Title of Invention	A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING DATA IN A MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM
Abstract	A satellite communication system comprising of a central hub/gateway station and remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) stations. VSAT inbound transmissions are spread in bandwidth using an assigned PN code sequence. This sequence is derived as a cyclic function of a basse sequence for use by the group of VSATs. The gateway transmits a continuous outbound signal that functions as the network frequency and timing reference. In addition, the gateway periodically forms timing and frequency error estimates on each VSAT transmission and broadcasts these results over the outbound channel to the VSATs.

Title of Invention

A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING DATA IN A MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM

Abstract

A satellite communication system comprising of a central hub/gateway station and remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) stations. VSAT inbound transmissions are spread in bandwidth using an assigned PN code sequence. This sequence is derived as a cyclic function of a basse sequence for use by the group of VSATs. The gateway transmits a continuous outbound signal that functions as the network frequency and timing reference. In addition, the gateway periodically forms timing and frequency error estimates on each VSAT transmission and broadcasts these results over the outbound channel to the VSATs.

Full Text	A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING DATA IN A MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier system and generally to communication systems, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data in a multi-carrier communication system. Background of the Invention Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a well-known multicarrier modulation method that is used in several wireless system standards. Some of the systems using OFDM include 5 GHz high data rate wireless LANs (IEEE802.11 a, HiperLan2, MMAC), digital audio and digital video broadcast in Europe (DAB and DVB-T, respectively), and broadband fixed wireless systems such as IEEE802.16a. An OFDM system divides the available bandwidth into very many narrow frequency bands (subcarriers), with data being transmitted in parallel on the subcarriers. Each subcarrier utilizes a different portion of the occupied frequency band. Spreading can also be applied to the data in an OFDM system to provide various forms of multicarrier spread spectrum. Such spread-OFDM systems are generally referred to as either Spread OFDM (SOFDM), mullicairicr CDMA (MC CDMA). or Orthlogenal Frequency Code Division, Multiplexing (OFCDM) For systems employing MC CDMA, spreading is applied in the frequency dimension and multiple signals (users) can occupy the same set of subcarriers by using different sprending, codes. For OFCDM, different users me assigned different mutually orthogonal spreading codes, and the spread signals are combined prior to transmission on the downlink. Spreading can be applied in the frequency dimension, or the time dimension, or a combination of time and frequency spreading can be used. In any case, orthogonal codes such as Walsh codes are used for the spreading function, and multiple data symbols can be code multiplexed onto different Walsh codes (i.e., multi-code transmission). Focusing on OFCDM systems, the orthogonality between Walsh codes is only preserved if the channel is constant over all of the time / frequency resources thai are spanned by the Walsh code. This leads to different tradeoffs between lime and frequency spreading for different system parameters (e.g., subcarrier and OFDM symbol spacing) and different channel conditions (e.g.,delay spread and doppler spread). For an OFCDM system with a spreading factor of SF in the time dimension, in which each symbol is represented by SF chips, up to SF Walsh codes can be active on each subcarrier. For channel estimation, one of these Walsh codes can be assigned as a pilot signal (i.e., in the same way that a pilot signal is created in conventional single- carrier CDMA systems such as IS-95).However, aproblem with this method is that when time-variations are significant, for example due to vehicular mobility, the orthogonality of the Walsh codes is lost. This causes the pilot channel to suffer interference from the other Walsh codes. Channel estimation is degraded due to this interference. Additionally, when despreading the pilot channel, a single channel estimate results for the entire spread block of SF "chips". This single channel estimate is not accurate when the channel varies significantly over the block (SF chips). Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for transmission and reception within an OFDM communication system that provides a more accurate channel estimate, and reduces the amount of pilot channel degradation for time-varying channels. US6108317 discloses a satellite communication system comprising of a central hub/gateway station and remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) stations. VSAT inbound transmissions are spread in bandwidth using an assigned PN code sequence. This sequence is derived as a cyclic function of a basse sequence for use by the group of VSATs. The gateway transmits a continuous outbound signal that functions as the frequency and timing reference. In addition, the gateway periodically forms timing and frequency error estimates on each VSAT transmission and broadcasts these results over the outbound channel to the VSATs. Said reference fails to teach or otherwise suggest the Applicant's claimed subject matter of spreading data streams and a pilot stream, combining the spread pilot stream with a chip stream, and lime shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount. Brief Description of the Accompanying Drawings FIG. 1 through FIG.3 show examples of prior-art methods for including pilot symbols in an OFDM-based system. FIG. 4 illustrates a spread OFDM channel structure in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a spread OFDM communication system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 4 in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 illustrates a spread OFDM channel structure in accordance with the alternate embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a spread OFDM communication system in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 7 in accordance with the alternate embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 illustrates channel estimation in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a receiver in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing channel estimation in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Accompanying Drawings In order to address the above-mentioned need, a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data in a spread OFDM system is provided herein. In particular, a staggered time-spread OFCDM scheme is utilized that improves channel estimation. In a first embodiment, each chip stream is time shifted by a predetermined amount and then transmitted on a predetermined subcarrier. This results in time-spread symbols being staggered (time-offset) on different subcarriers allowing for more frequent sampling of the channel, improving channel estimation. In a second embodiment a staggered spreading approach is applied in the frequency dimension to improve the performance of a system with spreading in the frequency dimension. The present invention encompasses a method for transmitting data in a multi-carrier system where data from an individual user is transmitted on multiple subcarriers, the method comprising the steps of: de-multiplexing a data stream to produce a plurality of de-multiplexed data streams; spreading de-multiplexed data streams with a spreading code to produce a plurality of chip streams; spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream; combining the spread pilot stream with a chip stream from the plurality of chip streams; and time shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount; and transmitting each time-shifted chip stream on a predetermined subcarrier; wherein the step of time shifting each chip stream comprises the step of time shifting the combination of the pilot stream and the chip stream. The present invention additionally encompasses a methpd for transmitting data, the method comprising the steps of: de-multiplexing a symbol stream to produce a plurality of de-multiplexed symbols; spreading each symbol with a spreading code to produce a plurality spread symbols, each comprising a predetermined number of chips; for a first transmission interval, mapping a first chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier; and for a second transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier. The present invention additionally encompasses a method for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said method comprising the steps of: receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of subcarriers; demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream; despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period; despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period; generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates; and generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. The present invention additionally encompasses an apparatus comprising a de-multiplexer, de-multiplexing a data stream to produce a plurality of de- multiplexed data streams; a spreader spreading the de-multiplexed data streams with a spreading code to produce a plurality chip streams, time shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount, and a transmitter transmitting each time- shifted chip stream on a predetermined subcarrier. The present invention additionally encompasses an apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said apparatus comprising: a de-multiplexer, de-multiplexing a symbol stream to produce a plurality of de-multiplexed symbols; a spreader, spreading each symbol with a spreading code to produce a plurality spread symbols, each comprising a predetermined number of chips; and a mapper, for a first transmission interval, mapping a first chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier and for a second transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier. The present invention additionally encompasses an apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said apparatus comprising: a receiver, receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of subcarriers and demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream; a channel estimator, despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period, and despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period; and an interpolator generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates and generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. Turning now to the drawings, wherein like numerals designate like components, FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show examples of prior-art methods for including pilot symbols in an OFDM-based system. Note that these prior art methods can be sued for systems that transit regular OFDM data, or spread data (such as MC-CDMA, OFCDM). However, note that each individual pilot symbol occupies only "one subcarrier by one OFDM symbol period", and also note that the pilot and data are not code multiplexed. Instead, the pilot symbols are separated in time and/or frequency from the data. In these prior art methods, a channel estimate may be obtained at each pilot symbol location, which is separate from the data or spread data locations. Then, the channel may be estimated at other locations in the time-frequency grid, especially locations where data or spread data is located, so the data can be despread and detected. In contrast with the prior art methods of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises the use of a spread pilot that is code multiplexed with spread data. FIG. 3 illustrates a prior art spread OFDM channel structure. Particularly, FIG. 3 illustrates an OFCDM system with spreading in the time dimension. The time-frequency grid for this type of a system with SF - 8 is . shown where each symbol is spread with 8 chips. The eight chips ,are then transmitted on a particular frequency (subcarrier). As shown in FIG. 3, eight chips representing a first symbol are transmitted on subcarrier 1, followed by another eight chips representing another symbol. Similar transmissions occur on subcarriers 2 through 4. Up to SF symbols can be code multiplexed onto the- same time/frequency space. For example, up to SF symbols can be code multiplexed onto the same subcarrier during a single spreading block interval, b. In a system with a code multiplexed pilot, at least one of the Walsh codes is used as a pilot channel. The composite signal at a particular location in the time-frequency grid is described as where: b is the spreading block interval index (note that b increases by one every SF OFDM symbol periods); n is the chip index within the bth spreading block interval. Note that n increments from 1 to SF within each spreading block interval b; k is the subcarrier index, 1 c denotes the scrambling code; i is the Walsh code index, 1 p denotes the Walsh code index that is used for the pilot channel; W1 denotes the 7th Walsh code; A, denotes the (real) gain applied to the ith Walsh code channel (e.g., based on power control settings, if any); and d1de notes the complex data symbol that modulates the ith Walsh code. dp denotes the pilot symbol that modulates the /7th Walsh code channel (i.e., the pilot channel). Note that an OFCDM system has different characteristics than conventional single-carrier CDM/CDMA systems. In single-carrier CDMA systems, a common source of signal distortion is inter-chip interference due to multipath delay spread. This inter-chip interference destroys the orthogonality between different orthogonal spreading codes even though the channel does not vary within a spreading block. The use of an OFDM-based multicarrier spread system such as OFCDM eliminates the inter-chip interference problem because of its reduced chip rate together with the cyclic prefix that is commonly used in OFDM-based systems. However, with the use of OFCDM, a new problem arises. In OFCDM, the chip duration is much greater than in a comparable- bandwidth single carrier system. As a result, the duration of a spreading block is greatly expanded in an OFCDM system, and this creates an inherent problem of sensitivity to channel variation over a spreading block. Channel variation within a spreading block causes interference between orthogonal spreading codes, and additionally leads to channel estimation problems if a code multiplexed pilot is used. As discussed above, prior art spread OFDM systems can lose orthogonality when time-variations occur within the spread block. This causes the pilot channel to suffer interference from the other Walsh codes. Channel estimation is degraded due to this interference. Additionally, when despreading the pilot channel, a single channel estimate results for the entire spread block of SF "chips." This single channel estimate is not accurate when the channel varies significantly over the block. In order to address these issues, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention a staggered time-spread OFCDM scheme is utilized that improves channel estimation. In particular, each chip stream is time shifted by a predetermined amount and then transmitted on a predetermined subcarrier. This results in time-spread symbols being staggered (time-offset) on different subcarriers allowing for more frequent sampling of the channel. Increased channel sampling rate results in improved channel estimator performance and improved channel tracking ability for higher dopplers (e.g., higher vehicle speeds or higher channel frequencies in a mobile wireless system). Moreover, the present invention allows more flexibility in selecting the parameters of an OFCDM system (such as SF, chip duration, number of subcarriers) since the resulting system is more robust to channel variations. FIG. 4 illustrates such a spread OFDM channel structure in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As is evident, from one subcarrier to another, the first chip for each symbol is staggered in time. In this particular example, the "stagger offset" (SO) is equal to 4, so from one subcarrier to the next each symbol (comprising SF chips) is offset by 4 chip periods. For this example, as with the example described in FIG. 3, SF = 8, with each symbol being spread with 8 chips. The eight chips are then transmitted on a particular frequency (subcarrier). As shown in FIG. 4, sixteen chips representing up to SF2 symbols are transmitted on subcarrier 1, with sixteen chips representing up to another SF2 symbols being transmitted on subcarrier 2. However, the sixteen chips transmitted on subcarrier 2 are time shifted so that transmission of the first chip takes place during the same time period as transmission of the 4th chip on subcarrier 1. A similar transmission pattern occurs for subcarriers 3 and 4. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of transmitter 300 in a spread OFDM communication system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown, transmitter 300 comprises de-multiplexer 301, spreaders 302 and 304, time shifter 305, and OFDM modulator/transmitter 306. For simplicity, data from a single user (e.g., uplink) or for a single user (e.g., downlink) is shown in FIG. 5, however one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that in typical OFCDM transmitters, multiple users transmit (or are transmitted to) simultaneously with up to SF symbols occupying the same time/frequency space. During operation a data stream from/for a user enters de- multiplexer 301 where the data stream is de-multiplexed into a plurality of data streams. Typical de-multiplexing operations convert a data stream at a given data rate (R) into N data streams each having a data rate of R/N. Continuing, the de-multiplexed data streams enter spreader 302 where standard spreading occurs, producing a plurality of chip streams. Particularly, for an example scenario where the data and spreading codes are binary, spreader 302 modulo 2 adds an orthogonal code (e.g., an 8 chip Walsh code) to data symbol. For example, in 8 chip spreading, data symbols are each replaced by an8 chip spreading code or its inverse, depending on whether the data symbol was a 0 or 1. More generally, the spreading code is modulated by a complex data symbol, for example dt in the earlier equations; mis complex data symbol may be selected from a M-ary QAM or M-ary PSK constellation, for example. The spreading code preferably corresponds to a Walsh code from an 8 by 8 Hadamard matrix wherein a Walsh code is a single row or column of the matrix. Thus, for each data stream, spreader 302 repetitively outputs a Walsh code modulated by the present input data symbol value. It should be noted that in alternate embodiments of the present invention additional spreading or other operations may occur by spreader 302. For example, power control and/or data scrambling may be done, as shown in the previous equation. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention a single pilot per sub-channel is broadcast along with each symbol stream, providing channel estimation to aid in subsequent demodulation of a transmitted signal. The single pilot channel is utilized by all users receiving data during the particular frequency/time period. In alternate embodiments of the present invention, the transmission of the pilot channel may be "skipped" at various time periods/subcarriers in order to transmit more data when the channel conditions allow. A receiver, knowing the sequence and time interval, utilizes this information in demodulating/decoding the non-pilot broadcasts, which preferably occur on different spreading codes than the pilot. Thus in the preferred embodiment of the present invention a pilot stream (comprising a known symbol pattern) enters spreader 304, where it is appropriately spread utilizing a code from the 8 orthogonal codes. The pilot chip stream is then summed with each data chip stream via summers 303. It should be noted that data for more than one data stream may be summed at summers 303. In other words data for each user transmitted during the particular frequency/time period will have chips of multiple spreading codes summed at summers 303. The resulting summed chip stream is output to time shifter 305. As discussed above, time shifter 305 shifts specific chip streams on the different subcarriers (frequencies) in time allowing for more frequent sampling of the channel. Particularly, adjacent channels have a beginning symbol period (e.g., beginning of each Walsh code) staggered so that the beginning of one symbol period on a first subcarrier occurs during the transmission (preferably midway) of a second symbol period on a second subcarrier. All chip streams, whether time shifted or not, then enter OFDM modulator 306 where standard OFDM modulation occurs. FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 5 in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The logic flow begins at step 401 where a data stream from/for a user is de-multiplexed into a plurality of data streams. At step 403 each data stream is spread with a particular Walsh code and summed with a spread pilot code (step 405). The summed chip streams enter time shifter 305 where they are appropriately time shifted depending upon the subcarrier they are to be transmitted on (step 407). Finally at step 409 OFDM modulation and transmission occurs. The above text described a system in which transmissions on different subcarriers were time shifted by a predetermined number of chips. This results in time-spread symbols being staggered (time-offset) on different subcarriers allowing for more frequent sampling of the channel in the time dimension, such that better estimates of the time-varying channel are obtained. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, spreading is performed in the frequency dimension rather than (or in combination with) the time dimension. In this embodiment, channel variation occurs over the subcarriers due to mutilpath delay spread, resulting in a loss of orthogonality between pilot and data spreading codes and difficulty in estimating the channel variations over the subcarriers. The staggered spreading approach of the present invention is applied in the frequency dimension to improve the performance of a system with spreading in the frequency dimension, as is shown in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, during a first time period, a first chip of each symbol is transmitted on a first predetermined set of subcarriers (frequencies). During a second time period the first chip of each symbol is transmitted on a second predetermined set of subcarriers, where the second predetermined set of subcarriers differs from the first predetermined set of subcarriers. For a particular user, a first chip of a spread symbol is mapped to a predetermined subcarrier during a first transmission interval, and then mapped to a second subcarrier during a second transmission interval. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention the spread symbol is mapped to subcarriers k to k+SF-1 during the first transmission interval, and to m to m+SF-1 during the second transmission interval. Also note in FIG. 7 that multiple data symbol or spreading block periods can be represented in a single time interval (e.g., b = 1 and b = 2), since the chips of a spreading block do not need to span multiple time periods with frequency-dimension spreading. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of transmitter 600 in a spread OFDM communication system in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention. As is evident, transmitter 600 is similar to transmitter 300 except that time shifter 305 has been replaced by frequency/subcarrier mapper 605. Operation of transmitter 600 occurs as described above with reference to FIG. 5 except that the summed chip streams exiting summers 603 enter mapper 605 where they are mapped to different subcarriers as described above. In particular, for a first transmission interval, mapper 605 maps a first chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier, and for a second transmission interval, mapper 605 maps the first chip of a spread symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier. It should noted that in both FIG. 4 and FIG. 7 there exists frequency/chip locations that remain empty due to the staggering of transmissions. These need not remain empty.. For example, one could use these spaces to transmit user data or control information (with or without a code multiplexed pilot) spread with a smaller spreading factor, or use a similar-length spreading factor and span multiple gaps with the user's data (with or without a code multiplexed pilot), or to simply transmit additional pilot chips and/or pilot symbols that will further aid channel estimation at the receiver. Additionally, variations of FIG. 4 and FIG. 7 in terms of the spreading and the mapping of the spread symbols to the subcarrier / OFDM symbol grid are possible. In one alternate embodiment, the data symbols and pilot symbol(s) may be spread with differing spreading factors, preferably based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. For example in FIG. 4 the pilot chip stream could have a spreading factor of SF pilot = 8, while the data could have a spreading factor of SFdata = 16. In this case a single spread data block of length 16 (as can be obtained by concatenating two of the SF=8 spreading blocks such as b = 1 and b - 2 in FIG. 4) would contain two spread pilot symbols, each with SF_pilot = 8, such that the receive processing for the pilot channel is substantially similar to the preferred embodiment with reference to FIG. 4. Therefore, this embodiment provides additional flexibility in selecting or even dynamically adjusting the spreading factor used for data. However, for this example note that the use of SF_pilot = 8 blocks the use of 2 out of the 16 codes from the data channel, as is known in the art for OVSF codes. In an additional example of this alternate embodiment, the spread data with a spreading factor of 16 can be mapped onto two different subcarriers to provide two-dimensional spreading on the data, which is known in the art to provide additional frequency diversity. In this example, 8 chips of a 16 chip spreading block can be mapped to subcarrier k = 1 for spreading block interval b = 1, and the remaining 8 chips can be mapped to a different subcarrier (e.g., k = 2 for spreading block interval b = 1, k = 3 for spreading block b = 1or b = 2, or various other predetermined combinations). FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 8 in accordance with the alternate embodiment of the present invention. The logic flow begins at step 701 where a data stream from/for a user is demultiplexed into a plurality of data streams. At step 703 each data stream is spread with a particular Walsh code and summed with a spread pilot code (step 705). The summed chip streams enter frequency mapper 605 where they are appropriately mapped to a particular subcarrier (step 707). Finally at step 709 OFDM modulation and transmission occurs. As described above, during a first transmission period all symbols to be transmitted have their first chip transmitted on a first predetermined set of subcarriers. During the next time period (chip period) all symbols to be transmitted have their first chip transmitted on a second predetermined set of subcarriers. In the alternate embodiment of the present invention the first and the second set of subcarriers are mutually exclusive. By utilizing the above described transmission schemes, a receiver is allowed more frequent sampling of the channel. During reception, a baseline channel estimate is preferably obtained per spreading block by despreading the received signal by the pilot's Walsh code. The received signal can be modeled as: where h(b,n,k) is the channel, and n(b,n,k) is thermal noise and/or other noise and interference at the bth block, nth OFDM symbol, Kth subcarrier. The pilot channel is preferably despread by multiplying the received signal by the conjugate of the pilot's Walsh code times the scrambling code, and summing the elements; it is then preferably demodulated by dividing out the gain and pilot symbol: This despread channel estimate is the sum of three terms, one due to the constant part of the channel, one due to thermal noise, and one due to inter-code interference (ICI) from the data users arising from channel variation over the spreading block; in particular, is the despread noise contribution and n"(b,k) is the term due to ICI To improve the channel estimation, the baseline channel estimates h(b,k), available once per spreading block and subcarrier, are combined to take advantage of any correlation that exists across subcarriers, and to -obtain per- chip channel estimates within the spreading block. The filtering and interpolation are now described. The combined channel estimate, ha,filt(l,k) is the final estimated channel at the Kth subcarrier of the' lth OFDM- symbol, indexed by absolute symbol index l= 1,2,3,..., ha,filt(l,k) are obtained by interpolating and filtering the spread block channel estimates, ha,filt(b,k), as detailed below. In one embodiment, the channel estimate is held constant over the spread block and frequency filtering is applied. In another embodiment, the chip-level channel estimates are obtained by interpolating the spread block channel estimates. The channel estimates are first held constant for SO OFDM symbols, where SO is the "stagger offset", and the "stagger period" is defined The special case of no staggering is obtained by setting SO = SF, and SP = 1.The held channel estimates ha,filt(l,k) indexed by absolute time are "filled in" (i.e., sampled and held) with the despread pilots, gives the block index for symbol / and subcarrier k. Note for a given OFDM symbol l, different subcarriers come from possibly different spreading blocks in the case of staggered spreading. In the case of interpolation in the time dimension, for example linear interpolation, the held channel estimates may be combined to obtain channel estimates that vary with the chip index: This procedure is illustrated in FIG. 10. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention ha,filt(l,k) (or ha,filt(l,k) interpolated channel estimates) is then filtered across subcarriers for each OFDM symbol /. The filtering can be implemented in several ways. One way is to take an IFFT, and apply a multiplicative window to the time- domain channel to zero-out the portions corresponding to delay spreads larger than a maximum expected delay spread. Then the channel is obtained by taking an FFT. Another approach to the filtering is in the frequency domain directly. In either case, the channel is mathematically obtained via applying a low pass filter to all subcarriers, where g(k,k1),1 subcarrier. Note, some of the g(k,k1) may be zero. The estimated channel at the nth chip of the bth spread block and kth subcarrier is then given by ha,filt(l,k) at the appropriate time and frequency index; specifically, with no staggering h(b,,n,k) = ha,filt(l,k) with l = (b-1)-SF + n For the case of staggered spreading blocks, h(b,n,k) = ha,filt(l,k) with l = (b-1).SF + n+SO-mod (k-1,SP) The received signal is equalized, scrambling code removed and despread to obtain an estimate of the transmitted data symbols, d1(b,k). Let f (b,n,k)be equalizer coefficient at the nth chip of the bth spread block and Kth subcarrier. The estimate of the transmitted data symbol modulated on the i'h Walsh code is then obtained by the following equation, The equalizer coefficient can be chosen according to different criteria such as EGC (Equal-gain chip combing) or MMSE criterion, where s2n is the variance of ? (b,n,k) and s2n is the variance of x(b,n,k). If frequency-selective interference is present, then s2n/s2x can be replaced with t/SINR(b,n,k), where SINR is the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio. A gain correction term is further applied to the linear MMSE equalizer. FIG. 11 is a block diagram of receiver 900 in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown, receiver 900 comprises receiver/demodulator 901, buffer 902, despreader 903 channel estimator 904, chip-level interpolator 905, and multiplexer 906. During operation, demodulator 901 receives multiple subcarriers (multicarrier signal) and demodulates them producing a plurality of chip streams. The chip streams are passed to buffer 902 where they are stored. Buffer 902 stores the demodulated chip stream for a predetermined time while channel estimation takes place. For each chip stream, channel estimator 904 accesses buffer 902 and despreads the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period (i.e., a first SF chips) to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period. In a similar manner, channel estimator 904 despreads the chip steam with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period. The channel estimates are passed to chip-level interpolator 905 where a third channel estimate is generated. As described above with reference to FIG. 11, the third channel estimate is generated only for a portion of the first symbol period (i.e., a portion less than. SF chips), and is based on the first and the second channel estimates. In a similar manner, a fourth channel estimate is generated of a second portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. The channel estimates are passed to despreader 903 where they are utilized in despreading the chip streams into multiple data streams. Multiplexer 906 then recombines the data streams. In summary, unlike prior-art channel estimation for multicarrier systems, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention per-chip channel estimates are obtained from de-spread, code-multiplexed pilots, and these estimates can follow the channel variation within a single spreading block even though the despread pilot provides only a single channel estimate per spreading block. As a result, each chip within a symbol potentially has a varying channel estimate, greatly improving channel tracking and despreader performance for higher dopplers, and enabling the use of a code multiplexed pilot for a larger range of potential system parameters. FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing channel estimation in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The logic flow begins at step 1001 where a multicarrier signal is received comprising a plurality of subcarriers. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention the received signal comprises a multicarrier signal having relatively time-shifted chip streams existing on at least two subcarriers. The received signal is demodulated to produce a plurality of chip streams (step 1003). At step 1005 the chip stream is despread with a pilot code during a first symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period, and at step 1007 the chip steam is despread with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention the first and the second symbol periods are non-overlapping in time and in the alternate embodiment of the present invention the first and the second symbol periods are non-overlapping in frequency. Continuing, at step 1009 a third channel estimate is produced for a portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates, and at step 1011 a fourth channel estimate is generated for a second portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a particular embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the above description was given primarily involving OFDM modulation, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other multicarrier modulation techniques may be Utilized as well. Additionally, although the embodiments described above deal with time and frequency spreading separately, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a combination of both simultaneous time and frequency spreading as described above may be utilized as well. It is intended that such changes come within the scope of the following claims. WE CLAIM : 1. A method for transmitting data in a multi-carrier system where data from an individual user is transmitted on multiple subcarriers, the method comprising the steps of: de-multiplexing a data stream to produce a plurality of de-multiplexed data streams; spreading de-multiplexed data streams with a spreading code to produce a plurality of chip streams; spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream; combining the spread pilot stream with a chip stream from the plurality of chip streams; and time shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount; and transmitting each time-shifted chip stream on a predetermined subcarrier; wherein the step of time shifting each chip stream comprises the step of time shifting the combination of the pilot stream and the chip stream. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of combining the spread pilot stream with the chip stream comprises the step of code multiplexing the spread pilot stream with the chip stream. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein differing spreading codes are used for at least two of the de-multiplexed data streams. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of: spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream; time shifting the pilot stream by a predetermined amount; and transmitting the pilot stream on a predetermined subcarrier. 5. A method for transmitting data, the method comprising the steps of: de-multiplexing a symbol stream to produce a plurality of de-multipfexed symbols; spreading each symbol with a spreading code to produce a plurality spread symbols, each comprising a predetermined number of chips; for a first transmission interval, mapping a first chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier; and for a second transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5 comprising the steps of: spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream comprising pilot chips; and combining the pilot chips with chips of the spread symbols such that the chips mapped to the subcarriers comprise a combination of spread symbol chips and pilot chips. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the de-multiplexed symbols comprises a code multiplexed pilot. 8. The method as claimed in claim 5 comprising the step of for the first transmission interval, mapping the spread symbol to subcarners k to k + SF-1, and for the second transmission interval, mapping the spread symbol to m to n+SF-1, wherein SF is a spreading factor and k does not equal m 9. A method for ransmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, and method comprising the steps of receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of subcarriers; demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream; despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period; despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period; generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates; and generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the multicarrier signal comprises a code multiplexed pilot. , 11. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the step of receiving the multicarrier signal comprises the step of receiving a multicarrier signal having relatively time-shifted chip streams existing on at least two subcarriers. 12. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first and the second symbol period occur during a same time period and comprise chips transmitted on differing subcarriers. 13-. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first and the second symbol periods are non-overlapping in time. 14. An apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said apparatus comprising: 3 de-mi;ltip!';ver de-multiplexinq a symbol stream 'o produce a plurality of de-multiplexed symbols; a spreader, spreading each symbol with a spreading code to produce a plurality spread symbols, each comprising a predetermined number of chips; and a mapper, for a first transmission interval, mapping a first chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier and for a second transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier. 15. An apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said apparatus comprising: a receiver, receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of subcarriers and demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream; a channel estimator, despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period, and despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period; and an interpolator generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates and generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. A satellite communication system comprising of a central hub/gateway station and remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) stations. VSAT inbound transmissions are spread in bandwidth using an assigned PN code sequence. This sequence is derived as a cyclic function of a basse sequence for use by the group of VSATs. The gateway transmits a continuous outbound signal that functions as the network frequency and timing reference. In addition, the gateway periodically forms timing and frequency error estimates on each VSAT transmission and broadcasts these results over the outbound channel to the VSATs.

Full Text

A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING
DATA IN A MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting data in
a multi-carrier system and generally to communication systems, and in particular, to
a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving data in a multi-carrier communication
system.
Background of the Invention
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a well-known
multicarrier modulation method that is used in several wireless system
standards. Some of the systems using OFDM include 5 GHz high data rate
wireless LANs (IEEE802.11 a, HiperLan2, MMAC), digital audio and digital
video broadcast in Europe (DAB and DVB-T, respectively), and broadband
fixed wireless systems such as IEEE802.16a. An OFDM system divides the
available bandwidth into very many narrow frequency bands (subcarriers), with
data being transmitted in parallel on the subcarriers. Each subcarrier utilizes a
different portion of the occupied frequency band.
Spreading can also be applied to the data in an OFDM system to provide
various forms of multicarrier spread spectrum. Such spread-OFDM systems are
generally referred to as either Spread OFDM (SOFDM), mullicairicr CDMA
(MC CDMA). or Orthlogenal Frequency Code Division, Multiplexing
(OFCDM) For systems employing MC CDMA, spreading is applied in the
frequency dimension and multiple signals (users) can occupy the same set of
subcarriers by using different sprending, codes. For OFCDM, different users me
assigned different mutually orthogonal spreading codes, and the spread signals
are combined prior to transmission on the downlink. Spreading can be applied
in the frequency dimension, or the time dimension, or a combination of time
and frequency spreading can be used. In any case, orthogonal codes such as Walsh
codes are used for the spreading function, and multiple data symbols can be code
multiplexed onto different Walsh codes (i.e., multi-code transmission).
Focusing on OFCDM systems, the orthogonality between Walsh codes is only
preserved if the channel is constant over all of the time / frequency resources thai are
spanned by the Walsh code. This leads to different tradeoffs between lime and
frequency spreading for different system parameters (e.g., subcarrier and OFDM
symbol spacing) and different channel conditions (e.g.,delay spread and doppler
spread).
For an OFCDM system with a spreading factor of SF in the time dimension, in
which each symbol is represented by SF chips, up to SF Walsh codes can be active on
each subcarrier. For channel estimation, one of these Walsh codes can be assigned as
a pilot signal (i.e., in the same way that a pilot signal is created in conventional single-
carrier CDMA systems such as IS-95).However, aproblem with this method is that
when time-variations are significant, for example due to vehicular mobility, the
orthogonality of the Walsh codes is lost. This causes the pilot channel to suffer
interference from the other Walsh codes. Channel estimation is degraded due to this
interference. Additionally, when despreading the pilot channel, a single channel
estimate results for the entire spread block of SF "chips". This single channel estimate
is not accurate when the channel varies significantly over the block (SF chips).
Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for transmission and reception
within an OFDM communication system that provides a more accurate channel
estimate, and reduces the amount of pilot channel degradation for time-varying
channels.
US6108317 discloses a satellite communication system comprising of a central
hub/gateway station and remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) stations. VSAT
inbound transmissions are spread in bandwidth using an assigned PN code sequence.
This sequence is derived as a cyclic function of a basse sequence for use by the group
of VSATs. The gateway transmits a continuous outbound signal that functions as the
frequency and timing reference. In addition, the gateway periodically forms timing
and frequency error estimates on each VSAT transmission and broadcasts these
results over the outbound channel to the VSATs. Said reference fails to teach or
otherwise suggest the Applicant's claimed subject matter of spreading data streams
and a pilot stream, combining the spread pilot stream with a chip stream, and lime
shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount.
Brief Description of the Accompanying Drawings
FIG. 1 through FIG.3 show examples of prior-art methods for including pilot symbols
in an OFDM-based system.
FIG. 4 illustrates a spread OFDM channel structure in accordance with
the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a spread OFDM
communication system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the
present invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 4 in
accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates a spread OFDM channel structure in accordance with
the alternate embodiment of the present invention,
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a transmitter in a spread OFDM
communication system in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the
present invention.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 7 in
accordance with the alternate embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 illustrates channel estimation in accordance with the preferred
embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a receiver in accordance with the preferred
embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing channel estimation in accordance with
the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Accompanying Drawings
In order to address the above-mentioned need, a method and apparatus
for transmitting and receiving data in a spread OFDM system is provided
herein. In particular, a staggered time-spread OFCDM scheme is utilized that
improves channel estimation. In a first embodiment, each chip stream is time
shifted by a predetermined amount and then transmitted on a predetermined
subcarrier. This results in time-spread symbols being staggered (time-offset) on
different subcarriers allowing for more frequent sampling of the channel,
improving channel estimation. In a second embodiment a staggered spreading
approach is applied in the frequency dimension to improve the performance of a
system with spreading in the frequency dimension.
The present invention encompasses a method for transmitting data in a
multi-carrier system where data from an individual user is transmitted on multiple
subcarriers, the method comprising the steps of: de-multiplexing a data stream
to produce a plurality of de-multiplexed data streams; spreading de-multiplexed
data streams with a spreading code to produce a plurality of chip streams;
spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream; combining the spread
pilot stream with a chip stream from the plurality of chip streams; and time
shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount; and transmitting each
time-shifted chip stream on a predetermined subcarrier; wherein the step of time
shifting each chip stream comprises the step of time shifting the combination of
the pilot stream and the chip stream.
The present invention additionally encompasses a methpd for transmitting
data, the method comprising the steps of: de-multiplexing a symbol stream to
produce a plurality of de-multiplexed symbols; spreading each symbol with a
spreading code to produce a plurality spread symbols, each comprising a
predetermined number of chips; for a first transmission interval, mapping a first
chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier; and for a second
transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a second
subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier.
The present invention additionally encompasses a method for transmitting
data in a multi-carrier communication system, said method comprising the steps
of: receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of subcarriers;
demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream; despreading
the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period to produce a first
channel estimate for the first symbol period; despreading the chip stream with
the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel
estimate for the second symbol period; generating a third channel estimate only
for a portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel
estimates; and generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the
first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates.
The present invention additionally encompasses an apparatus comprising
a de-multiplexer, de-multiplexing a data stream to produce a plurality of de-
multiplexed data streams; a spreader spreading the de-multiplexed data streams
with a spreading code to produce a plurality chip streams, time shifting each chip
stream by a predetermined amount, and a transmitter transmitting each time-
shifted chip stream on a predetermined subcarrier.
The present invention additionally encompasses an apparatus for
transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said apparatus
comprising: a de-multiplexer, de-multiplexing a symbol stream to produce a
plurality of de-multiplexed symbols; a spreader, spreading each symbol with a
spreading code to produce a plurality spread symbols, each comprising a
predetermined number of chips; and a mapper, for a first transmission interval,
mapping a first chip of a spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier and for a
second transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a
second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier.
The present invention additionally encompasses an apparatus for
transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system, said apparatus
comprising: a receiver, receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of
subcarriers and demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream; a
channel estimator, despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during a first
symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period, and
despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second symbol period
to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period; and an
interpolator generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the first
symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates and
generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first symbol
period based on the first and the second channel estimates.
Turning now to the drawings, wherein like numerals designate like
components, FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show examples of prior-art methods for including
pilot symbols in an OFDM-based system. Note that these prior art methods can
be sued for systems that transit regular OFDM data, or spread data (such as
MC-CDMA, OFCDM). However, note that each individual pilot symbol occupies
only "one subcarrier by one OFDM symbol period", and also note that the pilot
and data are not code multiplexed. Instead, the pilot symbols are separated in
time and/or frequency from the data. In these prior art methods, a channel
estimate may be obtained at each pilot symbol location, which is
separate from the data or spread data locations. Then, the channel may be
estimated at other locations in the time-frequency grid, especially locations
where data or spread data is located, so the data can be despread and detected.
In contrast with the prior art methods of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the preferred
embodiment of the present invention comprises the use of a spread pilot that is
code multiplexed with spread data.
FIG. 3 illustrates a prior art spread OFDM channel structure.
Particularly, FIG. 3 illustrates an OFCDM system with spreading in the time
dimension. The time-frequency grid for this type of a system with SF - 8 is
. shown where each symbol is spread with 8 chips. The eight chips ,are then
transmitted on a particular frequency (subcarrier). As shown in FIG. 3, eight
chips representing a first symbol are transmitted on subcarrier 1, followed by
another eight chips representing another symbol. Similar transmissions occur on
subcarriers 2 through 4. Up to SF symbols can be code multiplexed onto the-
same time/frequency space. For example, up to SF symbols can be code
multiplexed onto the same subcarrier during a single spreading block interval, b.
In a system with a code multiplexed pilot, at least one of the Walsh codes is
used as a pilot channel.
The composite signal at a particular location in the time-frequency grid
is described as
where:
b is the spreading block interval index (note that b increases by one every SF
OFDM symbol periods);
n is the chip index within the bth spreading block interval. Note that n
increments from 1 to SF within each spreading block interval b;
k is the subcarrier index, 1 c denotes the scrambling code;
i is the Walsh code index, 1 p denotes the Walsh code index that is used for the pilot channel;
W1 denotes the 7th Walsh code;
A, denotes the (real) gain applied to the ith Walsh code channel (e.g., based on
power control settings, if any); and
d1de notes the complex data symbol that modulates the ith Walsh code. dp
denotes the pilot symbol that modulates the /7th Walsh code channel (i.e., the
pilot channel).
Note that an OFCDM system has different characteristics than
conventional single-carrier CDM/CDMA systems. In single-carrier CDMA
systems, a common source of signal distortion is inter-chip interference due to
multipath delay spread. This inter-chip interference destroys the orthogonality
between different orthogonal spreading codes even though the channel does not
vary within a spreading block. The use of an OFDM-based multicarrier spread
system such as OFCDM eliminates the inter-chip interference problem because
of its reduced chip rate together with the cyclic prefix that is commonly used in
OFDM-based systems. However, with the use of OFCDM, a new problem
arises. In OFCDM, the chip duration is much greater than in a comparable-
bandwidth single carrier system. As a result, the duration of a spreading block is
greatly expanded in an OFCDM system, and this creates an inherent problem of
sensitivity to channel variation over a spreading block. Channel variation within
a spreading block causes interference between orthogonal spreading codes, and
additionally leads to channel estimation problems if a code multiplexed pilot is
used.
As discussed above, prior art spread OFDM systems can lose
orthogonality when time-variations occur within the spread block. This causes
the pilot channel to suffer interference from the other Walsh codes. Channel
estimation is degraded due to this interference. Additionally, when despreading
the pilot channel, a single channel estimate results for the entire spread block of
SF "chips." This single channel estimate is not accurate when the channel varies
significantly over the block. In order to address these issues, in the preferred
embodiment of the present invention a staggered time-spread OFCDM scheme
is utilized that improves channel estimation. In particular, each chip stream is
time shifted by a predetermined amount and then transmitted on a
predetermined subcarrier. This results in time-spread symbols being staggered
(time-offset) on different subcarriers allowing for more frequent sampling of the
channel. Increased channel sampling rate results in improved channel estimator
performance and improved channel tracking ability for higher dopplers (e.g.,
higher vehicle speeds or higher channel frequencies in a mobile wireless
system). Moreover, the present invention allows more flexibility in selecting the
parameters of an OFCDM system (such as SF, chip duration, number of
subcarriers) since the resulting system is more robust to channel variations.
FIG. 4 illustrates such a spread OFDM channel structure in accordance
with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As is evident, from one
subcarrier to another, the first chip for each symbol is staggered in time. In this
particular example, the "stagger offset" (SO) is equal to 4, so from one
subcarrier to the next each symbol (comprising SF chips) is offset by 4 chip
periods. For this example, as with the example described in FIG. 3, SF = 8, with
each symbol being spread with 8 chips. The eight chips are then transmitted on
a particular frequency (subcarrier). As shown in FIG. 4, sixteen chips
representing up to SF*2 symbols are transmitted on subcarrier 1, with sixteen
chips representing up to another SF*2 symbols being transmitted on subcarrier
2. However, the sixteen chips transmitted on subcarrier 2 are time shifted so that
transmission of the first chip takes place during the same time period as
transmission of the 4th chip on subcarrier 1. A similar transmission pattern
occurs for subcarriers 3 and 4.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of transmitter 300 in a spread OFDM
communication system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the
present invention. As shown, transmitter 300 comprises de-multiplexer 301,
spreaders 302 and 304, time shifter 305, and OFDM modulator/transmitter 306.
For simplicity, data from a single user (e.g., uplink) or for a single user (e.g.,
downlink) is shown in FIG. 5, however one of ordinary skill in the art will
recognize that in typical OFCDM transmitters, multiple users transmit (or are
transmitted to) simultaneously with up to SF symbols occupying the same
time/frequency space. During operation a data stream from/for a user enters de-
multiplexer 301 where the data stream is de-multiplexed into a plurality of data
streams. Typical de-multiplexing operations convert a data stream at a given
data rate (R) into N data streams each having a data rate of R/N.
Continuing, the de-multiplexed data streams enter spreader 302 where
standard spreading occurs, producing a plurality of chip streams. Particularly,
for an example scenario where the data and spreading codes are binary, spreader
302 modulo 2 adds an orthogonal code (e.g., an 8 chip Walsh code) to data
symbol. For example, in 8 chip spreading, data symbols are each replaced by
an8 chip spreading code or its inverse, depending on whether the data symbol
was a 0 or 1. More generally, the spreading code is modulated by a complex
data symbol, for example dt in the earlier equations; mis complex data symbol
may be selected from a M-ary QAM or M-ary PSK constellation, for example.
The spreading code preferably corresponds to a Walsh code from an 8 by 8
Hadamard matrix wherein a Walsh code is a single row or column of the matrix.
Thus, for each data stream, spreader 302 repetitively outputs a Walsh code
modulated by the present input data symbol value. It should be noted that in
alternate embodiments of the present invention additional spreading or other
operations may occur by spreader 302. For example, power control and/or data
scrambling may be done, as shown in the previous equation.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention a single pilot per
sub-channel is broadcast along with each symbol stream, providing channel
estimation to aid in subsequent demodulation of a transmitted signal. The single
pilot channel is utilized by all users receiving data during the particular
frequency/time period. In alternate embodiments of the present invention, the
transmission of the pilot channel may be "skipped" at various time
periods/subcarriers in order to transmit more data when the channel conditions
allow. A receiver, knowing the sequence and time interval, utilizes this
information in demodulating/decoding the non-pilot broadcasts, which
preferably occur on different spreading codes than the pilot. Thus in the
preferred embodiment of the present invention a pilot stream (comprising a
known symbol pattern) enters spreader 304, where it is appropriately spread
utilizing a code from the 8 orthogonal codes. The pilot chip stream is then
summed with each data chip stream via summers 303. It should be noted that
data for more than one data stream may be summed at summers 303. In other
words data for each user transmitted during the particular frequency/time period
will have chips of multiple spreading codes summed at summers 303. The
resulting summed chip stream is output to time shifter 305.
As discussed above, time shifter 305 shifts specific chip streams on the
different subcarriers (frequencies) in time allowing for more frequent sampling
of the channel. Particularly, adjacent channels have a beginning symbol period
(e.g., beginning of each Walsh code) staggered so that the beginning of one
symbol period on a first subcarrier occurs during the transmission (preferably
midway) of a second symbol period on a second subcarrier. All chip streams,
whether time shifted or not, then enter OFDM modulator 306 where standard
OFDM modulation occurs.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 5 in
accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The logic
flow begins at step 401 where a data stream from/for a user is de-multiplexed
into a plurality of data streams. At step 403 each data stream is spread with a
particular Walsh code and summed with a spread pilot code (step 405). The
summed chip streams enter time shifter 305 where they are appropriately time
shifted depending upon the subcarrier they are to be transmitted on (step 407).
Finally at step 409 OFDM modulation and transmission occurs.
The above text described a system in which transmissions on different
subcarriers were time shifted by a predetermined number of chips. This results
in time-spread symbols being staggered (time-offset) on different subcarriers
allowing for more frequent sampling of the channel in the time dimension, such
that better estimates of the time-varying channel are obtained.
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, spreading is
performed in the frequency dimension rather than (or in combination with) the
time dimension. In this embodiment, channel variation occurs over the
subcarriers due to mutilpath delay spread, resulting in a loss of orthogonality
between pilot and data spreading codes and difficulty in estimating the channel
variations over the subcarriers. The staggered spreading approach of the present
invention is applied in the frequency dimension to improve the performance of a
system with spreading in the frequency dimension, as is shown in FIG. 7.
As shown in FIG. 7, during a first time period, a first chip of each
symbol is transmitted on a first predetermined set of subcarriers (frequencies).
During a second time period the first chip of each symbol is transmitted on a
second predetermined set of subcarriers, where the second predetermined set of
subcarriers differs from the first predetermined set of subcarriers. For a
particular user, a first chip of a spread symbol is mapped to a predetermined
subcarrier during a first transmission interval, and then mapped to a second
subcarrier during a second transmission interval. In the preferred embodiment
of the present invention the spread symbol is mapped to subcarriers k to k+SF-1
during the first transmission interval, and to m to m+SF-1 during the second
transmission interval. Also note in FIG. 7 that multiple data symbol or
spreading block periods can be represented in a single time interval (e.g., b = 1
and b = 2), since the chips of a spreading block do not need to span multiple
time periods with frequency-dimension spreading.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of transmitter 600 in a spread OFDM
communication system in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the
present invention. As is evident, transmitter 600 is similar to transmitter 300
except that time shifter 305 has been replaced by frequency/subcarrier mapper
605. Operation of transmitter 600 occurs as described above with reference to
FIG. 5 except that the summed chip streams exiting summers 603 enter mapper
605 where they are mapped to different subcarriers as described above. In
particular, for a first transmission interval, mapper 605 maps a first chip of a
spread symbol to a predetermined subcarrier, and for a second transmission
interval, mapper 605 maps the first chip of a spread symbol to a second
subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier.
It should noted that in both FIG. 4 and FIG. 7 there exists
frequency/chip locations that remain empty due to the staggering of
transmissions. These need not remain empty.. For example, one could use these
spaces to transmit user data or control information (with or without a code
multiplexed pilot) spread with a smaller spreading factor, or use a similar-length
spreading factor and span multiple gaps with the user's data (with or without a
code multiplexed pilot), or to simply transmit additional pilot chips and/or pilot
symbols that will further aid channel estimation at the receiver.
Additionally, variations of FIG. 4 and FIG. 7 in terms of the spreading
and the mapping of the spread symbols to the subcarrier / OFDM symbol grid
are possible. In one alternate embodiment, the data symbols and pilot symbol(s)
may be spread with differing spreading factors, preferably based on Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. For example in FIG. 4 the pilot chip
stream could have a spreading factor of SF pilot = 8, while the data could have
a spreading factor of SFdata = 16. In this case a single spread data block of
length 16 (as can be obtained by concatenating two of the SF=8 spreading
blocks such as b = 1 and b - 2 in FIG. 4) would contain two spread pilot
symbols, each with SF_pilot = 8, such that the receive processing for the pilot
channel is substantially similar to the preferred embodiment with reference to
FIG. 4. Therefore, this embodiment provides additional flexibility in selecting
or even dynamically adjusting the spreading factor used for data. However, for
this example note that the use of SF_pilot = 8 blocks the use of 2 out of the 16
codes from the data channel, as is known in the art for OVSF codes. In an
additional example of this alternate embodiment, the spread data with a
spreading factor of 16 can be mapped onto two different subcarriers to provide
two-dimensional spreading on the data, which is known in the art to provide
additional frequency diversity. In this example, 8 chips of a 16 chip spreading
block can be mapped to subcarrier k = 1 for spreading block interval b = 1, and
the remaining 8 chips can be mapped to a different subcarrier (e.g., k = 2 for
spreading block interval b = 1, k = 3 for spreading block b = 1or b = 2, or
various other predetermined combinations).
FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing operation of the transmitter of FIG. 8 in
accordance with the alternate embodiment of the present invention. The logic
flow begins at step 701 where a data stream from/for a user is demultiplexed
into a plurality of data streams. At step 703 each data stream is spread with a
particular Walsh code and summed with a spread pilot code (step 705). The
summed chip streams enter frequency mapper 605 where they are appropriately
mapped to a particular subcarrier (step 707). Finally at step 709 OFDM
modulation and transmission occurs. As described above, during a first
transmission period all symbols to be transmitted have their first chip
transmitted on a first predetermined set of subcarriers. During the next time
period (chip period) all symbols to be transmitted have their first chip
transmitted on a second predetermined set of subcarriers. In the alternate
embodiment of the present invention the first and the second set of subcarriers
are mutually exclusive.
By utilizing the above described transmission schemes, a receiver is
allowed more frequent sampling of the channel. During reception, a baseline
channel estimate is preferably obtained per spreading block by despreading the
received signal by the pilot's Walsh code. The received signal can be modeled
as:
where h(b,n,k) is the channel, and n(b,n,k) is thermal noise and/or other
noise and interference at the bth block, nth OFDM symbol, Kth subcarrier. The
pilot channel is preferably despread by multiplying the received signal by the
conjugate of the pilot's Walsh code times the scrambling code, and summing
the elements; it is then preferably demodulated by dividing out the gain and
pilot symbol:
This despread channel estimate is the sum of three terms, one due to the
constant part of the channel, one due to thermal noise, and one due to inter-code
interference (ICI) from the data users arising from channel variation over the
spreading block; in particular,
is the despread noise contribution and n"(b,k) is the term due to ICI
To improve the channel estimation, the baseline channel estimates
h(b,k), available once per spreading block and subcarrier, are combined to take
advantage of any correlation that exists across subcarriers, and to -obtain per-
chip channel estimates within the spreading block. The filtering and
interpolation are now described. The combined channel estimate, ha,filt(l,k) is
the final estimated channel at the Kth subcarrier of the' lth OFDM- symbol,
indexed by absolute symbol index l= 1,2,3,..., ha,filt(l,k) are obtained by
interpolating and filtering the spread block channel estimates, ha,filt(b,k), as
detailed below. In one embodiment, the channel estimate is held constant over
the spread block and frequency filtering is applied. In another embodiment, the
chip-level channel estimates are obtained by interpolating the spread block
channel estimates.
The channel estimates are first held constant for SO OFDM symbols,
where SO is the "stagger offset", and the "stagger period" is defined
The special case of no staggering is obtained by setting SO = SF, and SP =
1.The held channel estimates ha,filt(l,k) indexed by absolute time are "filled in"
(i.e., sampled and held) with the despread pilots,
gives the block index for symbol / and subcarrier k. Note for a given OFDM
symbol l, different subcarriers come from possibly different spreading blocks in
the case of staggered spreading.
In the case of interpolation in the time dimension, for example linear
interpolation, the held channel estimates may be combined to obtain channel
estimates that vary with the chip index:
This procedure is illustrated in FIG. 10.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention ha,filt(l,k) (or
ha,filt(l,k) interpolated channel estimates) is then filtered across subcarriers
for each OFDM symbol /. The filtering can be implemented in several ways.
One way is to take an IFFT, and apply a multiplicative window to the time-
domain channel to zero-out the portions corresponding to delay spreads larger
than a maximum expected delay spread. Then the channel is obtained by taking
an FFT. Another approach to the filtering is in the frequency domain directly. In
either case, the channel is mathematically obtained via applying a low pass filter
to all subcarriers,
where g(k,k1),1 subcarrier. Note, some of the g(k,k1) may be zero.
The estimated channel at the nth chip of the bth spread block and kth
subcarrier is then given by ha,filt(l,k) at the appropriate time and frequency
index; specifically, with no staggering
h(b,,n,k) = ha,filt(l,k) with l = (b-1)-SF + n
For the case of staggered spreading blocks,
h(b,n,k) = ha,filt(l,k) with l = (b-1).SF + n+SO-mod (k-1,SP)
The received signal is equalized, scrambling code removed and despread
to obtain an estimate of the transmitted data symbols, d1(b,k). Let f (b,n,k)be
equalizer coefficient at the nth chip of the bth spread block and Kth subcarrier.
The estimate of the transmitted data symbol modulated on the i'h Walsh code is
then obtained by the following equation,
The equalizer coefficient can be chosen according to different criteria
such as EGC (Equal-gain chip combing) or MMSE criterion,
where s2n is the variance of ? (b,n,k) and s2n is the variance of x(b,n,k). If
frequency-selective interference is present, then s2n/s2x can be replaced with
t/SINR(b,n,k), where SINR is the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio. A
gain correction term is further applied to the linear MMSE equalizer.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of receiver 900 in accordance with the
preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown, receiver 900
comprises receiver/demodulator 901, buffer 902, despreader 903 channel
estimator 904, chip-level interpolator 905, and multiplexer 906. During
operation, demodulator 901 receives multiple subcarriers (multicarrier signal)
and demodulates them producing a plurality of chip streams. The chip streams
are passed to buffer 902 where they are stored. Buffer 902 stores the
demodulated chip stream for a predetermined time while channel estimation
takes place. For each chip stream, channel estimator 904 accesses buffer 902
and despreads the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period
(i.e., a first SF chips) to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol
period. In a similar manner, channel estimator 904 despreads the chip steam
with the pilot code during a second symbol period to produce a second channel
estimate for the second symbol period. The channel estimates are passed to
chip-level interpolator 905 where a third channel estimate is generated. As
described above with reference to FIG. 11, the third channel estimate is
generated only for a portion of the first symbol period (i.e., a portion less than.
SF chips), and is based on the first and the second channel estimates. In a
similar manner, a fourth channel estimate is generated of a second portion of the
first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates. The
channel estimates are passed to despreader 903 where they are utilized in
despreading the chip streams into multiple data streams. Multiplexer 906 then
recombines the data streams.
In summary, unlike prior-art channel estimation for multicarrier systems,
in the preferred embodiment of the present invention per-chip channel estimates
are obtained from de-spread, code-multiplexed pilots, and these estimates can
follow the channel variation within a single spreading block even though the
despread pilot provides only a single channel estimate per spreading block. As a
result, each chip within a symbol potentially has a varying channel estimate,
greatly improving channel tracking and despreader performance for higher
dopplers, and enabling the use of a code multiplexed pilot for a larger range of
potential system parameters. FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing channel
estimation in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present
invention. The logic flow begins at step 1001 where a multicarrier signal is
received comprising a plurality of subcarriers. In the preferred embodiment of
the present invention the received signal comprises a multicarrier signal having
relatively time-shifted chip streams existing on at least two subcarriers. The
received signal is demodulated to produce a plurality of chip streams (step
1003). At step 1005 the chip stream is despread with a pilot code during a first
symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period,
and at step 1007 the chip steam is despread with the pilot code during a second
symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol
period. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention the first and the
second symbol periods are non-overlapping in time and in the alternate
embodiment of the present invention the first and the second symbol periods are
non-overlapping in frequency.
Continuing, at step 1009 a third channel estimate is produced for a
portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel
estimates, and at step 1011 a fourth channel estimate is generated for a second
portion of the first symbol period based on the first and the second channel
estimates.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to a particular embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the
art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the
above description was given primarily involving OFDM modulation, one of
ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other multicarrier modulation
techniques may be Utilized as well. Additionally, although the embodiments
described above deal with time and frequency spreading separately, one of
ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a combination of both simultaneous
time and frequency spreading as described above may be utilized as well. It is
intended that such changes come within the scope of the following claims.
WE CLAIM :
1. A method for transmitting data in a multi-carrier system where data from
an individual user is transmitted on multiple subcarriers, the method comprising
the steps of:
de-multiplexing a data stream to produce a plurality of de-multiplexed
data streams;
spreading de-multiplexed data streams with a spreading code to produce
a plurality of chip streams;
spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream;
combining the spread pilot stream with a chip stream from the plurality of
chip streams; and
time shifting each chip stream by a predetermined amount; and
transmitting each time-shifted chip stream on a predetermined subcarrier;
wherein the step of time shifting each chip stream comprises the step of
time shifting the combination of the pilot stream and the chip stream.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of combining the
spread pilot stream with the chip stream comprises the step of code multiplexing
the spread pilot stream with the chip stream.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein differing spreading codes are
used for at least two of the de-multiplexed data streams.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of:
spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream;
time shifting the pilot stream by a predetermined amount; and
transmitting the pilot stream on a predetermined subcarrier.
5. A method for transmitting data, the method comprising the steps of:
de-multiplexing a symbol stream to produce a plurality of de-multipfexed
symbols;
spreading each symbol with a spreading code to produce a plurality
spread symbols, each comprising a predetermined number of chips;
for a first transmission interval, mapping a first chip of a spread symbol to
a predetermined subcarrier; and
for a second transmission interval, mapping the first chip of a spread
symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the second subcarrier differs from the
first subcarrier.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5 comprising the steps of:
spreading a pilot stream to produce a spread pilot stream comprising pilot
chips; and
combining the pilot chips with chips of the spread symbols such that the
chips mapped to the subcarriers comprise a combination of spread symbol chips
and pilot chips.
7. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the de-multiplexed symbols
comprises a code multiplexed pilot.
8. The method as claimed in claim 5 comprising the step of for the first
transmission interval, mapping the spread symbol to subcarners k to k + SF-1,
and for the second transmission interval, mapping the spread symbol to m to
n+SF-1, wherein SF is a spreading factor and k does not equal m
9. A method for ransmitting data in a multi-carrier communication system,
and method comprising the steps of
receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of subcarriers;
demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream;
despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during a first symbol period
to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol period;
despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second symbol
period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol period;
generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the first symbol
period based on the first and the second channel estimates; and
generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first
symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the multicarrier signal
comprises a code multiplexed pilot. ,
11. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the step of receiving the
multicarrier signal comprises the step of receiving a multicarrier signal having
relatively time-shifted chip streams existing on at least two subcarriers.
12. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first and the second symbol
period occur during a same time period and comprise chips transmitted on
differing subcarriers.
13-. The method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first and the second symbol
periods are non-overlapping in time.
14. An apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication
system, said apparatus comprising:
3 de-mi;ltip!';ver de-multiplexinq a symbol stream 'o produce a plurality of
de-multiplexed symbols;
a spreader, spreading each symbol with a spreading code to produce a
plurality spread symbols, each comprising a predetermined number of chips; and
a mapper, for a first transmission interval, mapping a first chip of a spread
symbol to a predetermined subcarrier and for a second transmission interval,
mapping the first chip of a spread symbol to a second subcarrier, wherein the
second subcarrier differs from the first subcarrier.
15. An apparatus for transmitting data in a multi-carrier communication
system, said apparatus comprising:
a receiver, receiving a multicarrier signal comprising a plurality of
subcarriers and demodulating the multicarrier signal to produce a chip stream;
a channel estimator, despreading the chip stream with a pilot code during
a first symbol period to produce a first channel estimate for the first symbol
period, and despreading the chip stream with the pilot code during a second
symbol period to produce a second channel estimate for the second symbol
period; and
an interpolator generating a third channel estimate only for a portion of the
first symbol period based on the first and the second channel estimates and
generating a fourth channel estimate for a second portion of the first symbol
period based on the first and the second channel estimates.
A satellite communication system comprising of a central hub/gateway station and
remote very small aperture terminal (VSAT) stations. VSAT inbound transmissions
are spread in bandwidth using an assigned PN code sequence. This sequence is
derived as a cyclic function of a basse sequence for use by the group of VSATs. The
gateway transmits a continuous outbound signal that functions as the network
frequency and timing reference. In addition, the gateway periodically forms timing
and frequency error estimates on each VSAT transmission and broadcasts these
results over the outbound channel to the VSATs.

Documents:

2448-KOLNP-2005-(28-03-2012)-ASSIGNMENT.pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-(28-03-2012)-CERTIFIED COPIES(OTHER COUNTRIES).pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-(28-03-2012)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-(28-03-2012)-FORM-16.pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-(28-03-2012)-PA-CERTIFIED COPIES.pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-FORM-27.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-abstract.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-assignment.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-claims.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-correspondence.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-description (complete).pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-drawings.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-examination report.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-form 1.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-form 13.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-form 18.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-form 3.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-form 5.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-pa.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-reply to examination report.pdf

2448-kolnp-2005-granted-specification.pdf

2448-KOLNP-2005-PA.pdf

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Patent Number

224761

Indian Patent Application Number

2448/KOLNP/2005

PG Journal Number

43/2008

Publication Date

24-Oct-2008

Grant Date

22-Oct-2008

Date of Filing

01-Dec-2005

Name of Patentee

MOTOROLA, INC.

Applicant Address

1303 EAST ALGONQUIN ROAD, SCHUMBURG, IL

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	KRAUSS THOMAS P	740 MAJESTIC DRIVE, ALGONQUIN, IL 60102
2	BAUM KEVIN L	3450 RICHNEE LANE, ROLLING MEADOWS, IL 60008
3	NANGIA VIJAY	1139 PINE VALLEY DRIVE, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173

PCT International Classification Number

H04B 7/216

PCT International Application Number

PCT/US2004/022333

PCT International Filing date

2004-07-13

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	10/628,680	2003-07-28	U.S.A.