect in the colorant,
15 This invention provides a method and system that inspects the tint
and/or printed patterns on a contact lens or mold for molding a contact lens
therein. The method and system finds defects including voids in the colorant,
excess colorant, and incorrect position of the colorant and/or pattern(s) of the
colorant with respect to the center and for edges of the ophthalmic products,
20 e.g. mold or contact lens or other colorant layers.
One benefit of this invention is that the inspection does not have to be
done on finished lenses, but can be done immediately after the colorant is
added to the mold or lens. This provides immediate feedback to the machine
to relect for various defects and allows the machine operator to react quickly if
25 numerous defects in the colorant arts being made. Art additional benefit is that
because defects are difficult to define, standardize and learn, human
inspection often gave inconsistent results, whereas the automated system
gives more consistent results. This invention also comprises the system
described herein for performing the method of this invention.
30 Brief Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 is a transparent layer on an ophthalmic part
Fig. 2 is a transparent layer on an ophthalmic part.
Fig. 3 is a colorant striac layer on an ophthalmic part.
2

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
Fig. 4 is a colorant feather layer on an ophthalmic part-
Fig. 5 is a system of the invention.
Fig. 6 is a flow chart the process steps of one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 7 is a in a flow chart the process steps of another embodiment of the
5 Invention.
Fig. 8 is a scan of a single image captured by the system shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 9 illustrates schematically two search vectors across the image captured
by the system shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 10 illustrates the search zones in the ophthalmic part,
10 Fig. 11 illustrates the diagnostic print with the Test
Fig. 12 illustrates an image of a diagnostic opaque tens mold
Fig. 13 is a scanned image of a diagnostic enhancer lens mold
Detailed Description of the Invention
This invention provides a method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising
15 colorants the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the
steps of:
a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least
one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said
at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image;
20 b) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part
and finding the center of said reference means;
c) faceting at least one first pixel area in the portion of said image of
said ophthalmic part comprising said at least one colorant,
d) comparing the location of said at least one first pixel area to the
25 location of a first pixel standard to determine the location of said
colorant center, and
comparing the location of the center of said reference means lo
the Location of said colorant center to determine if said at least one
colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part.
30
As used herein, the term "ophthalmic part" refers to a tinted contact lenses or
transparent or semi-transparent object used in the production of the tinted
contact lenses. Ophthalmic parts may be tinted by a number of methods which
3

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
include but are not limited to pad printing on the contact lens, pad printing on
the fens mold, tinting in a solution, adding colorants la the reaction mixture
used to form the contact lens; however, the preferred ophthalmic parts are lens
molds that are pad printed with colorants. As used herein, the term "colorant"
5 means any organic or inorganic composition that may be used to impart a
visible color an article. The inspection of a pad printed lens mold having
colorant thereon will be described below, but these methods maybe applied to
all tinted ophthalmic parts.
When lens molds are tinted, the colorant can be applied in single or
10 multiple layers of transparent colorants and/or opaque colorants or
combinations of any of those. The methods and system of the invention
inspect and verify the print quality and registration tolerance (either or both
concentriclly and the pattern to pattern distance) of each printed layer of
colorant either step-wise after each individual colorant layer is applied or in one
15 step after all the colorant has been applied to the lens mold. If multiple
colorant layers are applied the colorants are typically applied in individual
layers that typically overlap, although colorant layers that do not overlap could
be inspected using the machine vision system described herein. Additionally,
there may be a clear binder layer added to the ophthalmic part as a separate
20 layer without added colorant, which may be referred to as a "foundation layer".
This layer is typically transparent so unless there is a major defect in the binder
layer, it will not be inspected in the method of this invention.
Currently, there are two types of tinted contact lenses in the industry.
Enhancer contact lenses enhance a user's natural iris color and opaque
25 contact lenses change the user's natural iris color. Both types of lenses can be
made by using lens molds containing colorant. The enhancer contact lens
mold is composed of at least one layer of translucent colorant. The translucent
colorant is applied in one or more layers to a circular area of the contact lens
covering the iris and pupil area or to a donut-shaped (iris-shaped) area of the
30 contact lens covering only the iris of the contact lens wearer. The transparent
layers of the enhancers are shown in Figures 1(covering the iris) and 7. (iris-
shaped). Opaque contact lens molds contain 2 or more layers of opaque
and/or translucent layers in any combination. Preferably the opaque contact
4

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
lens molds contain at least one translucent layer as shown in Figure 1 or 2, and
at least one opaque layer. The opaque layers typically are not solid colorant
layers that cover the entire iris, but consist of patterns within a boundary having
a donut-shape (iris shape), such as shown fn Figures 3 and 4. Figures 3 and
5 4 show the patterns that make up a striae layer and a feather layer,
respectively; however, any pattern e.g. consisting of dots, or cross-hatches,
etc. can be used to create the colorant patterned layers of the opaque lens. In
one preferred embodiment, the contact lens molds comprise a binder layer, a
translucent layer, an opaque layer comprising a striae design and may be
10 referred to as the "striae layer" and another opaque layer comprising a feather
design and may be referred to as the "feather layer". However, the inspection
methods and system described herein can be used to inspect enbsneere, and
opaque contact lens molds with any number or combination of layers.
In the preferred embodiment, the tinted mold, is preferably the front
15 curve lens mold which may or may not be attached to a frame, mounted onto a
pallet are pad printed with layers of colorant as described in U.S. Patent
Application Serial Nos. 09/745,511; 09/792,671; 10/027,579; and 10/165,058,
incorporated earlier by reference. After printing, the molds are conveyed to the
inspection system. Molds, frames and pallets have been disclosed in the prior
20 art, such as, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,094,609; 6,368,572 and 6,007t228, incorporated
herein in their entireties.
As used herein, the term "reference means" defines an area of the
captured image that does not contain a colorant. The reference means may be
the knife edge, outside edge of the mold, tab, or a feature added to the lens
25 mold, such as a hatch mark, or the like, added to the mold specifically to be a
registration means, in the preferred embodiment, the reference means is the
knife edge 800 which as shown in Figure 8 shows up as a dark circular line;
that is, a circular pattern of low intensity pixels (on a gray scale of 0-255, low
intensity is less than or equal to about 30) in the pixel image. Alternatively, for
30 a contact lens, the reference means could be the lens edge, which can be
located as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,732. The same gradient orocess
described in U.S. Pat No. 5,500,732 or in U.S. Pat. No, 5,640,464 that is used

5

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
many layers, a model of each layer may be prepared. In this invention, it is
preferred that computer generated models of the colorant designs are used.
As used herein, the phrase, "first pixel standard" refers to an area in a model of
the colorant design. This area must be distinguishable from other areas
5 containing colorant. Preferably the first pixel standard covers an area of the
model of about 5x5 pixels, but can be larger. This first pixel standard may be
anywhere in the model other than the equivalent of the Optical Zone (defined
hereinafter) or the reference means (defined hereinafter). Preferably, the first
pixel standard is in the area of the image equivalent to the iris of an eye, As
10 used herein, the phrase "second pixel standard" refers an area of the model
having the same characteristics as the first pixel standard, but located in a
different portion of the model.
As used herein, "capturing an image" tan be accomplished as described
in U.S. Patent 5,500,732. In the presently preferred mode, the lighting is done
15 with a constant-on (LED-Light Emitting Diode), white light source, using an
electronic shutter mechanism on the camera to capture the image when the
molds are properly positioned and stationary under the cameras. If
manufacturing requirements increase and fast conveying of the molds
becomes necessary the imaging step could be accompolished using a storebe
20 with moving parts as described in US 5,500,732. The frames or pallets
carrying the molds are conveyed under the cameras, and above the lighting
source, the shutter of the cameras is activated and the cameras capture in
image of the maid carrying the colorant. The cameras may be gray-scale or
color cameras. If a color camera is used the image will be divided into the red,
25 green and blue layers on 3 chips in the color camera. If the camera is a gray-
scale image the intensity of the light in the image is assigned a value of 0 to
255 for each pixel in the image. Preferably, a 1024 by 1024 pixel array is used
to capture the image for the single gray-scale image, although less or more
resolution can be used if desired. For the color arrays, preferably fewer pixels
30 are used, e.g., 768 by 494 pixel arrays for each color image, because more
calculations have to be performed when three colors are captured within an
individual images. Figure 8 shows a single image of a mold and all the
colorant layers thereon. It is presently preferred to capture a color image of the
7

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378

mold and the colorant layers, so that the captured image can he separated into
the red, green and blue portions of the entire image.
The preferred system is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows four
cameras 40. The cameras a me preferably color cameras. Sony XC-003 having
5 having a 55 mm focal length Telecentric lenses 70 (with 0,75x Extension) with
a 5 mm spacer between the camera body and the telecentric fens. The
cameras are focused above a surface (not shown) upon which the lens curve
molds (not shown) optionally on pallets (not shown) are pushed, so that the
cameras are focused onto the lens curves (not shown). In the surface (not
10 shown) are holes through which light from light sources 80 is directed at the
tens curves. The light sources am attached to a power supply 100 via power
cables 90.
Any conveyor mechanism can be used, for example a pusher arm or
walking beam as described in US 5,5100,732, which is hereby incorporated by
15 reference in its entirety. The molds attached to the frame can be conveyed
without a pallet, individual molds are preferably conveyed on a pallet. The
frame or pallet may ride on the surface in a channel directed by guide rails.
Four lens curves (not shown) are placed between the cameras 40 and the light
sources 80. Alternatively, the cameras may be mounted underneath the
20 surface on which the pallets are conveyed facing up to allow imaging of the
convex side of the pattern. An image of the colorant on the mold is captured
by camera 40 and communicated via cables 50 to the Vision Processor/ Frame
Grabber20 for processing. The Processor/Frame Grabber 20 is housed within
computer 10.
25 The software in the PC contains various algorithms that analyze the
image of the lens mold having the colorant thereon. The decision is sent via
the PB 24 Opto IO Rack 13 and cable 12 to an external PLC computer (not
shown) that controls a material handling device. This device will either allow
the mold having colorant layers) thereon to continue through the process of
30 manufacturing the tinted contact tens or it will remove it from further material
processing.
The next step is to analyze the captured image or images to determine if
the colorant is property oriented on the ophthalmic part. The reference means
8

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
of the image and the center of the reference means are located as previously
discussed. As shown in Figure 9 the intensity values of the pixel image are
scanned in multiple lines either across or up and down the image (lines A, B
across two rows of pixels are shown) to find a reference means. After
5 scanning the image, and locating adjacent pixels having low intensity that are
part of the knife edge, the algorithm can define the circular Knife edge by
calculating the circumference of the circle. Additional points can be located
either before or after the circle is calculated to check for a misshapen mold, or
to verify that the knife edge has been property located.
10 If a single gray scale image of the colorant layer(s) is processed to
determine the position of the design in the lens mold, then all three colorant
layers may be treated as a single shape and the same gradient techniques
described above that were used to locate the knife edge or outside edge of the
mold in the pixel image are used to find the inside and for outside boundaries of
15 the single colorant layer shape. Using the location of the first pixel area and
the location of the first pixel standard, the center of the colorant may be found.
If location of the calculated colorant center is not within a specific distance of
the location of the center of the reference means, ophthalmic part is rejected.
Preferably parts are rejected if the distance between the center of the
20 reference means and the colorant center are greater than about 0.9 mm, more
preferably greater than about 0.6 mm, preferably greater than about 0.550 mm,
more preferably, greater than about 0.300 mm, most preferably greater than
about 0.200 mm.
For the preferred embodiment three color images (red, green and blue
25 color images) are created by the camera. The reference means on the
ophthalmic part is found on at least one of the color images using the gradient
technique described above, and then the algorithm calculates the location of
the center of reference means. Each color pixel image is analyzed using any
the gradient processes, previously described, to locate the first pixel area and
30 the colorant center of the colorant layers, if parts of the individual layers are
occluded by others, the visible parts of the layers are identified. Alternatively,
when the design has multiple layers, the individual layers are compared to a
previously stored pattern that was created by a commercially available graphics
9

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
design package. The colorant centers of each Individual layer may be
calculated as described above, Then, either the individual colorant centers
determined from the individual color images are compared to each other or to
the reference center to determine if the colorant layer or layers are in the
5 proper location. If the centers are not within a specified distance from each
other, preferably no than about 0.9 mm, more preferably greater than about 0.6
mm, preferably greater than about 0.550 mm, more preferably, greater than
about 0.300 mm, most preferably greater than about 0.200 mm, the ophthalmic
part is rejected.
10 If using the outer edges of the pattern in the one or more colorant layers
to form a circle to determine the center of the colorant layer is problematic
since the outer edges of the pattern in the colorant layer may vary in their
distance from the center of the colorant layer, the algorithm can be modified to
search along a circle made midway through the expected location of the
15 colorant layer. Along this circle, known features of the pattern are identified.
Further, when several features of the pattern are identified, the center of the
pattern is known, because the expected pattern is known.
A further aspect of the indention provides a method for inspecting
ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the method comprising, consisting
20 esaentially of, or consisting of the steps of.
a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least
one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said
at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image:
b) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part
:25 and finding the center of said reference means;
c) analyzing said portion of said image comprising at least one
colorant to determine the dimension of said portion and finding the
colorant center of said image;
d) comparing the location of the center of said reference means to
30 said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly
located on said ophthalmic part.
10

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
The terms ophthalmic part, colorant, reference means, colorant center, and
capturing an image all have their aforementioned meanings and preferred
ranges. The terms "analyzing said portion" refers to measuring the contrast
(difference in intensity) between the colorant portion and the remainder of the
5 lens mold and using those measurements to calculate the circular area of that
portion and its colorant center, using known non-linear regression analysis or
known area-weighted (centroidial) calculations. Once the location of the
colorant center is known, it may be compared with the location of the reference
center as previously described to determine if the lens mold may be used to
10 prepare a tinted contact lens.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method for inspecting
ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the method comprising, consisting
essentially of, or consisting of the steps of:
a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part having at least one
15 colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at
least one colorant is present in a portion of said image:
b) capturing a reference image of a standard ophthalmic part
wherein said reference image comprises an array of pixels and said at
least one colorant is present in a portion of said reference image;
20 c) comparing the intensities of the image from step a) with the
reference image from step b) to determine whether the image from step
a) contains defects.
The terms ophthalmic part, colorant, and capturing an image all have their
aforementioned meanings and preferred ranges.
25 The terms "reference image" and "standard ophthalmic part" refers to an
image of an acceptable ophthalmic part which be used as the standard for
judging other ophthalmic parts. The term "defects" refers to either the absence
of colorant in a particular area of an ophthalmic part, (a void) or the presence
of too much colorant (an excess) in a particular area of an ophthalmic part.
30 The preferred ranges for defects shall be described in detail in later
paragraphs.
In the preferred embodiment, reference images are captured by a
camera 40 and taught to the Vision Processor/Frame Grabber 20 for
11

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
processing in computer 10 (Fig. 5) and stored in that system. Preferably the
system is taught by imaging an ophthalmic part with an acceptable colorant
layer thereon and having the system generate a pixel map for each of the color
images in that colorant layer. If the ophthatmic part has multiple color layers,
5 this step is repeated for alI colorant layers to be applied to the ophthalmic part,
and for the ophthalmic part having all the colorant layers. The system
generates individual images (pixel maps) for each individual colorant layer and
for the all the colorant layers together. These images (pixel maps) can be used
while performing inspections to analyze the images of the ophthalmic parts to
10 be inspected. Alternatively, an ophthalmic part having all colorant layers can
be taught to the system in a single step, and the system can develop the
individual pixel maps by extracting the individual colorant layers from the full
image.
The intensities of the image of the part to be inspected and the
15 reference image can be compared as a whole, by analyzing all portions of each
image in a systematic matter. In the preferred embodiment, the images may
be compared in discrete zones.
As shown in Fig. 10, the zones include the optical zone 801, the iris
pattern zone 800 and the knife edge zone 802. By defining the zones, the
20 algorithm can begin its analysis of the pixels within each zone.
The optical zone and the knife edge zone are checked to be sure that
there is no stray colorant in those areas. Colorant can mistakenly drip, or
splash in the optical zone or knife edge zone by the pad printing equipment, or
be present within these zones by the application of a improperly located
25 colorant layer. In the preferred embodiment the optical zone is the central 4
mm of the image. For this analysis, values for the sensitivity threshold, which
is an allowable contrast in intensity between neighboring pixels, minimum
defect size, which is an area in which the intensity values of the pixels are not
within an acceptable range of intensities, and the defect size thresholds, which
30 is the minimum allowable sum of the area of all the defects in a zone, are
inputted into the algorithm and used by the system during the area inspections.
Each zone can have different sensitivities and defect sizes depending upon
12

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378

how important it is to have an area free of excess colorant, or other defects in
the colorant.
Sensitivities for each zone of the image are set by an off-line lest
method. The method involves presenting multiple images with absences and
5 excess colorant to multiple human observers. For example, when the
observers decide to reject an image for a given access, the sensitivity setting
for excess iS first set to an insensitive level (e.g. 50) to ensure the lens passes
when processed. The image is then reprocessed multiple times, each time
with a slighily more sensitive setting (e.g. 49, 48, 47 ,46), until the image is
10 rejected by the system. The sensitivity value that makes the image fail is used
as a basis for the sensitivity setting for production. This method continues for
multiple excesses and absences in each of the image zones until all
sensitivities for each color being produced are determined as shown in Table
A. Defect size thresholds and minimum defect sizes are also determined in a
15 similar fashion and are included in Table A.

13

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378

WO 2lH>4/fmSi5 PCT/US2{H»mjfc*78

Therefore, the sensitivity of the optical zone is typically high and the
allowable amount of excess colorant is very low. In contrast, the sensitivity of
5 the iris pattern zone can be relatively lower to allow some excess colorant.
Excess colorant is a cosmetic consideration in the iris Pattern Zone and does
not effect visual acuity, whereas excess colorant in the Optical Zone may affect
visual acuity. Further, the knife edge zone, the area outside of the printed
pattern, may also have lower sensitivity and a higher allowable area of excess
10 ink than the optical zone for the same reason. All of these sensitivity values
can be determined by the above described off-line method experimentation by
analyzing acceptable and unacceptable tinted ophthalmic parts.
For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
in the optical zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about 0.6 mm,
15 to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens molds,
the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the optical zone is about
0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most
preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum
defect size for absences in the optical zone is about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm,
15

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
preferably about 0.03 mm, to about 0.04 mm, most preferably, about 0.06 mm.
For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for absences in
the optical zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2
to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0,4 mm2.
5 For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
in the iris pattern zone is about 0.3 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about
0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens
molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the iris pattern zone is
about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2,
10 most preferably, about 0.4 mm2. For enhancer lens molds the range of
minimum defect size for absences in the iris pattern zone is about 0.1 mm to
about 0.01 mm, preferably about 00.8 mm, to about 0.04 mm, most preferably,
about 0.06 mm. For enhancer lens molds, the range of defect threshold size
for absences in the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mms,
15 preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2.
For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
in the outer buffer zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about
0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens
molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the outer buffer zone
20 is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about
0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.4 mm2.
For enhancer lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
in the knife edge zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about
0.6 mm, to about 0,3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens
25 molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the knife edge zone is
about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2,
most preferably, about 0.4 mm2.
For opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
in the optical zone is about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm, preferably about
30 0.08 mm, to about 0.03 mm, most preferably, about 0.06 mm. For opaque lens
molds the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the optical zone is
about 0.1 mm to about 0.01 mm, preferably about 0.08 mm, to about 0.03 mm,
most preferably, about 0.06 mm.

16

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
for opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
fn the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about
0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For opaque lens
molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the iris pattern zone is
5 about 4.0 mm2 to about 0.9 mm2; preferably about 3.0 mm2 to about 1.0 mm2.
most preferably, about 2.0 mm2. For opaque lens molds the range of minimum
defect size for absences in the iris pattern zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about
0.2 mm2, preferably about 0,6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about
0.4 mm2. For opaque lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for
10 absences in the iris pattern zone is about 4.0 mm2 to about 0.9 mm2, preferably
about 3.0 mm2 to about 1.0 mm2, most preferably, about 2.0 mm2.
For opaque lens molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses
in the outer buffer zone is about 0.8 mm2 to about 0.2 mm2, preferably about
0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2, most preferably, about 0.5 mm2.
15 For opaque lens molds the range of minimum defect size for excesses
in the knife edge zone is about 0.8 mm to about 0.2 mm, preferably about
0.6 mm, to about 0.3 mm, most preferably, about 0.4 mm. For enhancer lens
molds, the range of defect threshold size for excesses in the knife edge zone is
about 0.9 mm2 to about 0.2mm2, preferably about 0.6 mm2 to about 0.3 mm2,
20 most preferably, about 0.4 mm2.
The algorithm analyzes the pixels in the image to the optical zone for
changes in intensity from one pixel to another (i.e. contrast). Every pixel that is
found above the intensity level corresponding to the sensitivity threshold is
tracked in a database with its location, and the process continues with
25 neighboring pixels to determine the size of the defect. The defect size is the
area of neighboring pixels that are outside the allowed contrast range and the
allowed pattern area. (An area is determined based on the number of pixels,
because the mold size is known and the total number of pixels within the area
of the imaged mold is known.) Once the defect size has been determined, it is
30 compared to the value for the minimum defect size area allowed. If the defect
size is below the minimum allowed defect size the process of analyzing the
intensity levels of pixels continues to find any other defects if any. For each
zone all the defect sizes found are preferably summed and compared to the
17

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
value for the defect size threshold. If this summation exceeds the defect size
threshold, the image is rejected. To analyze the pixels, the eight neigh to ring
pixels can be analyzed as describe in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,732, earlier
incorporated by reference. The eight neighboring pixel analysis continues for
5 all the pixels within the zone, either until the defect areas or thresholds for the
zone have been exceeded, or unit the all the pixels in the zone have been
analyzed. Each zone is analyzed in the same way; however the allowable
range of sensitivities in the zone, the defect areas and the defect size
thresholds can be adjusted; for each zone.
10 The preferred method of printing the lens molds causes darker colorant
intensities at the borders of the iris pattern zone; therefore, in the most
preferred method of inspecting, the algorithm defines two additional areas
called the inner buffer zone and the outer buffer zone. The inner buffer zone
and the outer buffer zone sensitivities and defect sizes are set to different
15 values from the rest of the iris pattern zone. The inner buffer zone is preferably
0.1 mm from the inside colorant border. The outer buffer zone is preferably 0.5
mm from the outside colorant border.
Alternatively, for colorant layers having sufficiently different and
definable intensity ranges for each colorant layer in a single gray-scale image,
20 e.g. for an ophthalmic part having a transparent enhancer layer and a dark
opaque layer, the inspection could be performed by an algorithm that would
determine based on the relative intensity values which intensity values
correspond to which colorants. For example the lowest intensity value would
correspond to no color, the next level of intensity values would correspond to
25 the first colorant, e.g. transparent layer, and the next range of intensity values
would correspond to the second colorant, e.g. the opaque layer. The values
assigned to each colorant can also be checked by knowing the pattern for each
colorant and comparing the pixel intensity values in the captured image to the
expected location of the pixels in the patterns.
30 An alternate method of inspecting the zones would be to define, the
numbers of pixels falling within specified ranges of intensities that correlate to
ihs expected intensities of the colorants in the zone. As the intensities for
pixels in a zone are read, they could be categorized into the specified ranges
18

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
and each range summed. If the number of pixels within those defined ranges
does not correspond to an expected number, based on the known patterns and
colorants that make up the colorant layers, then the mold is rejected.
Therefore, if a pattern of an acceptable intensity e.g. between 100-200 gray
5 levels and if it covers 80% of the iris pattern zone, then the mold would pass.
The accuracy of the inspection could be improved by more specifically defining
intensity ranges at several different levels and the expected number of pixels
within each range. As the pixels falling within the individual ranges and outside
all the ranges are encountered they can be added to a record in the database
10 that sums the pixels for the various ranges, and when the analysis is complete
the individual totals for the individual ranges can be compared to the expected
number for each of those ranges. If the pixels counted within each intensity
range differ from the expected number of pixels and allowing for a small error
margin that were mathematically calculated based an the expected pattern,
15 then the mold is passed. If not the mold is rejected.
Alternatively, the pixels can be snalyzod using the modified eight-
neighbor method that skips every other pixel during its analysis to look for
intensities within the zone. The modified eight-neighbor method is described in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,732.
20 Alternately, index marks can be introduced into the pattern to allow for
easy recognition of the rotational position and displacement of each colorant
layer. Commercially available pattern recognition software could be adapted to
locate the index mark and to measure the angle and displacement between
each of the index marks. This technique would then provide a means to
25 compare the relative position of the different colorant layers that does not rely
on finding the center of an individual colorant layer. Note that these index
marks would not be so obvious as to detract from the cosmetic appearance of
the lens, but would be easily recognized by a pattern recognition system. The
index marks can be lines or clusters of dots that differ from the rest of the
30 pattern in the colorant lavers, but that cannot be fully covered by the colorant
pattern of another layer when property applied. Alternatively the index marks
could be added to the colorant layers in areas of those layers that are not
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WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
expected to overlap. If the index mark or pattern could not be located on the
ophthalmic part the part would be relected.
Another optional step in the method of inspection includes determining
the rotation of the colorant layers. Rotation of a colorant layer's pattern can be
5 determined relative to the taught image. This is accomplished by comparing
the angular position of one or more features in the pattern. The angle between
a feature on the outer edge of the taught image and the corresponding feature
on the captured image yields the amount of rotation. The algorithm can
provide for multiple features or for the ability to repeat the search if an attempt
10 to find a feature is unsuccessful such as in the case of distortion of the applied
colorant or a missing area of pattern on the captured image. The amount of
rotation of the pattern is the angular difference between the expected or
desired position of the feature in the taught image and the location of the
feature in the captured image and can be averaged if multiple individual angle
15 measurements are measured. For example if the tip of a 'feather" in the
feather layer is supposed to be located at the zero degree position, in fine with
the tab on the mold, and it is located in the pixel image at the one degree
position instead, then the pattern was rotated by the pad printing process by
one degree. In some embodiments of tinted lens designs, the rotation of a
20 pattern may be very important if multiple colorant layers must be applied in
exact angular positions to achieve a desired cosmetic effect.
The methods and associated apparatuses and systems, provide a multi-
step process of analyzing the colorant on an ophthalmic part; however, the
steps can be done individually or in any order depending upon the
35 characteristics of the ophthalmic part to be inspected or the requirements of
the manufacturer. If it is only important that concentricity of the patterns be
checked, then that step can be done alone. If it is only important that the
optical area be free of stray colorant and/or of a uniform intensity of colorant
then that step can be done alone. However, if it is imperative that every pixel
30 be analyzed to make sure that it matches the expected pattern, then that can
be done also. Additionally the sensitivity of the system to the pixel intensity
variations can be adjusted as desired, and can vary from high sensitivity, for
20

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
example, within the optical zone to very low sensitivity, for example in the iris
pattern zone.
Figures 6 and 7 both illustrate decision charts illustration specific
embodiments of the invention. It is preferred that all of the steps of the
5 invention are automated and occur on-line in a manufacturing line.
Embodiments of the method invention are described in further detail in the
following steps:
Method of Inspecting a Mold for an Opaque Lens:
1. Capture the image with a color or gray-level camera
10 2. Image is divided into RGB layers from the 3 chips of the color camera
3. Check for Proper Registration (centered locations) of the Image:
3.1 Find the knife-edge of the mold. This is the dark, narrow outer circle in
the image of the plastic curve. It is not part of the print. Locate the center of
the knife edge.
15 3.2 Scan left to right and tip and down (grid pattern) to find the patterns in
the opaque image.
3.3 Separate the full Image (all 3 layers of color) into in divide layers
3.4 Locate the center point of each individual layer
3.5 Locate the clock position of each pattern (i.e. rotation clockwise or
20 counterclockwise when compared to the laught image for each layer).
3.6 Compare the position of the center point of the feather layer to the knife
edge center. Likewise, compare the center point of the enhancer and striae
layer to the center point of the knife edge. This is the concentricity
measurement.
25 3.7 Compare the concentricity for the feather layer to the allowable
concentricity.
3.8 If the concentricity is less than or equal to the allowable value, accept
the image for this test and proceed with processing. If concentricity is above
this value, reject the image. In addition, the relative center distance between
30 the feather and the striae layer and between the feather and the foundation
layer may be calculated. This may be compared to an allowable value and
accepted or rejected accordingly.
4 Area, a Inspection Check;
21

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
4.1 Identify possible defect areas. For the optical zone, the central 4mm of
the image, identify pixels with excess color.
4.2 Calculate the Minimum Defect Size of possible defect areas. Through
the calibration process, the size of each pixel is calculated using a known
5 standard that is presented to the camera. Using the known number of mm per
pixel, calculate the area of each possible defect area that was found in the step
above.
4.3 Compare this area to the allowable Defect area = 4 square mm. If the
area of each possible defect is greater than or equal to the Minimum Defect
10 Size, for the area is considered a detect.
4.4 Take the sum of all of the defect areas above and compare them to the
Defect Size Threshold. If this sum is greater than or equal to this Threshold,
the lens mold is rejected.
4.5 Calculation for each of the areas shown in Fig. 5 continues in the same
15 way as described above for Optical Zone Excess. These calculations include:
4.6 Iris Pattern Zone — excess color and absence of color including special
regions:
4.6.1.1 Inner Buffer zone - (an annulus of approximately .1 mm on the
outer edge of the iris pattern zone) - excess color and absence of color.
20 4.6.1.2 Outer Suffer zone - (an annulus of approximately .5 mm on the
inner edge of the Iris pattern zone) - excess color and absence of color.
4.7 Knife Edge Zone — (the area between the outside of the pattern and the
knife edge) - excess color.
5 The calculations are completed and compared to the allowable levels,
25 images with values that are not within the allowable levels are rejected.
Processing may be discontinued after any of the calculations yield a rejection.
Alternatively, at calculations can be completed to give an overall report to assist
troubleshooting.
Diagnostic Prints for Opague Lens Molds:
30 6.1 Similar processing can be done for the diagnostic opaque lens where
the pattern is identical except for a "chop top" pattern for feather and striae
layers instead of the standard round pattern. The diagnostic opaque pattern
has the word "TEST" printed above the chop top pattern. Allowable missing
22

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378

and extra ink in the "TEST" ward is selectable be allow for different print
conditions and fettering completeness and legibility requirements. See Fig. 11.
A good/bad report is sent to the Input/ Output modules and then is
communicated to the PLC computer for the material handling machine. The
5 product is then accepted or rejected as per the good/bad report.
Figure 12 illustrates an example of image of a diagnostic opaque lens
mold. The area which defines the optical zone is represented by the dashed
line 901. Excess colorant in the optical zone, 902 is shown and if the area of
excess color is greaterman 0.06 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. The
10 center of the reference means, 909 is calculated from the knife edge of the
image, 911. The colorant center is 910, and if the difference, 908, between the
canter of the reference means and the colorant center, 909 is greater is than
0.55 mm the lens mold will be rejected. Excess colorant near the diagnostic
letters, 900, is shown and if the square area of such colorant is greater than
15 0.01 mm2 the lens mold will be rejected. Any voids appear in the diagnostic
letters, 907, if the area of the voids is greater than 0.035 mm2, the lens mold
will be rejected. If the overlap between the diagnostic lettering and the
beginning of the chopped is pattern is greater than 0.15 mm (906), the lens
mold will be rejected. Excess colorant in the area outside of the iris pattern,
20 905, is shown and if that area if greater than 0.4 mm2 the lens mold will be
rejected. Avoid inside the iris pattern, 903 is shown, if this void has an area
greater than 0.4 mm2, the void is considered an attribute. If the sum of the
area of all of the attributes in the iris pattern area, 904, is greater than 2.0 mm2,
the lens mold will be rejected.
25 Method Inspecting a Lens Mold for Enhancer Prints:
1. Capture the Image with a color or gray-level camera
2. Image is divided into RGB layers from the 3 chips of the color camera
3. Check for Proper Registration (centered location) of the Image:
3.1 Find the knife-edge of the mold. This is the dark, narrow outer circle in
30 the image of the plastic curve. It is not part of the print. Locate the center of
the knife edge.
2.2 Scan left to right and up and down (grid pattern) to find the enhancer
pattern.
23

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378

3.3 Locate the center of the pattern.
3.4 Compare the position of the center of the enhancer layer to the knife
edge center. This is the concentricity measurement.
3.5 Compare the knife edge center to the center of the enhancer layer.
5 If the difference between the location of the two centers is less than or equal
to the allowable value, accept the Image for this test and proceed with
processing. If this value is too high, reject the image.
4. Area inspection Check:
4.1 Identify possible defect areas. For the optical zone, the central 4 mm of
10 the image, identify pixels with excess color with the sensitivity set
4.2 Calculate the Minimum Defect Size of possible defect areas. Through
the calibration process, the size of each pixel is calculated using a known
standard that is presented to the camera. Using the known number of mm per
pixel, calculate the area of each possible defect area that was found in the step
15 above.
4.3 Compare this area to the allowable area (Optical Zone. Excess,
Minimum Defect Size ). If the area of each possible defect is greater than or
equal to the Minimum Defect Size, the area is considered a defect.
4.4 Take the sum of all of the defect areas above and compare them to the
20 Defect Size Threshold . If this sum is greater than or equal to this Threshold,
the lens is rejected.
4.5 Calculation for each of the areas continues in the same way as
described above for Optical Zone Excess. Additional calculations include:
4.6 OpticaI Zone - absence of color
25 4.7 Iris Pattern Zone - excess color and absence of color including special
regions:
4.8 Knife Edge Zone - (the area between the outside of the pattern and the
Knife edge) - excess color.
4.9 Non-uniformity-The non-unifomity of the enhancer layer is calculated
30 to determine if the color is evenly distributed over an area. This is done in the
Optical zone and iris Pattern Zone with different sensitivity levels.
5. The calculations are completed and compared to the allowable levels,
images with values that are not within the allowable levels are rejected.
24

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
Processing may be discontinued after any of the calculations yield 3 rejection.
Alternatively, all calculations can be completed to give an overall report to
assist troubleshooting.
6. Diagnostic Prints
5 6.1 Simllar processing can be done for the diagnostic enhancer lens where
the pattern is identical except for a "chop top" pattern is used instead of a
standard round pattern. The diagnostic opaque pattern has the word "TEST"
printed above the chop top pattern. Allowable missing and extra ink in the
"TEST" word is selectable to allow for different print conditions and lettering
10 completeness and legibility requirements.
7. A good/bad report is sent to the Input/Output modules and then is
communicated to the PLC computer for the material handling machine. The
product is then accepted or rejected as per the good/bad report.
Figure 13 illustrates an image of an enhancer lens mold. The area that defines
15 the optical zone is represented by the solid line 1210. Excess colorant in the
optical zone, 1204 is shown and if the area of excess color is greater than
0.400 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. The center of the reference means,
1211 is calculated from the knife edge, 1212 of the Image. The colorant center
is 1209, and if the difference between the center of the reference means and
20 the colorant center, 1205 is greater is than 0.3 mm the lens mold will be
rejected. Excess colorant near the diagnostic letters, 1201, is shown and if the
square area of such colorant is greater than 0.01 mm2, the lens mold will be
rejected. Any voids appear in the diagnostic letters, 1200, if the area of the
voids is greater than 0.035 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. If the
25 overlap,1207, between the diagnostic lettering and the beginning of the
chopped iris pattern is greater than 0.15 mm, the lens mold will be rejected.
Excess colorant in the area outside of the iris pattern, 1206, is shown and if
that area if greater than 0.4 mm2, the lens mold will be rejected. A void inside
the iris pattern, 1202 is shown, if this void has an area greater than 0.06 mm2,
30 the void is considered an attribute. If the sum of the area of all of the
attributes in the iris pattern area, 1203, is greater than 0.4 mrn2, the lens mold
will be rejected.
25

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
We claim:
1. A method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the
method comprising the steps of:
5 a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least
one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said
at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image;
b) to eating a reference means in said image of said, ophthalmic part
and finding the center of said reference means;
10 c) locating at least one first pixel area in the portion of said image of
said ophthalmic part comprising said at least one colorant;
d) comparing the location of said at least one first pixel area to the
location of a first pixel standard to determine the location of said
colorant center and
15 comparing the location of the center of said reference means to
the location of said colorant center to determine if said at least one
colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reference means is the knife edge.
20
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the reference means is the outside
edge.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first pixel area is located in the iris
25 pattern and first pixel area comprises 10x10 pixels.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the first pixel area comprises at least 5 x
5 pixels.
30 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of
e) comparing a second pixel standard to at least one second pixel
area in the portion of said image of said ophthalmic part comprising a colorant
to determine the location of the colorant center.
26

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
7. The method of claim 1 wherein all steps are automated and occur in an
on-line manufacturing line.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of
5 e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference, between the
location of the center of said reference and the location of the center of said
colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm.
9. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of
10 e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference between the
location of the center of said reference and the location of the center of said
colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm.
10. A method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the
15 method comprising the steps of;
a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part comprising at least
one colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said
at least one colorant is present in a portion of said image;
b) locating a reference means in said image of said ophthalmic part
20 and finding the center of said reference means;
c) analyzing said portion of said image comprising at least one
colorant to determine the dimension of said portion and finding the
colorant center of said image;
d) comparing the location of the center of said reference means to
25 said colorant center to determine if said at least one colorant is properly
located on said ophthalmic part.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of e) rejecting all
ophthalmic parts wherein the difference between the location of the center of
30 said reference and the location of the center of said colorant center are greater
than about 0.550 mm.
27

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
12. The method of claim 10 wherein all steps are automated and occur in an
on-line manufacturing line.
13. A method for inspecting ophthalmic parts comprising colorants the
5 method comprising of the steps of;
a) capturing an image of said ophthalmic part having at least one
colorant wherein said image comprises an array of pixels and said at
least one colorant is present in a portion of said image;
b) capturing a reference image of a standard ophthalmic part
10 wherein said reference image comprises an array of pixels and said at
least one colorant is present in a portion of said reference image;
c) comparing the intensities of the image from step a) with the
reference image from step b) to determine whether the image from step
a) contains defects.
1.5
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of
e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts having excess colorant in the optical
zone having an area of greater than about 0.06 mm2.
20 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of
e) rejecting all ophthalmic parts having voids of colorant in the iris
pattern, wherein said voids have a total area of great than about 2.0 mm2.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein all of the steps are automated and
25 occur in an on-line manufacturing fine.
17. The method of claim 13 further comprising the steps of
e) locating a reference means in said image of said
ophthalmic part and finding the center of said reference means;
30 f) locating at least one first pixel area in the portion of said
image of said ophthalmic part comprising said at least one colorant;

28

WO 20O4/044545 PCT/US2003/036378
g) comparing the location of said at least one first pixel area
to the location of a first pixel standard to determine the location of said
colorant center, and
comparing the location of the center of said reference means to
5 the location of said colorant center to determine if said at least one
colorant is properly located on said ophthalmic part.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of
h) rejecting all ophthalmic parts wherein the difference between the
10 location of the center of said reference and the location of the center of said
colorant center are greater than about 0.550 mm.
19. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of
h) rejecting all ophthalmic parts having excess colorant in the optical
15 zone having an area of greater than about 0.08 mm2or having voids of colorant
in the iris pattern, wherein said voids have a total area of great than about 2.0
mm2.

29

The invention relates to a pressure-regulated friction clutch (1), comprising a cylinder/piston unit (5), operated by a pressure medium, which permits a frictional connection of an output shaft (4) with a driven plate (11) fixed thereto and an input shaft (3) with a driving plate (9) fixed thereto, for the transmission of a torque from the input shaft with a permanently pressurised cylinder/piston unit (5).

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Patent Number

216850

Indian Patent Application Number

01122/KOLNP/2005

PG Journal Number

12/2008

Publication Date

21-Mar-2008

Grant Date

19-Mar-2008

Date of Filing

13-Jun-2005

Name of Patentee

UHDE GMBH

Applicant Address

FRIEDRICH-UHDE-STRASSE 15, 44141 DORTMUND, GERMANY.

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	THIELERT, HOLGER	WESTERWIKSTRASSE 38, 44379 DORTMUND, GERMANY

PCT International Classification Number

C10B 43/08

PCT International Application Number

PCT/EP2003/008580

PCT International Filing date

2003-08-02

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	102 58 066.9	2002-12-11	Germany