Title of Invention	4-TETRAZOLYL-4PHENYLPIPERIDINE COMPOUNDS
Abstract	The present invention is directed to 4- Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of Formula I(a) and I(b), compositions comprising those compounds, and methods of use thereof: Wherein G and R<sub>1</sub> are as described herein.

Full Text

4-TETRAZ0LYL-4PHENYLPIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES FOR TREATING PAIN This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/427,381, filed November 18,2002, U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/460,278, filed April 3,2003, and U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/488,488 filed July 17,2003, the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to 4-TetrazoIyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds, compositions comprising an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound and methods for preventing or treating pain or diarrhea in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment or prevention an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound. Pain has been traditionally managed by administering a non-opioid analgesic, such as acetylsalicylic acid, choline magnesium trisalicylate, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, diflusinal and naproxen; or an opioid analgesic, such as morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, oxycodone and oxymorphone. Id. United States Patent No. 6,576,650 B1, United States Patent 6,166,039, and United States Patent No. 5,849,761, to Yaksh and United States Patent No. 6,573,282, to Yaksh et al. describe 1,4 substituted piperidine derivatives allegedly useful as peripherally active anti hyperalgesic opiates. United States Patent No. 6,362,203 Bl to Mogi et al. describes 4 hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine derivatives that are alleged to exhibit peripheral analgesic action. Canadian Patent Publication No. 949560 of Carron et al. describes piperidine derivatives bearing substituents at the 1 and 4 positions that are alleged to be useful as analgesics. International Publication No. WO 02/38185 A2 of Dunn et al. describes 1,4-substituted piperidine compounds that are allegedly useful as an antihyperalgesic opiate. The Abstract of International Publication No. WO 01/70689 Al also discloses piperidine derivatives carrying substituents at the 1 and 4 positions that are allegedly useful as opioid o receptor agonists. Traditional opioid analgesics exert their pharmacological activity once they have passed through the blood-brain barrier. But this blood-brain barrier passage can lead to undesirable central nervous system-mediated side effects, such as respiratory depression, increased drug tolerance, increased drug dependence, constipation and unwanted euphoria. There remains a clear need for new drugs that are useful for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea and that reduce or avoid one or more side effects associated with traditional therapy for treating pain or diarrhea. Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application. and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: AR1 is -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; Ar2 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; and pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salts thereof, wherein: AR1 is -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; Ar2 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; m = an integer ranging from 0 to 4; n = an integer ranging from 1 to 4; p = 0or 1; q = an integer ranging from 0 to 3; and r = an integer ranging from 1 to 6. and pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ar3 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; A compound of formula (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (each being a "4-Tetxazolyl-4-phenyIpiperidine Compound") is useful for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea in an animal. The invention also relates to compositions comprising an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptablexarrieror excipient The present compositions are useful for treating or preventing pain or-diarrhea in an animal. The invention also relates to kits comprising a container containing an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound and instructions for using it to treat or prevent pain or diarrhea. The invention further relates to methods for preventing pain or diarrhea in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound. The invention further relates to methods for treating pain or diarrhea in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound. The invention still further relates to methods for stimulating opioid-receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor with an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound. The invention still further relates to methods for preparing a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the step of admixing a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound and a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable carrier or excipient. The present invention may be understood more fully by reference to the following detailed description and illustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments of the invention. The phrase " pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt," as used herein, is a salt firmed from an acid and the basic nitrogen group of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound. Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (Le., l,r-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. The term " pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt" also refers to a salt of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Illustrative bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia; and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributylamine; pyridine; N-methyl-N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono- bis- or tris-(2- hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tot-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N, N-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine lysine, and the like. When a first group is "substituted with with one or more" second groups, each of one or more of the first group's hydrogen atoms is replaced with a second group. In one embodiment, a first group is substituted with up to three second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with one or two second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with only one second group. and pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salts thereof, wherein Ari, Ar2, R1-R3, G, m, p and q are as defined above. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G is H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetxazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetxazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and L = -C(O)- . In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G - -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and L = -S02- or -SO-. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = -C1-C10 alkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = -CH20(Ci-C4 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = -L(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = -CH2NH(CrC4 alkyl) or In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NHOH, -C(0)NH(CrC4 alkyl), or -C(0)N(CrC4 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G is-L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -S02NH2, -S02NH(Ci-C4 alkyl), or -S02N(CrC4 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -NHS02H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and L = -C(O)-. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and L = -S02- or -SO-. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 0. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazoiyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1 and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (Reconfiguration: In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1 and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (S)-configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1 and R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1 and R3 is -CH3. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -Q-C3 alkyl, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -CH3, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -CH3, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (S) configuration. In one embodiment,the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenyIpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 0, and p = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 1 and p = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 0, and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 1 and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 0, p - 0 and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein m = 1, p = 0 and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R2 is -Br, -CI, -I, or -F. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R2 is -0(CrC3 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R2 is -C1-C3 alkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidinj Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R2 is -NH(Ci-C3 alkyl) or -N(CrC3 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R3 is -Br, -CI, -L or -F. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of (lb) are those wherein R3 is -0(Ci-C3 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-TetrazolyI-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R3 is -NH(Ci-C3 alkyl) or -N(Ci-C3 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R1 is H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein Rx is -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NHOH, -C(0)NH(Ci-C4 aikyl), or -C(0)N(CrC4 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-TetrazolyM-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R1 is -C(0)N(CH3)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds-of formula (lb) are those wherein R1 is -C(0)N(CH2CH3)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R\ is -C(0)NHCH3. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein Rt is -C(0)NH(CH2CH3). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R1 is -COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R1 is -CHO. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R\ is -CN. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein R1 is -(C1-C4 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein AR1 is -C3-Cg cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein AR1 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, or phenanthryl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazoiyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein AR1 is -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein AR1 is substituted with one or more R2 groups. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein Ar2 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, or phenanthryl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein Ar2 is -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein Ar2 is substituted with one or more R2 groups. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein Ari and Ai2 are phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein AR1 is cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetra2olyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein AR1 is cyclohexyl and Ar2 is phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, and p = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidme Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, and m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, and m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, and Ari and Ar2 are phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and m = 0. , - In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and Ari and Ar2 are phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, and m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, and m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, and Ari and Ar2 are phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, m = 0, and Ari and Ar2 are phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, m=l, and Ari and Ai2 are phenyl. Illustrative 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (lb) have the following structure: " In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and L = -C(0) . In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and L = -S02- or -SO-. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = -C1-C10 alkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = -CH20(C1-C4 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -L-(CH2)nC(0)OR4 and R4 = -CH2NH(C1-C4 alkyl) or -CH2N(CrC4 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(C1-C5 alkylene)COOR4- In one embodiment, the 4-TetrazoIyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -CH2-COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)2-COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)3-COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)4-COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)s-COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -NHS02R4. In one embodiment, the 4-TetrazolyM-phenylpiperidine Compoxmds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NHOH, -C(0)NH(CrC4 alkyl), or -C(0)N(CrC4 alkyi)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -S02NH2, -S02NH(C1-C4alkyl), or -S02N(C1-C4alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and R5 = -NHS02H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and L = -C(O)- In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G is -L-(CH2)nR5 and L = -S02- or -SO-. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(C1-C5 alkylene)Rs. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -CH2-Ro. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)2-Rs. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)3-R5. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CEbVRs- In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = -(CH2)5-Rs. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 0. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1 and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (Reconfiguration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1 and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the' (S)-configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1 and R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1 and R3 is -CH3. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the 4~Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -CH3, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein p = 1, R3 is -CH3, and the carbon atom to which R3 is attached is in the (S) configuration. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-TetrazoIyI-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 0, and p = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 1 and p = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 0, and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 1 and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 0, p = 0 and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein m = 1, p = 0 and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of -formula (Id) are those wherein R2 is -Br, -CI, -L or -F. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R2 is -0(C1-C3 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R2 is -C1-C3 alkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R2 is -NH(C1-C3alkyl) or -N(C1-C3 alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R3 is -Br, -CI, -I, or -F. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R3 is -(XC1-C3 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R3 is -C1-C3 alkyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R3 is -NH(C1-C3 alkyl) or -N(C1-C3alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compoimds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is H. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein Rx is -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NHOH, -C(0)NH(C1-C4alkyl), or -C(0)N(C1-C4alkyl)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -C(0)N(CH3)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -C(0)NHCH3. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -C(0)NHCH2CH3. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -C(0)N(CH2CH3)2. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -COOR4. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -CHO. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -CN. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is -(C1-C4 alkyl). In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein R1 is In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein Ar3 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, or phenanthryl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein A13 is -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein Ars is substituted with one or more R2 groups. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, and p = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, and m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, and m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, and AR3 is phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and q = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, and Ar3 is phenyl. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, j) = 0, q = 0, and m = 0. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, and m = 1. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, and Ar3 is phenyl. 5 In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) are those wherein G = H, p = 0, q = 0, m - 0, and Ar3 is phenyl. Illustrative 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of formula (Id) have the following structure: 1 WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 4.3 Methods for Making the 4-TetrazoIvI 4 Phenylpiperidine Compounds The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of the present invention can be made using conventional organic syntheses and by the following illustrative methods: Scheme 1 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds where R\ is -C(0)NZ2,where each Z is a -(C1-C4 alkyl) group or both Z groups and the nitrogen atom to which they are attached are taken together to form N-(4-R4)-N'-l-piperazinyl, aziridyl, azetidyl, pyrrohdyl, piperidyl, homopiperidyl, pyrrolyl or morpholinyl. Bromoacids 1 are converted to bromoacid chlorides 2 using thionylchloride (J.S. Pizey, Synthetic Reactions 2: 65 (1974)). Bromoacid chlorides 2 are reacted with Z2NH, optionally in the presence of base such as Na2CC)3, to provide reactive intermediates 3, which are treated with 4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidines 4 (Scheme 10) to provide cyanophenyl compounds 5. Cyanophenyl compounds 5 are treated with Me3SnN3 or Me3SiN3 and tin oxide (S. J. Wittenberg et al.91 Org. Chem. 58:4134-4141 (1993)) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl- , 4-phenylpiperide Compounds 6, wherein R1 is -C(0)NZ2 and G is -H. Compounds 6 are" reacted with Gi-X, wherein Gi is all G, defined above, except hydrogen, and X is a leaving group suck as halogen, trifluoromethane sulfonate, methanesulfonate or tolimesulfonate, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 7 and 8. Compounds 7 and 8 are separable using conventional means, such as silica gel chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography or recrystallization. Compounds of the formula Gi-X can be obtained commercially or made using conventional organic synthesis methods. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 Scheme 1 m, p, q, R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 2 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine 5 Compounds where R1 is -CO2R4. Bromoacid chlorides 2 (Scheme 1) are reacted with R4OH, optionally in the presence of a base such as pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, triethylamine or Hunig's base, to provide bromoesters 9. Bromoesters 9 are reacted with 4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidines 4 (Scheme 10) to provide cyanophenyl compounds 10, which are treated with Me3SnN3 or MesSiNs and tin o?cide (S.J. Wittenberg et aL, J, Org. Chem. 10 58:4139-4141 (1993)) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 11, where R\ is R40C(0)- and G is -H. Compounds 11 are reacted with GiX, wherein G\ and X are as WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 12 and 13. Compounds 12 and 13 are separable using conventional means described above. 5 m, p, q, R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ai2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 3 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds where R1 is -C(0)NH(C1-C4 alkyl). Compounds 11 (Scheme 2) are protected with a base-stable protecting group such as a mesitylenesulfonamide; cyclohexylcarbamate; l,l-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethylcarbamate; N-(l-ethoxy)ethyI group; or a similar 0 protecting group (See T.W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 615-631 (1999)) to provide protected compounds 14. Compounds 14 are hydrolyzed using hydroxide base, optionally in the presence of methanol, to provide after work up acids 15, which are amidated using (C1-C4NH2 to provide protected compounds 16. Compounds 16 are deprotected using a strong acid (Greene at 615-631) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-- WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 phenylpiperidine Compounds 17 where R1 is -C(0)NH(C1-C4alkyl) and G is -H. Compounds 17 are reacted with Gi-X, wherein Gi and X are as defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 18 and 19. Compounds 18 and 19 are separable using conventional means described above. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 Scheme 4 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazoiyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds where R1 is -C(0)NHOH. Acids 15 (Scheme 3) are treated with NH2OH to provide protected compounds 20, which are deprotected using strong acid {Greene at 615-631) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 21 where Rj is -C(0)NHOH and G is -H. Compounds 21 are reacted with Gi-X, wherein Gi and X are as defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 22 and 23. Compounds 22 and 23 are separable using conventional means described above. m, p, q, R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 5 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds wherBromides 14 Are treated with 4-cvano-4- dines 4 to WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/0J6742 provide cyanophenyl intermediates 25, which are reacted with Me3SnN3 or Me3SiN3 and tin oxide (S. J. Wittenberg et ai., 7. Org. Chenu 58:4139-4141(1993)) to provide 4-tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 26 where R1 and -G are -H. Compounds 26 are reacted with C4-X, wherein G\ and X are as defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-5 phenylpiperidine Compounds 27 and 28. Compounds 27 and 28 are separable using conventional means described above. m, p, q, R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. 10 Scheme 6 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds where R1 is -CHO. 4-Tetrazolyl- 4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 27 (Scheme 5) are treated with a strong base such as NaNE2 and quenched with dimethylformamide (see U.T. Mueller-Westerhoff eT aL, Synlett 975 (1994)) to provide after work up protected WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 aldehydes 28. Protected aldehydes 28 are deprotected {Greene at 615-631) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 29 where R1 - is -CHO and -G is -H. Compounds 29 are reacted with Gi-X, wherein Gi and X are as defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 30 and 31, which are separable 5 using conventional means described above. m, p, q, R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 7 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine 3 Compounds where R1 is -(C1-C4 alkyl). Compounds 27 (Scheme 5) are treated with a strong base such as NaNH2 and quenched with (C1-C4 alkyl)-X, where X is defined above, to provide protected Compounds 32. Compounds 32 are deprotected (Greene at 615-631) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperdine Compounds 33 where R1 is -(C1-C4 alkyl) and G are reacted with Gi-X, wherein G\ and X are as defined above, to WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 7 provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 34 and 35, which are separable using conventional means described above. 5 m, p, q, R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 8 depicts methods for making 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperdine Compounds where R1 is -C(0)NH2. Protected esters 14 (Scheme 3) are treated with NH3 (See M.B. Smith et aL, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure 510-511 (2001)) to provide protected amides 36, which are deprotected 0 {Greene at 615-631) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 37 where R1 is -C(0)NH2 and -G is -H. Compounds 37 are reacted with Gi-X, wherein Gj and X are as defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 38 and 39, which are separable using conventional means defined above. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 m, p, q, and R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 9 depicts methods for making 4-Tefrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine 5 Compounds wherein R1 is -CN. 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 37 (Scheme 8) are treated with Ph3P and CCL4 (WJ. Rogers, Synthesis 41 (1997)) to provide 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 40 wherein R1 is -CN and G is -H. Compounds 40 are reacted with Gi-X, wherein d and X are as defined above, to provide a mixture of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 41 and 42, which are separable using 10 conventional means described above. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 m, p, q, and R2 and R3 are as defined above and -W- is -C(Ari)(Ar2)- or -C(H)(Ar3)-. Scheme 10 depicts methods for making 4-cyano-4-phenylpiperidines 4. 5 (R3)p-Substituted aminodiols 43 are N-alkylated using benzyl chloride 44 in NaHCCb/HkO to provide N-benzyi diols 45, which are chlorinated using SOCI2 to provide dichlorides 46. Dichlorides 46 are condensed with deprotonated (NaNEb in toluene) benzyl cyanides 47 to provide benzyl compounds 48, which are debenzylated using H2 and Pd/C (95% EtoH) to provide 4-cyano-4-phenylpiperides 4. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 Scheme 10 Certain 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms. A 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound can be in the form of an optical isomer or a diastereomer. Accordingly, the invention encompasses 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds and their uses as described herein in the form of their individual optical isomers, diasteriomers, and mixtures thereof, including a racemic mixture. " '1 WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 In addition, certain 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can exist as tautomers. For example, where G = H, certain 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenyIpiperidine Compounds of Formula I (a) and Formula I (b) (e.g. structures AAT and BAT), and certain 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of Formula I (c) and Formula I (d) (e.g. structures CAT and DAT), are tautomers of each other. Each strucutre depicted herein is intended to encompass all tautomers thereof, each of which is understood to be included in the present invention, whether specifically disclosed or not, and whether or not the tautomer depicted herein represents a tautomer in excess relative to any other tautomer thereof. Accordingly, the invention also encompasses 4-Tetrazolyl-4~phenylpiperidine Compounds and their uses as described herein in the form of their individual tautomers. hi addition, one or more hydrogen, carbon or other atoms of a'4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound can be replaced by an isotope of the hydrogen, carbon or other atoms. Such compounds, which are encompassed by the present invention, are useful as research and diagnostic tools in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays. 4.4 Therapeutic Uses of the 4-TetrazolvI-4-phenvlpiperidine Compounds In accordance with the invention, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are administered to an animal, in one embodiment a mammal, in another embodiment a human, for the treatment or prevention of pain. The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent acute or chronic pain. For example, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be used for, but are not limited to, treating or preventing cancer pain, central pain, labor pain, myocardial infarction pain, pancreatic pain, colic pain, post operative pain, headache pain, muscle pain, and pain associated with intensive care. The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can also be used for inhibiting, preventing, or treating pain assoicated with inflammation or with an inflammatory disease in an animal. The pain to be inhibited, treated or prevented may be associated with inflammation associated with an inflammatory disease, which can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue, and which can be a local inflammatory response and/or a systemic inflammation. For example, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be used to inhibit, treat, or prevent pain associated with inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to: organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et ah J. Mol. Cell Cardiol 31:297 303 (1999)) including, but not limited to, transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, or kidney; WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory diseases of the eye, including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis,, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory diseases of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney, including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory diseases of the skin, including sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer s disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and viral or autoimmune encephalitis; autoimmune diseases, including Type I and Type II feet, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, disease, nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma, foot joint and a skin or mucous membrane complication (such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum); immune-complex vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory diseases of the heart, such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia, chronic liver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can also be used for inhibiting, treating, or preventing pain associated with inflammatory disease that can, for example, be a systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., , shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent that is adminstered as a treatment for cancer. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are administered to an animal, in one embodiment a mammal, in another embodiment a human, for the treatment or prevention of diarrhea. The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine WO 2004/046132 PCT/US20OJ/O36742 animal, with an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea in an animal. Brain tissue, spinal chord tissue, immune cells, cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and primary afferent nerve cells are examples of tissues and/or cells that are capable of expressing an opioid receptor. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express an opioid receptor. 4.4.1 Therapeutic/Prophylactic Administration and Compositions of the Invention Due to their activity, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are advantageously useful in veterinary and human medicine. As described above, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea in an animal in need thereof. When administered to an animal, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be administered as a component of a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient The present compositions, which comprise a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound, are in one embodiment administered orally. The compositions of the invention can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with another therapeutic agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, etc., and can be used to administer the 4-Tetrazolyl-4 phenylpiperidine Compounds. Methods of administration include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds into the bloodstream. In specific embodiments, it may be desirable to administer the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds locally. This may be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or WO 2004/046132 PCT7US2003/036742 Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-sphenylpiperidine Compounds can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) and Treat et al.9 Liposomes in the Tlierapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer 317-327 and 353-365 (1989). ) In yet another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be delivered in a controlled-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlled release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) may be used. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Sefton, CRC i et aL, J. Neurosurg. 21:105 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of a target of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose. The present compositions can optionally comprise a suitable amount of a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration to the animal. Such pharmaceutical excipients can be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The pharmaceutical excipients can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents may be used. When administered to an animal, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be sterile. Water is a particularly useful excipient when the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, and the like. 5 The present compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients for intravenous administration of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds include, but are not limited to, normal (about 0.9%) saline, about 25 to about 30% polyethylene glycol ("PEG") 10 diluted with saline or water, and about 2 to about 30% hydroxypropyl /3-cyclodextrin diluted ifctoM m '■'■— Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients for oral administration of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds include, but are not limited to, water, nonnal (about 0.9%) saline, about 25 to about 30% polyethylene glycol 25 PEG diluted with saline or water, about 2 to about 30% hydroxypropyl /3-cyclodextrin diluted with water, about 25 to about 30% PG diluted with saline or water, and about 1 to about 5% methylcellulose diluted with water. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients for intracerebroventricular and intrathecal administration of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-30 phenylpiperidine Compounds include, but are not limited to, normal (about 0.9%) saline. The present compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained release formulations, suppositories, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in THE form of a capsule (see e.g., U.S. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 Patent No. 5,698,155). Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 1447-1676 (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., 19th ed. 1995), incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are 5 formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to an animal, particularly a human being. Compositions for oral delivery may be in the form of tablets, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, capsules, syrups, or elixirs, for example. Orally administered compositions can contain preserving agents, coloring agents, and one or more agents, for example, sweetening 10 agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin and flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. Moreover, where in tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active .■'£ e In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can 25 be formulated for intravenous administration. In one embodiment, compositions for intravenous administration comprise the compound dissolved in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions may also include a solubilizing agent-Compositions for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are 30 supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are to be administered by infusion, they can be dispensed, for example, from an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 water or saline. Where the 4-TetrazolyI-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration. The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be administered by 5 controlled-release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide slow or 10 controlled release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily 15 20 embodiment a controlled-release composition comprises a minimal amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other 25 characteristics, such as blood levels of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound, and can thus reduce the occurrence of side (eg., adverse) effects. In one embodiment, controlled release compositions can initially release an amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound that promptly treats or prevents pain or diarrhea, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the 30 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain this constant level of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound in the body, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound being WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or availability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds. 5 The amount of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds that is effective in the treatment or prevention of pain or diarrhea can depend on the nature or severity of the disorder or condition causing the pain and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal effective dosage amounts. The precise dose to be employed can also 10 depend on the intended route of administration, and the degree or severity of the pain or diarrhea and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances in view of published clinical studies. Suitable effective dosage amounts, however, range from about 10 micrograms to about 2500 milligrams about every 4 15 WT'Trm 2C Where a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor is contacted with a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound in \ntro, the effective amount will typically range from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg/L, in one embodiment from about 0.1 mg to about 50 25 mg/L, and in another embodiment from about 1 mg to about 20 mg/L, of a solution or suspension of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient Where a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor is contacted with a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound in vivo, the effective amount will typically range from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, in one embodiment 30 from about 0.1 mg to about 50 mg/kg body weight per day, and in another embodiment from about 1 mg to about 20 mg/kg of body weight per day. The 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for its their ability to treat or prevent pain or diarrhea prior to use in humans. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds' safety or efficacy. The present methods for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea in an animal can further comprise administering to the animal an effective amount of another therapeutic 5 agent. The present methods for stimulating opioid-receptor function in a cell can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent. Examples of other therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, ah opioid agonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroid antiinflammatory agent, an 10 antimigraine agent, a Cox-II inhibitor, an antiemetic, a β-adrenergic blocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, a Ca2+ -channel blocker, an anticancer agent, an antianxiety agent, an agent for treating or preventing an addictive disorder and mixtures thereof. Effective amounts of the other therapeutic agents are well known to those If is 2( butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, 25 dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphinej etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinoi, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, 30 normethadone; nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is selected from codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. Examples of useful non opioid analgesics include non steroidal 5 anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, 10 flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. Examples of other suitable non opioid analgesics include the following, non limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, 15 20 (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone); and alkanones, including nabumetone. For a more detailed description of the NSAEDs, see Paul A. Insel, Analgesic Antipyretic and Antiinflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout, in Goodman & Gilman's Tlie Pharmacological Basis ofTIierapeutics 617-57 (Perry B. Molinhoff and Raymond W. Ruddon eds., 9th ed 1996) and Glen R. Hanson, Analgesic, Antipyretic and 25 Anti Inflammatory Drugs in Remington: Tlie Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol II 1196-1221 (A.R. Gennaro ed. 19th ed. 1995) which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Suitable Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,136,839. Cox II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, rofecoxib and celecoxib. 30 Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine, ergocominine, ergocryptine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, lisuride, lomerizine, methysergide oxetorone, pizotyline, and mixtures thereof. WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 The other therapeutic agent can also be an antiemetic agent. Useful antiemetic agents include, but are not limited to, metoclopromide, domperidone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, chlorpromazine, trimethobenzamide, ondansetron, granisetron, hydroxyzine, acetylleucine monoethanolamine, alizapride, azasetron, benzquinamide, bietanautine, bromopride, buclizine, clebopride, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenidol, dolasetron, meclizine, methallatal, metopimazine, nabilone, oxyperndyl, pipamazine, scopolamine, sulpiride, tetrahydrocannabinol, thiethylperazine, thioproperazine, tropisetiron, and mixtures thereof. Examples of useful j3-adrenergic blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, alprenolol, amosulabol, arotinolol, atenolol, befimolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bucumoloi, bufetolol, bufuralol, bimitrolol, bupranolol, butidrine hydrochloride, butofilolol, carazolol, carteolol, carvedilol, cehprolol, cetamolol, cloranolol, dilevalol, epanolol, esmolol, indenolol, labetalol, ievobunolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nebivalol, nifenalol, nipradilol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, practolol, pronethalol, propranolol, sotalol, sulfinalol, talinolol, tertatolol, tilisolol, timolol, toliprolol, and xibenolol. Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to, acetylpheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, arninoglutethimide, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, clamide, beciamiderburamate, calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam, decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb, ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide, 5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin, narcobarbital, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobaibital, phensuximide, phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenytoin, pheihenylate sodium, potassium bromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum, strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine, topiramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, and zonisamide. Examples of useful antidepressants include, but are not limited to, binedaline, caroxazone, citalopram, (S)-citalopram, dimethazan, fencamine, indalpine, indeloxazine hydrocholoride, nefopam, nomifensine, oxitriptan, oxypertine, paroxetine, sertraline, thiazesim, trazodone, benmoxine, iproclozide, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, octamoxin, phenelzine, cotinine, rolicyprine, rolipram, maprotiline, metralindole, Pinterferon alfa-nl, interferon alfa-n3, interferon beta-I a, interferon garnma-I b, iproplatin. irinotecan hydrochloride, lanreotide acetate, letrozoie, leuproiide acetate, liarozole hydrochloride, lometrexol sodium, lomustine, losoxantrone hydrochloride, masoprocol, maytansine. mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, 5 melphalan. menogaril, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoprine, meturedepa, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin. mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitosper, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mycophenolic acid, nocodazole, nogalamycin, ormaplatin, oxisuran, paclitaxei, pegaspargase, peliomycin, pentamustine, peplomycin sulfate, perfosfamide, pipobroman, piposulfan, piroxantrone hydrochloride, 10 plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednirnustine, procarbazine hydrochloride, puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, pyrazofurin, riboprine, rogletimide, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, semustine, simtrazene, sparfosate sodium, sparsomycin, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, sulofenur, talisomycin, tecogalan sodium, tegafur, teloxantrone hydrochloride, temoporfin, 15 20 Examples of other anti cancer drugs include, but are not limited to, 20-epi-l,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; 25 andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; 30 azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspennine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; WO 2004/046132 PCT/l'S2003/036742 carfaoxamide-amino-triazoie; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN "00; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospennine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorlns; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis poiph)"rin; ciadribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycm B; combretastatin A4; 5 combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol: cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives: curacinA; cyclopentanthraquinones: eycloplatam; cypemycin: cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B: deslbrelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil: diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspennine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; dihydrotaxol; 10 9-dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docetaxel; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene; emitefiir; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; 15 fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth 20 factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; 4-ipomeanol; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohahcondrinB; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; Ieinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; 25 linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccHaride peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; 30 metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl Upid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor-1 WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; 5 nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; 06-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel; paclitaxel analogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; 10 perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-,acridone; 15 20 rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone Bl; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semusfine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen binding protein; sizofiran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonennin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin 25 D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; 30 temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer. 5 Therapeutic agents useful for treating or preventing an addictive disorder include, but are not limited to, methadone, desipramine, amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist, 3-phenoxypyridine, or a serotonin antagonist. Examples of useful anti-anxiety agents include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, 10 halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such as buspirone; and tranquilizers, such as barbituates. Examples of useful anti-diarrheal agents include, but are not limited to, loperamide, diphenoxylate with atropine, clonidine, octreotide, and cholestyramine. 1 -■■n"' -" - fc-- 2 embodiment, an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compoxmd is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of another Therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound is 25 administered while the other therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the other therapeutic agent is administered while the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound exerts its preventive or therapeutic effect for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea. A composition of the invention is prepared by a method comprising admixing a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenyIpiperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable 30 salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient Admixing can be accomplished using methods known for admixing a compound (or salt) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one emobodiment the composition is prepared such that the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound is present in the The invention encompasses kits that can simplify the administration of a 4-TetrazolyI-4-phenylpiperidine Compound to an animal. A typical kit of the invention comprises a unit dosage form of a 4-TetrazoIyl-5 4-phenylpiperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the unit dosage form is a container, in one embodiment a sterile container, containing an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient The kit can further comprise a label or printed instructions instructing the use of the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound to treat or prevent pain or diarrhea. The kit can also further 10 comprise a unit dosage form of another therapeutic agent, for example, a container containing an effective amount of the other therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a container containing an effective amount of a 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound and an effective amount of another therapeutic agent. Examples of other therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, those listed above. 15 Kits of the invention can further comprise a device that is useful for administering the unit dosage forms. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, syringes, drip bags, patches, enema bags, and inhalers. The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the and should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the invention described20 claimed herein. Such variations of the invention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or minor changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the invention incorporated herein. 25 To a solution of (A) (3.0 mmol) and (B) (3.0 mmol) in 10 ml DMF were added 1.2 equivalents of DIEA. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with water (20 ml x2). The aqueous layer was extracted once with ethyl acetate (25 ml). The combined organic phases 5 were dried (Na2S04) and the solvent was removed on a rotoevaporator. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5% NEt3/25% EtOAc/70% hexane) to give the desired product (C) as a colorless solid. Compound (C): Yield: 85%, purity (HPLC) )97%;MS: mN 381.3; lU NMR (CDCI3): 5 2.05-2.T5Tm,H}rZ25-2.35i;m, 2H),2.4-2:5 (m, 4H), , 2.95-3.05 (m, 2H), 4.0 (t, 1H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 11H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 2H), 7.5-7.55 (m, 2H). WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 5,6 Example 6: Synthesis of Compound AFP 4-Bromo-2,2-diphenylbutyric acid (compound (F), 23 g, 72 mmol) was 5 suspended in 150 mL of chloroform, and 20 mL of thionyl chloride (270 mmol) was added dropwise. After addition of the thionyl chloride, 0.2 mL of dimethylformamide was added, and the resulting solution heated at reflux for about 4 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4-bromo-2,2-diphenylbutyric acid chloride (compound (G) as a pale yellow oil that was used int the following step without further 10 purifiction. To 100 mL of saturated aqueous Na2C03 was added 50 mL of a 2M solution of dimethylamine in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting solution was cooled to 0 °C and a solution of compound (G), prepared as described above, dissolved in 100 mL of toluene was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for about 12 hours. The 15 organic and aqueous layers of the reaction mixture were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 30 mL of toluene and then extracted 3 times with 100 mL of chloroform and the organics were combined. The combined organic extracts were washed with water (30 mL), dried (K2CO3), and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue that was crystallized from methyl isobutyl ketone to provide 12 g (53% yield) of 20 dimethyl(teti^ydro-3,3-diphenyl-2-furyUdene)ammonium bromide (compound (H)). To a solution of compound (H) (3.0 mmol) and (B) (3.0 mmol) in 10 ml DMF were added 3 equivalents of Na2CC)3. The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with water (20 ml x2). The aqueous layer was extracted once with ethyl acetate (25 ml). The combined 5 organics were dried (l^SCU) and the solvent was removed on a rotoevaporator. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5% NEt3/25% EtOAc/70% hexane) to give product compound (I) as colorless crystals: (yield: 81%); purity (HPLC): )97%; MS: mN 452.2; lHNMR(CDCl3): 5 2.0-2.1 (m,4H), 2.2 (m, 2H), 2.3-2.4 (m, 5H), 2.4-2.5 (m, 2H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 3.0 (bs, 3H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 3H), 7.3-7.5 (m, 12H). 10 To a solution of compound (I) (0.5 mmol) in 10 ml toluene were added 2 equivalents of Me3SiN3 and 0.1 eq of dibutyl tinoxide. The mixture was stirredat reflux under an argon atmosphere for 24 hours. LC/MS indicated the reaction was complete. The 15 solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in CHCI3 and loaded onto the column containing 5 g of silica gel. Flash chromatography was carried out eluting with 5% Et3N, 25% ethyl acetate and 70% hexane, then 10% Et3N, 40% EtOAc, 50% hexane, and finally eluting with 2% NH3/H20,15% methanol and 83% CH2C12. Compound (AFD) was obtained as a solid (yield: 35%); purity )97%(HPLC); MS: mN 20 495.2; lH NMR (DMSO d6): 5 2.2 (bs, 3H), 2.3-2.4 (m, 2H), 2.5 (m, 3H), 2.6-2.7 (m, 2H), 2.7-2.8 (m, 2H), 2.9 (bs, 3H), 3.3-3.4 (bs, 3H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 3H), 7.3-7.4 (m, 4H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 8H). WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 5.7 Example 7: Synthesis of Compounds AFE and BFE 5 To a solution of compound (AFD) (0.40 mmol) in dry DMF was added triethylamine (0.45), followed by the alkylating agent Br (CH2)C(0)NH2 (0.45 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C overnight. After completion of the reaction, the cooled mixture was poured into 1M NaOH (150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL). The organic extracts were dried (MgSCU) and the solvent evaporated at the rotary 10 evaporator to leave a gum. Flash chromatography of the residue (SiC)2, ether: methanol: ammonium hydroxide (200:10:1)) provided compound (AFE) as a colorless gum: (yield 69%); purity )97%(HPLC); MS: mN 552.3 (M + 1); !H NMR (DMSO d6): 5 2.2-2.3 (br s, 3H), 2.35-3.0 (m, 11H), 3.3-3.4 (m, 4H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 7.15-7.5 (m, 16H), 7.8 (br s, 1H). . 15 Further chromatography provides compound (BFE). 5.8 Example 8; Synthesis of Compounds AFV and BFV Scheme 22 20 To a solution of compound (AFD) (0.40 mmol) in dry DMF was added triethylamine (0.45), followed by the alkylating agent Br (CB2)2NHSCbCEb (0.45 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C overnight. After completion of the reaction, the cooled mixture was poured into 1M NaOH (150 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL). The organic extracts were dried (MgSCU) and the solvent evaporated at the rotary 25 evaporator to leave a gum. Flash chromatography of the residue (Si02, ether : methanol: WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 26%); purity )97% (HPLC); MS: mN 616.3 (M+1); ^NMR (DMSO d6): 62.1-2.2 (br s, 3H), 2.3-2.4 (m, 5H), 2.75 (s, 3H) 2.9-2.10 (br s, 3H), 3.3-3.4 (m, 6H), 3.5 (m, 3H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.5 (m, 16H). 5 The following example will demonstrate that 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds bind to N- or ORL-1-receptors and, accordingly, are useful for treating or preventing pain or diarrhea. 5.9.1 Materials and Methods 10 All reagents are obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) unless noted otherwise. Membranes from recombinant HEK-293 cells expressing the human opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) receptor (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA) are prepared by lysing cells in ice-cold hypotonic buffer (2.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) (10 mL/10 cm dish), 15 followed by homogenization with a tissue grinder/teflon pestle. Membranes are collected by centrifugation at 30,000 x g for 15 nun at 4 °C, and pellets are resuspended in hypotonic buffer to a final concentration of 1-3 mg/mL. Protein concentrations are determined using the BioRad (Hercules, CA) protein assay reagent with bovine serum albumen as standard. Aliquots of the ORL-1 receptor membranes are stored at -80 °C. 20 use 0.1 nM [3H]-nociceptin or 0.2 nM [3H]-diprenoiphine (NEN, Boston, MA), respectively, with 5-20 mg membrane protein/well in a final volume of 500 ml binding buffer (10 mM MgCl2,1 mM EDTA, 5% DMSO, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Reactions are 25 carried out in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of unlabled nociceptin (American Peptide Company, Sunnyvale, CA) or naloxone, for ORL-1 and /i, respectively. All reactions are conducted in 96-deep well polypropylene plates for 1-2 h at room temperature. Binding reactions are terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/C filter plates (Packard, Meriden, CT) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine using a 96- 30 well tissue harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, MD) followed performing by three filtration washes with 500 μ of ice-cold binding buffer. Filter plates are subsequently dried at 50 °C for 2-3 h. BetaScint scintillation cocktail (Wallac, Turku, Finland) is added (50μL/well), WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 and plates are counted using a Packard Top-Count for 1 rain/well. The data are analyzed using the one-site competition curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM v. 3.0 (San Diego, CA). 5.9.2 μ -Receptor-Binding Data 5 Generally, the lower the Ki value, the more effective the 4-Tetrazolyl-4- phenylpiperidine Compounds are at treating or preventing pain or diarrhea. Typically, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 300 or less for binding to N-opioid receptors. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenyIpiperidine compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, the 4- 10 Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds of the present invention will have a Ki (nM) of about 10 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 1 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazoiyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 0.1 or less. Compound AFD, an illustrative 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compound, has a Ki (nM) 15 of 3.2 for binding to N-opioid receptors. 5.9.3 ORL-1-Receptor-Binding Data Generally, the lower the Ki value, the more effective the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds are at treating or preventing pain or diarrhea. Typically, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 10,000 or less for 20 ORL-1 receptors. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 2000 or less. In another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 1000 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a Ki (nM) of about 100 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 25 will have a Ki (nM) of about 10 or less. 30 WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 pH 7.4) on ice (final concentrations indicated): membrane protein (0.066 mg/mL for ORL-1 receptor and 0.026 mg/mL for-receptor), saponin (10 mg/ml), GDP (3 mM) and [35S]GTPTS (0.20 nM; NEN). The prepared membrane solution (190 μ/well) is transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing 10 μ of 20x concentrated stock 5 solutions of the agonist nociceptin prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide ("DMSO"). Plates are incubated for 30 min at room temperature with shaking. Reactions are terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard, Meriden, CT) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, MD) followed by three filtration washes with 200 μofice-cold binding buffer (10mMNaH2PO4,10mMNa2HPO4,pH 7.4). Filterplates 10 are subsequently dried at 50 °C for 2-3 h. BetaScint scintillation cocktail (Wallac, Turku, - Finland) is added (50 μ/well) and plates are counted using a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. Data are analyzed using the sigmoidal dose-response curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM, v. 3.0. 5.10.2 u-Receptor Function Data 15 μ GTP EC50 is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a μ receptor. 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds typically having a μ GTP EC50 (nM) of about 5000 or less stimulate μopioid receptor function. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a /x GTP EC50 (nM) of about 1000 or less, hi still another embodiment, the 4- 20 Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a GTP EC50 (nM) of about 100 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a fi GTP EC50 (nM) of about 10 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a μ GTP EC50 (nM) of about 1 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a μ GTP 25 EC50 (nM) of about 0.1 or less. μ, GTP Emax % is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by [D-Ala2, N-methyl-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin ("DAMGO"), a standard μ agonist. Generally, the μ GTP Emax (%) value measures the efficacy of a compound to treat or prevent pain or diarrhea. Typically the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds ) 30 will have a μ GTP Emax (%) of greater than 50%. In one embodiment the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a μGTP Emax (%) of greater than 75%. In still another embodiment the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a fi GTP Emax (%) of greater than 88%. In still another embodiment the 4-Tetrazolyl-4- WO 2004/046132 PCT/US2003/036742 5.10.3 ORL-1-Receptor Function Data ORL-1 GTP EC50 is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at an ORL-1 receptor. 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds having a ORL-1 GTP EC50 (nM) of about 10,000 or less stimulate ORL-1 5 opioid-receptor function. In one embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a ORL-1 GTP EC0 (nM) of about 1000 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a ORL-1 GTP EC50 (nM) of about 100 or less. In still another embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpipefidine Compounds will have a ORL-1 GTP EC50 (nM) of about 50 or less. In still another 10 embodiment, the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a ORL-1 GTP EC50 (nM) of about 10 or less. ORL-1 GTP Emax % is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by nociceptin, a standard ORL-1 agonist. Generally, the ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) value measures the efficacy of a compound to treat or prevent pain or diarrhea. 15 Typically the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds have a ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of greater than 50%. In one embodiment the 4-Tetrazolyl-4~phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of greater than 75%. In still another embodiment the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds will have a ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of greater than 88%. In still another embodiment the 4-Tetrazolyl-4-phenylpiperidine Compounds 20 will have a ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of greater than 100%. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown 25 and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. A number of references have been cited, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 1. A compound of formula (la): or a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ari is -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; Ar2 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; G is -H, -L-(CH2)nC02R4, -L-CH2)nR5, -(CrC5 aIkylene)C02R4, or (C1-C5 R4= -H, -C1C10) alkyl, -CH20(C1-C4 alkyl), -CH2N(C1-4alkyFh, or -CH2NH(Ci-C4 alkyl); R5 = -NH2, -NHS02R4, -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NHOH, -S02NH2, -C(0)NH(C1-4alkyl), -C(0)N(C1-4alkyl)2, -S02NH(C1-4alkyl), -S02N(C1-4alkyl)2, -H, -OH, -CN, -C3-8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups ; m = an integer ranging from 0 to 4; n = an integer ranging from 1 to 4; p = 0 or 1; q = an integer ranging from 0 to 3; and r = an integer ranging from 1 to 6. 2. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein Ari and Ar2 are phenyl. 3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein m - 1 and G = H. 4. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NH(C1-4alkyl) or -C(0)N(C1-4alkyl)(C1-4alkyl). 5. The compound or phannaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein Ri is -CN. 6. The compound or phannaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein p = 0 and q = 0. 7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein G= -(CH2)2NHS02H. 8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein G = -CH2C(0)NH2, -CH2C(0)NH(C1-4alkyl) or -CH2C(0)N(C1-4alkyl)(C1-4alkyl). 9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein G = -(CH2)2C(0)OCH2CH3. 10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of clspm 1, wherein G = -(CH2)4C(0)OCH2CH3. 11. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein p = 1. 12. A composition comprising an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable carrier or excipient 13. The composition of claim 12, further comprising an opioid analgesic. 14. The composition of claim 12, further comprising a non-opioid analgesic. 15. The composition of claim 12, further comprising an anti-emetic agent. 16. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 20. A method for stimulating opioid-receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor with an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1. or 2 pharmaeeutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ari is -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R2 groups; A12 is phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, or -(5- to 7-membered) heteroaryl, each being unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R? groups; m = an integer ranging from 0 to 4; n = an integer ranging from 1 to 4; p = 0or 1; q = an integer ranging from 0 to 3; and r = an integer ranging from 1 to 6. 22. The compound or pharmaeeutically acceptable salt of the compound Of claim 21, wherein Ari and A12 are phenyl. - 23. The compound or pharmaeeutically acceptable salt of the compound Of claim 21, wherein m = 1 and G = H. 24. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein Rx is -C(0)NH2, -C(0)NH(C1-4alkyl) or -C(0)N(C1-4alkyl)(C1-4alkyl). 25. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein Ri is -CN. 26. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein p = 0 and q = 0. 27. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein G= -(CH2)2NHS02H. 28. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein G = -CH2C(0)NH2, -CH2C(0)NH(C1-4alkyl) or -CH2C(0)N(C1-4alkyl)(C1-4alkyl). 29. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein G = -(CH2)2C(0)OCH2CH3. 30. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein G= -(CH2)4C(0)OCH2CH3. 31. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21, wherein p = 1. 32. A composition comprising an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 33. The composition of claim 32, further comprising an opioid analgesic. 34. The composition of claim 32, further comprising a non-opioid analgesic. 35. The composition of claim 32, further comprising an anti-emetic agent. 36. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21. 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 38. The method of claim 36, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 39. The method of claim 36, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 40. A method for stimulating opioid-receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor with an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21. m = an integer ranging from 0 to 4; n = an integer ranging from 1 to 4; p = 0orl; q = an integer ranging from 0 to 3; and r = an integer ranging from 1 to 6. 42. The compound or pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41, wherein AR2 is phenyl. 43. The compound or pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41, wherein m = 1 and G = H. 45. The compound orpharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41, wherein R\ is -CN. 46. The compound or pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41, wherein p = 0 and q = 0. 47. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41, wherein G = -(CH2)2NHS02H. 51. The compound or phannaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41, wherein p = 1. 52. A composition comprising an effective amount of a compound or a phannaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41 and a phannaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient 53. The composition of claim 52, further comprising an opioid analgesic. 54. The composition of claim 52, further comprising a non-opioid analgesic. 55. The composition of claim 52, further comprising an anti-emetic agent. 56. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41. 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 58. The method of claim 56, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 59. The method of claim 56, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 60. A method for stimulating opioid-receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor with an effective **. amount of a compound or a pharmaceuticalLY acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41. 62. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61, wherein A13 is phenyl. 63. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61, wherein m = 1 and G - H. 65. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61, wherein Ri is -CN. 66. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61, wherein p = 0 and q = 0. 67. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61, wherein G= -(CH2)2NHS02H. 71. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable sail of the compound of claim 61, wherein p = 1. 72. A composition comprising an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 73. The composition of claim 72, further comprising an opioid analgesic. 74. The composition of claim 72, further comprising a non-opioid analgesic. 75. The composition of claim 72, further comprising an anti-emetic agent. 76. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61. 77. The method of claim 76, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 78. The method of claim 76, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 79. The method of claim 76, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 80. A method for stimulating opioid-receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing an opioid receptor with an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61. 81. The method of any one of claims 20,40, 60, or 80, wherein the receptor is a K-opioid receptor. 82. The method of any one of claims 20,40, 60, or 80, wherein the receptor is a n-opioid receptor. 83. The method of any one of claims 20,40, 60, or 80, wherein the receptor is a o-opioid receptor. 84. The method of any one of claims 20,40, 60, or 80, wherein the receptor is an ORL-1 receptor. 85. A method for preparing a composition, the method comprising admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, 21,41, or 61, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 86. A kit comprising a container containing the composition of claim 1. 87. A kit comprising a container containing the composition of claim 21 88. A kit comprising a container containing the composition of claim 41 89. A kit comprising a container containing the composition of claim 61. 90. The composition of claim 12, further comprising an anti-diarrheal agent. 91. The composition of claim 32, further comprising an anti-diarrheal agent. 92. The composition of claim 52, further comprising an anti-diarrheal agent. 93. The composition of claim 72, further comprising an anti-diarrheal agent. 94. A method for treating diarrhea in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1. 95. The method of claim 94, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 96. The method of claim 94, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 97. The method of claim 94, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 98. A method for treating diarrhea in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 21. 99. The method of claim 98, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 100. The method of claim 98, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 101. The method of claim 98, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 102. A method for treating diairhea in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 41. 103. . The method of claim 102, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 104. The method of claim 102, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. 105. The method of claim 102, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent. 106. A method for treating diarrhea in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 61. 107. The method of claim 106, further comprising administering an effective amount of an opioid analgesic. 108. The method of claim 106, further comprising administering an effective amount of a non-opioid analgesic. v 109. The method of claim 106, further comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-emetic agent.

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1257-chenp-2005 abstract duplicate.pdf

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1257-chenp-2005 description (complete) duplicate 2.pdf

1257-chenp-2005 description (complete) duplicate.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-abstract.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-assignement.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-claims.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-correspondnece-others.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-correspondnece-po.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-description(complete).pdf

1257-chenp-2005-form 1.pdf

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1257-chenp-2005-form 5.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-form13.pdf

1257-chenp-2005-pct.pdf

1257-chenp-2005.rtf