Title of Invention

A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION.

Abstract

A pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising an analgesic effective amount of a peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula (I): PGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wherein X is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, IUE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y= TRP, or an analgesic effective amount of a peptide derivative in which an alkyl group is attached to an amino add of said peptide, wherein said alkyl is selected from the group consisting of C2-C30, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Full Text

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING AN ANALGESIC PEPTIDE FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to analgesic peptides and their derivatives. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Although pain is a crucially important physiological response, it also results in unnecessary suffering and agony. The control and relief of pain is an important branch of medicine. Pain may come about bom as a result of disease as well as a result of medical treatment such as chemotherapy. In either case, it is important to alleviate the pain as much as possible so as to enable the sufferer to function normally. Two neural pathways relating to pain act concurrently in the body: (1) a sensory pathway which senses tissue damage and subsequently produces a feeling of pain; (2) an analgesic pathway which reduces the feeling of pain and prevents the flow of information about the pain to the central nervous system (CNS), thus allowing the organism to maintain it's normal activity in spite of an injury. Anesthesia can be realized either by use of a drug which inhibits peripheral nerves that act as pain sensors or by enhancement of the natural analgesic system. Since these are different pathways, they are affected by different substances. For example, aspirin and lidocaine are active on the peripheral sensory pathway, while morphine and related substances are active on the analgesic system. The most efficient analgesics currently in use are morphine-related substances of opiatic origin. It's well known that the brain makes a variety of endogenic opiates, and this explains the powerful effect of these substances. Their action on neurons is medisted by specialized receptors. Signals regulated by these receptors prevent the flow of information from the peripheral pain neurons to the CNS. These CNS neurone are also sensitive to a variety of other chemical substances including catecholamtines (serotonin, noradrenalin etc,), neuroactive peptides (neurotensin) and inhibitory amino acids (glycin and GABA). U.S. 4,619,916 to Di Stazio discloses 13 new tripeptides of the formula pGLU-X-TRP, where pGLU is cyclized glutamic acid (pyroglutamic acid) and X may be GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG. Also disclosed are a process for their preparation, pharmaceutical formulations containing them for oral or parenteral administration and their use as hypotensive and analgesic agents. Further disclosed are lower alkyi esters of the tryptophan residue, in particular methyl or ethyl esters, for use as protecting groups in the production of the peptides. The protecting groups are removed at the completion of the synthesis process. There is no disclosure of a topical WO 92/19254 discloses ?-substituted mono, di, tri, tetra and pentapeptides useful in treating obesity, anxiety, gastrointestinal ulcers, pain, stroke and inflammation. Peptides of the formula pGLU-X-TRP are not disclosed. The following tetrapeptides of the formula pGLU-X-TRP-Z appear in the literature: X=L-Ala; Z= L-LeuOH, L-LeuOCH3, L-LeuNH2, L-MetOH, L-MetOCH3, or L-MetNH2 (DE 3,340,208); X=Lys; Z=L-AlaOH or L-ProOH (Freer, R.J. and Stewart, J.M. (1971) Cienc. Cult 23(4):539-42; Francis, B. and Kaiser, I.I. (1993) Toxicon 31(7):889-899); X=L-Pro; Z= L-ValNH2, L-MetOH, L-MetOCH3, L-MetNH2 L-MetsulfoxideOH, L-MetsulfoxideOCH3, or L-MetsulfoxideNH2 (DE 3,340,08). SUMMARY Of THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an analgesic pharmaceutical composition which may be administered topically. It is a further object of the motion to provide novel peptide derivatives. In a first aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising an analgesic effective amount of a peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula(I): pGLU-X-Y-Z (I) Perhapes X is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, "YAI, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TBP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y= TOP, or an analgesic effective amount of a peptide derivative in which an alkyi group is attached to an ammo acid of the peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. It has now been discovered mat certain peptides may be used as an active ingredient in topical analgesic compositions. The active ingredient of the composition of the invention is a peptide of the formula (I). Examples of peptides according to the invention are tripeptides and tetrapeptides in which pGLU is the NH2 terminal ammo acid and TRP is at the third (Y) or fourth (Z) amino acid position. Examples of preferred peptides are pGLU-ASN-TOP-OH (pENW), pGLU-GLU-TRP-OH (pEEW), pGLU-ASN-TKP-THR-OH (pENWT), pGLU-ASN-THR-TRP-OH (pENTW), and pGLU-ASN-TOP-LYS-OH (pENWK). A peptide derivative according to the invention is one in which an alkyl chain has been attached to the peptide. This can be done by attaching a fatty acid to an amine group, for example to the ?-amine group of a lysine or arginine residue, thus obtaining an alkyl amide of the peptide, or to an hydroxyl group, thus obtaining an alkyl ester of the peptide. The alkyl chain may be attached to any of the amino adds of the peptide capable of reacting with the alkyl chain, as is well known to the skilled man of the art. The alkyl chain may be of any length, but is preferably of medium to long chain length, e.g. (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 carbons. Examples of peptide derivatives are pGLU-ASN-TRP-LYS(octaaoyl)-OH (pENWK-C8) and pGlu-Aan-Trp-O-octyl (pENW-C8). An "analgesic effective amount" is an amount of active ingredient capable of bringing about the desined pharmacological effect, i.e. the redaction or prevention or proud. This amount depends on a number of paramenters such as the exact composition of the active ingredient and carrier, the location of administration, the source of the pain, etc. The amount can be easily determined by the average skilled man of the art by carrying out a limited amount of dose response experiments, e.g. by applying a range of concentrations of a given formulation to a specified location on the body. Examples of concentrations that have been found to be effective include, but are not limited to, 0.0015-0.02 mg/g carrier. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated for topical administration. Such a composition would also comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients such as a mixture of Lanolin and Vaseline for topical use in an ointment, cream or salve. Other carriers for topical use are well known to the skilled man of the art and are included in the scope of the invention. Fragrance-emitting, stabilizers, colorants, thickening agents and other conventional substances may be included in the composition. The invention also provides a use of an analgesic effective amount of a peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula (I): pGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wherein X is an ammo acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino add, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y=TRP, or of an analgesic effective amount of a peptide derivative in which an alkyl group is attached to an amino acid of the peptide, in the preparation of a topical pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of pain. A further aspect of the invention is a method of treating or preventing pain in a mammal comprising topically asministrating to the mammal an analgesic effective amount of a peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula (I): pGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wheren X is an aminp acid salesmen open the group consisting of GLY, VAI, GLU, ASEER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS, and ARG Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino add, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y= TRP, or an analgesic effective amount of a peptide derivative in which an alkyl group is attached to an amino add of the peptide. The topical administration of the peptide may be in a conventional manner for topical compositions. As the composition of the invention sometimes acts after a lag period, it is to be expected mat it will be especially effective with respect to chronic pain, although it may be used to treat any type of pain. In a still further aspect, mere is provided a peptide comprising L-amino adds of the formula (I): pGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wherein X is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y=TRP, or a derivative of the peptide in which an alkyl group is attached to an ammo acid, wherein the length of the alkyl is C4 or longer with the proviso that when Z is any L-amino acid, if X-ALA, Z is not LEU or MET, if X=LYS, Z is not ALA or PRO, and if X=PRO, Z is not VAL or MET, and with the further proviso that when Z is null, the peptide has the alkyl group attached to an amino acid thereof. These peptides are unknown in the literature. A further embodiment of mis aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of pain comprising an analgesic effective amount of the peptide of the invention or of an alkyl ester or amide thereof. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered orally, parenterally or topically. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS METHODS AND MATERIALS Preparation of peptide and derivatives 1. Synthesis of pGlu-Asn-Trp-Lys(OctanoyI)-OH In one embodiment of the invention, the synthesis of the peptide was carried out manually by a stepwise 9-fluorenyhnethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) procedure on Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-Wang resin (loading of 0.25 mmole on 1 g of preloaded resin). At the first step the Mtt (4-methyitrityl) protecting group was selectively removed by treatment with 1% TFA in DCM. Octanoic acid was attached to the free amino group (via an amide bond) by regular coupling procedure applying 2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1 -yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexaflucrcphosphate (HBTU) reagent in the presence of N-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt). The same coupling method was applied for the attachment of other amino acids as well. Completion of the coupling step was detected by the Kaiser test (a few resin beads from the reaction are washed with ethanol and transferred into a small glass tube; 2 drops of the following solutions are added: ninhydrin 5% in ethanol, phenol 80% in ethanol, potassium cyanide 0.00002M in pyridine; the sample is mixed and heated to 120°C for 4-6 minutes. A positive test is indicated by blue resin beads). The Fmoc group was then removed by 20% piperidine, and after washing of the resin the second ammo acid (Fmoc-Trp(Boc)) was introduced to restart another coupling step. These steps were repeated each time with an additional amino acid according to the peptide sequence. The amino acids used were Fmoc-N? protected. Trifunctional amino acids were side-chain protected as follows: Trp(Boc), Asn(Ert). Each Fmoc amino was activated in situ using HBTU/HOBt and subsequently coupled to the resin for 50 minutes. Diisopropylemylamine (DIEA) was used during coupling as an organic base. The Fmoc protecting group on the ?-amine was then removed with 20% piperidine in N-memylpyrrolidone (NMP) for 20 min. Three equivalents of the activated amino acids were employed in the coupling reactions. The deprotection and coupling steps were repeated with the addition of each subsequent amino acid until the peptide synthesis was completed. The peptide-resin was washed with NMP, followed by DCM, and dried under vacuum. This peptide, prepared as described above, was cleaved from the resin using a 95% TEA, 5% triisopropylsilane (TIS) solution for 2 hours at room temperature. The product was precipitated by the addition of 10 volumes of ether, filtered and dried in vacuum. Typically, 150 mg of the peptide was obtained from 1 g of peptide-resin. It was identified by LC/MS (M+1 = 684.7). Purification The crude peptide was purified on a preparative RP-HPLC column (C18 5 µm Phenomenex Luna column, 10 mm I.D. x 25 cm). The chromatography was done under the following conditions: A=H2O/TFA 0.05%; B=ACN/TFA 0.05%; ?=214 nm; flow = 5 ml/min. 50 mg peptide were loaded on the column. A gradient of 15% to 50% B at 45 min was used. Fractions of the main peak were collected and characterized by analytical HPLC. Best fractions were combined together and lyophilized to obtain the required product, which was > 95% pure. 2. Preparation of pGln-Asn-Trp-O-octyl Preparation of this peptide may also be carried out via a solution synthesis protocol containing following steps: a. Prepantioa of Boo-Trp-O-octyl (octyl ester of Boc-Trp) Boc-Trp (6.1 mmole), octanol (6.8 mmole), DMAP (0.74 g, 6.1 mmole), and dicyclohexylarbodiimide (DCC) (1.4 g, (6.8 mmole) are introduced to DCM (40 ml) at 0°C. The mixture is stirred and the cooling bath is removed so that the temperature slowly rises to room temperature. The reaction is stirred overnight and then is filtered to remove the dicyclohexylurea (DCU). The solid is washed with DCM and the combined mother liqueur is adjusted to pH = 4-5 HCl (0.1 N). The organic phase is washed by water (3x30 ml), dried over MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to obtain crude product. b. Removal of Boc group Boc-Trp-O-octyl is dissolved in ether at room temperature. HCl (4N) in dioxane is introduced (4:1 molar excess) and the reaction mixture is stirred for ca 1 h. Unprotected product precipitates as the HCl salt It is filtered, washed with ether and dried. c DCC/HOBt coupling procedure Boc protected ammo acid (142 mmole) in DCM (35 ml) is cooled to 0°C. HOBteH2O (12.9 mmole, 1.75 g) and DCC (15.5 mmote, 3.2g) are added to a reaction mixture and vigorously stirred for 1 h. Deprotected peptide (after removal of the Boc group) dissolved in DCM (20 ml) and TEA (18.1 mmole) is introduced and the mixture is stirred for an additional 30 min. at 0°C. The cooling bath is removed and the reaction is left overnight at room temperature. Products mixture is evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and EtOAc (150 ml) is added. Insoluble particles (DCU) are removed by filtration and mother liquor is washed with brine (2x35 ml), NaHCO3 (5%; 2x35 ml), and water 2x35 ml). The organic phase is dried over MgSO4, and evaporated under reduced pressure. At the end of the peptide synthesis (the last stage being the coupling of pGlu) a peptide is obtained as a crude product It is identified by LC/MS and purified similarly to the first peptide (pGlu-Asu-Trp-Lys(octanoyl)-OH). 3. Purification from snake venom Some of the peptides of the invention may also be isolated from snake venom, including venom obtained from snakes of the Viperidae, Elapidae and Crotalidae families. For example, pENW may be purified from Naja melanoleuca venom on a Mono Q column using 20mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.0. The fraction which elutes from the Mono Q column at 12-18 minutes (with a peak at 143 minutes) is further purified on HPLC as follows. The fraction is loaded onto an HPLC Spherisorb 5 column, 5µ, 250 x 4.6mm, phase Sep. S/N 142110, and eluted using a gradient of 20mM NH4Ac (pH 5.5) and AcN. In an alternate purification, me venom may be purified on the Mono Q column using 20mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 6.9. The fraction with apeak at 17 minutes is further purified by HPLC as described above. NMR, HPLC and LC/MS analyses revealed the identity of the synthetic and natural peptides. Similarly, pENW, pEEW and pENTW or pENWT have been purified from Crotalus adamanteus venom, and pENW has been purified from V. palestinae venom. Assays 1. Analgesic assay In each test, a few tens of hamsters of similar weight and age were used. The hamsters were divided into groups according to the number of samples to be tested. Ointment (50% Lanolin and 50% Vaseline) containing the tested substance was applied to the animal's fur on the back region. The fur was not removed sc as to ensure that no damage to the skin occurred. A control group of hamsters was treated with ointment without the fraction of the invention. Hamsters were treated by topical application for 6, 14, 21 or 28 consecutive days. The test for analgesity was conducted following the last application of the ointment. In an alternate protocol, analgesiry was tested following a single application of the ointment Subsequently to application of the ointment, the hamsters "clean" themselves by dispersing the ointment all over their body with their tongue and legs. Thus, some of the ointment is introduced into the oral cavity and possibly .also into the intestine of the hamsters. In a typical test, a constant amount of ointment with or without an analgesic substance is applied to each animal for a predetermined period of one or more days. Following this period, pain is induced by a subcutaneous injection of 0.5ml of 1N HC1/ 0.1kg body weight in the femur region. The hamsters respond to the HCl injection by touching the area of injection with the tongue, this being called a "lick". 20 minute after injection the hamster is observed for 60 min and the number of "licks" are counted. The number of "licks" serves as a quantitative indication of the HCl induced pain. The analgesic effect is determined by comparing the mean number of "licks" in control animals to the number in treated animals. The significance of the difference was determined using t-test statistics. Example 1 0.6 mg of pENW, pENWK-C8 or pBNWGAT (a dimer of pENW) were dissolved in 5ml of DDW, mixed by an tritrasonic mixer for 2 minutes and then dissolved in 315gr of ointment The final peptide concentration was 0.002 mg/gr. 6 applications were made over a period of 4 weeks. The test for analgesity was conducted 10 days following the last application of the ointment. The results are summarized in the following table: *- Mann-Whitney rank sum test It can be clearly seen that the topical application of the tripeptide had a significant effect on reducing the pain of the animals, and mat the tetrapeptide derivative was even more effective. The addition of 3 amino acids to the C-terminal of the tripeptide completely abolished its activity. Example 2 Compositions at a concentration of 0.020 mg/g were prepared as in Example 1 containing me following active ingredients: pENW, pEEW, or pENTW or pENWT. 6 applications were made over a period of 5 weeks. The results are summarized below: *-Dunn's method It can be seen that all of the assayed peptides have significant analgesic activity. Example 3 A composition containing pENW-C8 at a concentration of 0.002 mg/g ointment was prepared as in Example 1. A single application was made to the animals, and analgesity was assayed 11, 23 and 48 days post-application. Ointment without an active substance was applied to the control animals. The results are summarized below: *-Duna's method The results indicate mat the analgesic effect builds over time, reaching a peak after around 23 days, and subsequently declines. We Claim: 1. A pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising an analgesic effective amount of a peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula (I): PGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wherein X is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y=TRP and with the further proviso that when Z is null, a peptide has an alkyl group attached to an amino acid thereof, wherein said alkyl is selected from the group consisting of C4-C30, or an analgesic effective amount of said peptide derivative in which said alkyl group is attached to an amino acid of said peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 2. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said alkyl group is attached by an amide linkage. 3. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said alkyl group is attached by an ester linkage. 4. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is ASN. 5. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said alkyl is an octyl group (C8). 6. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said peptide is a tetrapeptide. 7. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said peptide is a tripeptide and Z is null. 8. A peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula (I): PGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wherein X is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, ILE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y=TRP, or a derivative of said peptide in which an alkyl group is attached to an amino acid, wherein the length of said alkyl is C4-C30, with the proviso that when Z is any L-amino acid, if X=ALA, Z is not LEU or MET, if X=LYS, Z is not ALA or PRO, and if X=PRO, Z is not VAL or MET and with the further proviso that when Z is null, said peptide has said alkyl group attached to an amino acid thereof. 9. An alkyl ester as claimed in claim 8 wherein said alkyl is an octyl group (C8). 10. A tetrapeptide as claimed in any of claims 9-11. 11. A tripeptide as claimed in any of claims 9-11. 12. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of pain comprising an analgesic effective amount of a peptide as claimed in claim 9. 13. A pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of pain comprising an analgesic effective amount of an alkyl ester or amide of a peptide as claimed in claim 9. 14. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said peptide is pGlu-Asn-Trp-Thr, pGlu-Asn- Thr-Trp, or pGlu-Asn-Trp-Lys-C8. 15. A peptide as claimed in claim 9 which is pGlu-Asn- Trp-Thr, pGlu-Asn-Thr-Trp, or pGlu-Asn-Trp-Lys-C8. A pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising an analgesic effective amount of a peptide comprising L-amino acids of the formula (I): PGLU-X-Y-Z (I) wherein X is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of GLY, VAL, GLU, ASP, SER, ALA, ASN, GLN, IUE, LEU, PRO, LYS and ARG, Y is TRP or THR, and Z is any L-amino acid, or Z is null, and wherein when Z is any L-amino acid, one but not both of Y and Z is TRP, and when Z is null, Y= TRP, or an analgesic effective amount of a peptide derivative in which an alkyl group is attached to an amino add of said peptide, wherein said alkyl is selected from the group consisting of C2-C30, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Documents:

200-KOLNP-2003-FORM 27.pdf

200-KOLNP-2003-FORM-27-1.pdf

200-KOLNP-2003-FORM-27.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-abstract.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-assignment.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-claims.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-correspondence.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-description (complete).pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-examination report.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 1.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 13.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 18.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 2.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 26.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 3.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 5.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-form 6.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-reply to examination report.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-specification.pdf

200-kolnp-2003-granted-translated copy of priority document.pdf