Title of Invention	A COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION OF SUBMICRONIC PARTICLES FOR CARRYING ACTIVE PRINCIPLE(S)
Abstract	N/A

Full Text

FORM 2 THE PATENTS ACT 1970 [39 OF 1970] & THE PATENTS RULES, 2003 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [See Section 10; rule 13] "COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION OF SUBMICRONIC PARTICLES AS VECTORS FOR ACTIVE PRINCIPLES AND METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME" FLAMEL TECHNOLOGIES, Pare Club du Moulin a Vent, 33 avenue du Docteur G. Levy, F-69693 Cedex Venissieux, France, The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed: Retran05-12- 1;17:00 ;PLASSERAUD !04 37 91 62 73 # 3/ 43 WO 01/37809 PCT/FROO/02831 COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION OF SUBMICRONIC PARTICLES AS VECTORS FOR ACTIVE PRINCIPLES AND METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME 5 TECHNICAL FIELD The field of the present invention is that of Vector Particles (PV), which are useful for the administration of active principles (PA). The latter are preferably medicaments or nutrients for administration to an 10 animal or human organism by the oral, nasal, vaginal, ocular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral or parenteral route, or the like. However, this may also involve cosmetic products or plant-production products, 15 such as herbicides, pesticides, insecticides or fungicides, or the like. In terms of chemical nature, the PAs most particularly, but without limitation, involved in the invention are, for example, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, polysaccharides, 20 lipopolysaccharides, oligonucleotides, polynuclides and organic molecules. The present invention relates, more precisely, to colloidal suspensions of Vector Particles, advantageously of the submicronic type, based on 25 polyamino acids (PAA). The present invention relates to both uncoated particles as such, and vector systems for PAs, consisting of particles loaded with the PA(s) considered. The present invention also relates to pulverulent solids comprising these PVs. The invention 30 also relates to methods for preparing said colloidal suspensions of particles, with or without PAs. PRIOR ART The encapsulation of PA into the PVs is intended in 35 particular to modify their duration of action and/or to convey them to the site of treatment and/or to increase the bioavailability of said PAs. Numerous encapsulation techniques have already been proposed. Such techniques are intended, on the one hand, to allow the transport Retran05-12- 1;17:00 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 4/ 43 - 2 - of the PA to its site of therapeutic action, while protecting it against attacks by the body (hydrolysis, enzymatic digestion and the like) and, on the other hand, to control the release of the PA at its site of 5 action, in order to maintain the quantity available for the body at the desired level. The PAs involved in these vicissitudes of transport and of existence in the body are, for example, proteins, but may also be products which are completely, different, organic 10 molecules of synthetic or natural origin. The review by M.J. HUMPHREY (Delivery system for peptide Drugs, published by S. DAVIS and L.ILLUM, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1986) reports the problem relating 15 to the enhancement of the bioavailability of the PAs and the advantage of vector and controlled release systems. Among all the materials which can be envisaged for forming PVs, polymers are increasingly used because of 20 their intrinsic properties. As regards the specifications which it is desired to obtain for the PVs, they are particularly demanding and comprise, in particular, the following specifications. 1 The first specification desired for the PVs 25 would be that the polymer constituting the PVs is biocompatible, capable of being eliminated (by excretion) and/or biodegradable and, even better, that it is metabolized into products which are not toxic 30 for the body. In addition, it would be appropriate for the biodegradation in the body to be of a sufficiently short duration. 2 It would be advantageous for the PVs to be able to form a stable aqueous suspension 35 without the aid of an organic solvent and/or a surfactant. 3 It would also be desirable for the PVs to have a sufficiently small size to be able to undergo, in suspension in a liquid, a Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 - 2- of the PA to its site of therapeutic action, while protecting it against attacks by the body (hydrolysis, enzymatic digestion and the like) and, on the other hand, to control the release of the PA at its site of 5 action, in order to maintain the quantity available for the body at the desired level. The PAs involved in these vicissitudes of transport and of existence in the body are, for example, proteins, but may also be products which are completely, different, organic 10 molecules of synthetic or natural origin. The review by M.J. HUMPHREY (Delivery system for peptide Drugs, published by S. DAVIS and L.ILLUM, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1986) reports the problem relating 15 to the enhancement of the bioavailability of the PAs and the advantage of vector and controlled release systems. Among all the materials which can be envisaged for forming PVs, polymers are increasingly used because of 20 their intrinsic properties. As regards the specifications which it is desired to obtain for the PVs, they are particularly demanding and comprise, 'in particular, the following specifications. 1 The first specification desired for the PVs 25 would be that the polymer constituting the PVs is biocompatible, capable of being eliminated (by excretion) and/or biodegradable and, even better, that it is metabolized into products which are not toxic 30 for the body. In addition, it would be appropriate for the biodegradation in the body to be of a sufficiently short duration. 2 It would be advantageous for the PVs to be able to form a stable aqueous suspension 35 without the aid of an organic solvent and/or a surfactant. 3 It would also be desirable for the PVs to have a sufficiently small size to be able to undergo, in suspension in a liquid, a Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 5/ 43 - 3 - sterilizing filtration by a filter whose pore diameter is less than or equal to 0.2 urn. 4 It is desirable for the FVs and the PV-PA systems to be obtained by a method which is 5 nondenaturing for the PA. 5 The PVs advantageously ought to make it possible to control the rate of release of the PA. 6 Another important specification would be that 10 the PV-PA systems can constitute excellent injectable medicaments. This enhanced capacity for administration by injection -e.g. intravenous or intramuscular injection -"injectability" is characterized by: 15 (i) a reduced injected volume (for a given therapeutic dose) (ii) a low viscosity. These two properties are satisfied when the therapeutic dose of PA is associated with a 20 minimal quantity of PA. In other words, the PVs should have a high PA load factor. 7 The cost specific to the PVs in an injectable preparation should be reduced and, here again, it is appropriate for the PVs to have 25 a high PA load factor. In the final analysis, the small size and a high load factor are major specifications sought for the PVs. 8 It is also advantageous for the polymer constituting the PVs not to induce an immune 30 response. The earlier technical proposals, which are described below, have tried to satisfy all these specifications. By way of illustration, there may be mentioned the 35 earlier proposals (a) to (h): (a) Patent US-A-5 286 4 95 relates to a method of encapsulation by vaporization of proteins in aqueous phase, using materials having opposite charges, namely: alginate Ret rar\05-1 2- 1;17:09 ; PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 6/ 43 - 4 - (negatively charged) and polylysine (positively charged). This method of manufacture makes it possible to produce particles having a size greater than 35 jam. 5 (b) Moreover, emulsion techniques are commonly used to prepare microparticles loaded with PA. For example, patent applications WO 91/06286, WO 91/06287 and WO 89/08449 disclose such emulsion techniques in which 10 organic solvents are used to solubilize polymers, for example, of the polylactic type. However, it was found that the solvents may be denaturing, in particular for peptide or polypeptide PAs. 15 (c) Biocompatible PVs called proteinoids, which have been described since 1970 by X. FOX and K. DOSE in "Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life", Ed. Marcel DEKKER Inc (1977), are also known. Thus, patent 20 application WO 88/01213 proposes a system based on a mixture of synthetic polypeptides, whose solubility depends on the pH. To obtain the matrix microparticles according to this invention, they solubilize the mixture of 25 polypeptides, and then with a change of pH, they cause the precipitation of proteinoid particles. When the precipitation is carried out in the presence of a PA, the latter is encapsulated into the particle. 30 (d) There may also be mentioned, as a reminder, patent US 4 351 337 which belongs to a field which is different from that of the vectorization of PA which is specific to the invention. This patent discloses mass 35 implants which are attached and located at quite precise sites in the body. These implants are hollow tubes or capsules of microscopic size (160 urn and having a length equal to 2 000 urn) , consisting of copolymers Retran05-i2- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 7/ 43 - 5 - of copoly(amino acids) - e.g. poly(glutamic acid-leucine) or poly(benzyl glutamate- leucine) - which are obtained by copolymeri2ation of monomers of 5 N-carboxyanhydrides of amino acids (NCA). The inclusion of a PA occurs through a technique for evaporation of solvent for a mixture of polymer and of PA. Patent US 4 450 150 belongs to the. same family as patent 10 US 4 351 337 studied above and essentially has the same object. The constituent PAAs are poly(glutamic acid-ethyl glutamate). (e) Patent application PCT/FR WO 97/02810 discloses a composition for the controlled 15 release of active principles, comprising a plurality of lamellar particles of a biodegradable polymer, which is at least partially crystalline (lactic acid polymer) and of a PA absorbed onto said particles. In 20 this case, the release of the active principle occurs by desorption. (f) The publication "CHEMISTRY LETTERS 1995, 707, AKIYOSHI ET AL" relates to the stabilization of insulin by supramolecular complexing with 25 polysaccharides hydrophobized by grafting of cholesterol. (g) The article which appeared in "MACROMOLECULES 1997, 30, 4013-4017" describes copolymers composed of a polypeptide block based on 30 L-phenylalanine, (-benzyl-L-glutamate or 0-(tetra-O-acetl-D-glucopyranosyl)-L-serine, and a synthetic block, such as poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) or poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazoline). Polymers aggregate in aqueous medium to form 35 particles of 400 nm, which are capable of combining with an enzyme, lipase. The term combined means here that the protein adsorbs onto the particle by a physical phenomenon (no covalent bonding). Retran05-12- 1;17:09 iPLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 8/ 43 - 6 - (h) Patent application FR 2 74 6 035 describes in particular, page 28, lines 3 to 16, a colloidal suspension of composite gel microparticles, obtained from a polyaminc 5 acid of the polypolyleucine/sodium glutamate type, fractionated coconut oil (miglyol®) and deionized water or buffered saline solution (phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 25°C) . The mean reference diameter D[4,3] of these composite 10 gel microparticles is 2 800 nm. It is evident from all the examples of FR 2 74 6 035, that the smallest mean reference diameter D[4,3] is equal to 1 900 nm. Moreover, these composite gel microparticles .15 cannot combine with insulin in the nondissolved state in colloidal suspension, according to a factor Ta>7%. Under these conditions, it is obvious that the composite gel microparticles do not meet the 20 specifications, and in particular not the specifications relating to injectability and to the capacity for combination and for release in relation to insulin. In addition, the method according to 25 FR 2 746 035 does not involve a nonaromatic polar solvent and the formation of microparticles does not occur spontaneously in aqueous medium, but involves the use of vigorous homogenization with the aid of a 30 rotor/stator type device. (i) The subject of PCT application WO 96/29991 is polyamino acid particles useful for the vectorization of PA. These particles have a size of between 10 and 500 nm, preferably 35 between 30 and 400 nm. In the examples of this PCT application, the size of the particles is measured by the radius of gyration. The radius of gyration of the particles obtained in these examples varies Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 9/ 43 - 7 - from 55 to 280 nm. Other techniques exist for measuring the size of colloidal particles. The determination of the mean hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the particles by quasi- 5 elastic light scattering (QELS) is an example of a convenient method of measurement. In the whole of the present disclosure, an Md procedure for measuring Dh is taken as reference. Md is described later. Thus, the 10 Dh of the particles according to the examples of the PCT WO 9 6/29991 extends from 150 nm to 750 nm. It is to be noted that the PVs in question here consist of a hydrophobic core surrounded by hydrophilic hair. The 15 hydrodynamic diameter of these objects is less than double their radius of gyration, as will be explained, for example, in the books "Dynamic Light Scattering", B.J. Berue and R. Pecaran (Wiley, 1976) and "Physicochemical 20 Hydrodynamics", R.F. Probstein (Wiley 1994). The load factor Ta for the particles is conveniently expressed by the ratio of the mass of insulin to the mass of dry PV. According to the examples of WO 96/29991, 25 with a PA consisting of insulin, is at best 0.065 mg/mg, that is 6.5% by dry weight of insulin relative to the mass of PAA. Ta is measured according to a procedure Ma described later. The particles according to 30 WO 96/29991 form spontaneously by bringing PAA into contact with an aqueous solution. The PAAs comprise neutral and hydrophobic amino acid monomers AAO and ionizable and hydrophilic monomers AAI. These PAAs are 35 prepared by copolymerization of NCA of AAI precursors (e.g.: Glu-OMe) and of NCA of AAO (e.g. Leu) in solution in a dioxane/toluene mixture. The copoly(Glu-OMe) (Leu) obtained in solution is recovered by precipitation in Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 31 62 79 # ■O/ 43 - 8 - water, filtration and drying. This copolymer is then subjected to acid hydrolysis by incorporating it into TriFluoroAcetic acid (TFA), in which it dissolves. A copolymer 5 Glu-O-Na)(Leu) is recovered after neutralizing, dialysis, filtration and freeze-drying. This coPAA is dispersed in an aqueous solution of NaCl and a suspension of nanoparticles spontaneously forms. As 10 indicated above, the latter have a Dh size greater than 150 nm and an insulin load factor Ta of 6.50%. It is therefore evident from the above that the earlier 15 technical proposals described above, and in particular proposal (i) , incompletely satisfy the new .specifications indicated above, and in particular a capacity for sterilizing by filtration, a high rate of degradation, adaptability to constraints for 20 administering medicaments by injection, low cost and high PA load factor. As regards the sterilizing filtration capacity, it is important that the PV particles are sufficiently small ~o pass, in suspension in a liquid, across filters 25 whose cut-off is less than or equal to 0.2 um, without clogging. Such ease and efficiency of filtration sterilization are particularly appreciated for injectable medicaments. As regards the capacity for injection of the PVs, it is 30 appropriate, for a given dose of PA, to be able to inject small volumes of liquid suspension, and that this suspension is not very viscous. This involves being able to reduce the quantities of excipient (PV) compared with the targeted therapeutic dose of PA and 35 to provide PVs having a size which is as small as possible, while increasing, the loading capacity of PA. As regards the specification relating to biodegradability of the PVs, the smaller the size of Retran05-12- i;i7:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # •l/ 43 - 9 - the PVs, the better it is and it allows their rapid elimination. In addition, it is appreciable to be able to reduce the quantities of excipient (PV) for economic reasons and 5 so as to enhance the tolerance of the injectable medicament. BRIEF DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Under these circumstances, an essential objective is to 10 be able to provide novel PVs which spontaneously form, and without the aid of surfactants or of organic solvents, stable aqueous suspensions of PV. Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide novel PVs in stable aqueous colloidal 15 suspension or in pulverulent form . and based on poly(amino acids) (PAA), these novel PVs having to satisfy as much as possible specifications 1 -o 8 of the abovementioned specifications. Another essential objective of the invention is to 20 improve the particles disclosed in PCT application WO 96/29991. Another essential objective of the invention is to provide a novel suspension of PV whose characteristics are perfectly controlled, in particular in terms of PA 25 load factor and in terms of control of kinetics of release of PA, Another essential objective of the invention is to. provide injectable medicinal suspensions. The specifications, which are required for such 30 suspensions, are a low volume for injection and a low viscosity. It is . important for the mass of colloidal particles per injection dose to be as low as possible, without limiting the quantity of active principle PA transported by these particles, so as not to damage the 35 therapeutic efficacy. Another essential objective of the invention is to provide an aqueous colloidal suspension or a pulverulent solid comprising particles for carrying active principles satisfying the specifications Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # -2/ 43 - 10 - targeted above and which constitutes an appropriate and suitable galenic form for administration, for example oral administration, to humans or animals. Another essential objective of the invention is to 5 provide a colloidal suspension comprising particles for carrying active principles which can be filtered on 0.2 um filters for sterilization purposes. Another essential objective of the invention is to propose a method for preparing PAA particles (dry or in 10 suspension in a liquid) which are useful in particular as vectors for active principles, it being necessary for said method to be simpler to use, nondenaturing for the active principles and, in addition, to always allow fine control of the mean particle size of the particles 15 obtained. Another essential objective of the invention is the use of the abovementioned particles in aqueous suspension or in solid form for the preparation: • of medicaments (e.g. vaccines), in particular 20 for administration, in particular oral, nasal, vaginal, ocular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral or parenteral administration, it being possible for the active principles of 25 these medicaments to be, in particular, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, oligonucleotides and polynucleotides, • and/or of nutrients, 30 • and/or of cosmetic or plant-protection products, • and/or of organic medicinal molecules. Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide submicronic PV suspensions based on PAA and 35 capable of serving as vector for a PA, in particular one which is medicinal, for administration of said PA to a human or animal organism, or alternatively for a nutritional, plant-protection or cosmetic PA. 12- l;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 - 11 - Another objective of the present invention is to provide a medicament, such as the system for prolonged release of active principles, which is easy and economical to produce and which is, in addition, 5 biocompatible and capable of providing a . very high level, of bioavailability of the PA. Another essential -objective of the invention is to provide a system for carrying a vaccine, which is intrinsically nonimmunogenic and in combination with 10 one or more antigens. The objectives relating to the products (inter alia) are achieved by the present invention which relates, first of all, to a stable colloidal suspension of 15 submicronic structured particles which can be used, in particular for carrying active principle(s) PA(s), these particles being individualized (discrete) supramolecular arrangements: o based on linear, amphiphilic polyamino acids 20 (PAA), with peptide linkages and comprising at least two different types of recurring amino acids: hydrophilic AAI and hydrophobic neutral AAO, the amino acids of each type being mutually identical or different, 25 o and capable of combining in colloidal suspension, in the nondissolved state, at least one PA and of releasing it, in particular in vivo, in a prolonged and/or delayed manner, characterized: 30 • in that the AAI(s) of the polymer chains is(are) chosen from amino acids with an ionizable side chain, the natural amino acids Glu and Asp in carboxylic form and/or in the form of salts being particularly preferred, 35 • in that the AAO(s) of the polymer chains is(are) chosen from the group comprising natural neutral amino acids, preferably those belonging to the subgroup comprising: Leu, He, Val, Ala, Gly, Phe; Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # -4/ 43 - 12 - • in that the particles are stable in aqueous phase at pH between 4 and 13 in the absence of surfactant(s), • by a load factor Ta for the vector particles 5 with insulin, expressed as % of combined insulin mass relative to the mass and measured according to a procedure Ma, Ta being such that: 7 10 preferably, 8 and, still more preferably, 10 • and by a mean hydrodynamic diameter Dh expressed in nanometers (nm) and measured according to a procedure Md, Dh being such 15 that: 10 nm preferably, 20 nm DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 20 The procedures Md and Ma for the Dh and Ta measurements are detailed below. Procedure Md: The pulverulent PAA powder is suspended in a 25 0.15 M aqueous sodium chloride solution at pH 7.4, 25 °C and at a polymer concentration of between 0.01 and 0.5 g/1 and, preferably, equal to 0.1 g/1. This suspension is stirred for 4 hours, and then introduced into the scattering cell of a 30 light scattering apparatus, of the Brookhaven type, functioning with a laser beam having a wavelength of 488 nm and vertically polarized. The hydrodynamic diameter is calculated from the electric field autocorrelation function by the 35 cumulant method, as described in the manual "Surfactant Science Series" volume 22, Surfactant Solutions, Ed. R. Zana, chap. 3, M. Dekker, 1984. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 - 13 - Procedure Ma: (a) Preparation of an aqueous insulin solution: freeze-dried human recombinant insulin (Sigma No. 10259) is poured into a 0.1 N HC1 5 solution over 5 min at 25°C. This solution is then poured into a phosphate buffer solution which is finally neutralized by adding 0.1 N NaOH. The solution is then allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature, and then 10 filtered on 0.8-0.2 μ acrodisc membrane. The mass of insulin is calculated according to the desired volume of solution, in order to obtain a concentration of 60 IU/ml. (b) Dispersion of the vector particles in PAA to 15 be combined in the insulin solution: the freeze-dried PVs are added to the insulin solution, in an amount of 10 mg PV/ml of solution. This mixture is stirred on a vortex two or three times, and then placed in 20 rocking shaker at room temperature for 18 hours. The colloidal suspension is then stored at 4°C. (c) Separation of free insulin from combined insulin and assay of free insulin: the 2 5 solution containing zhe insulin and the PVs is centrifuged for 1 hour at 60 000 g at 20°C. The supernatant is placed in tubes provided with an ultrafiltration membrane (cut-off 100 000 Da) and centrifuged at 30 3 COO g, 2 hours at 20°C. The insulin in the filtrate is assayed by HPLC. One of the inventive bases of these novel vector particles PV, in stable aqueous colloidal suspension or 35 in the form of pulverulent solid, is due to the innovative selection of a group of polymers and of an innovative methodology which make it possible to obtain particles of submicronic size, which form a stable RetranOS-12- 1;17:Q9 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 6/ 43 - 14 - aqueous colloidal suspension in the absence of surfactants or solvents. Another inventive basis of these novel vector particles PV, in stable aqueous colloidal suspension or in the 5 pulverulent solid state, is due to the innovative selection of a group of particular submicronic structured particles by their load factor Ta > 7% and their size Da 10 producing the particles. Indeed, the reduction in size and the increase in the loading capacity of the particles of polyamir.o acids was a priori not obvious. Thus, using the method for producing nanoparticles of polyamino acid taught in PCT application WO 96/29991, 15 persons skilled in the art were not able to obtain, "to measure", particles which correspond to the new specifications, as defined above. Finally, it is by modifying the compositions of the polymers and the operating conditions that the 20 inventors were able to isolate these structured particles of very small size which are based on PAA and which have, quite surprisingly and unexpectedly, a load capacity Ta for insulin which may be up to three tines higher than that characteristic of the particles 25 according to WO 96/29991. Advantageously, the suspension according to the invention is characterized in that the submicronic particles do not acquire their cohesion from the 30 presence of the following three compounds: - I) oil II) aqueous phase III) and at least one synthetic non-crosslinked linear copolyamino acid comprising at 35 least two different types of amino acid comonomer: hydrophilic AAI and hydrophobic AAO, unlike the suspension of microparticles according to patent application FR 2 746 035. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # -7/ 43 - 15 - The structure of the PAA polymers and the nature of the amino acids are chosen such that: • the polymer chains are spontaneously structured in the form of small-sized 5 particles (PV), • the particles form a stable colloidal suspension in water and in physiological medium, • the PVs combine with proteins or other PAs in 10 aqueous medium, by a spontaneous mechanism which is nondenaturing for the protein, • the PVs release the PAs in physiological medium and, more precisely, in vivo; the kinetics of release depend on the nature of 15 the PAA polymer which is the precursor for the PVs. Thus, by modifying the particular structure of the PAA, it is possible to control the phenomena for combining 20 and releasing the PA from the kinetic and quantitative point of view. It is to the applicant's credit to have chosen, as constituent material of the PVs, a particular composition of polyamino acids which are amphiphilic 25 and which therefore possess properties of the PVs in PAA, namely: • possibility of spontaneously forming colloidal suspensions of PV which are compatible with the pH of the physiological 30 media encountered in the therapeutic applications targeted, • spontaneous combination of the PAs with PVs in the absence of another agent apart from water which serves as solvent for them and 35 which, in the case of proteins, is not denaturing, • possibility of releasing the PA from the PA- PV combination complex, under physiological conditions, with pharmacokinetic and Retran05-12- 1;i7:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 8/ 43 - 16 - pharmacodynamic profiles, which make it possible to envisage advantageous uses in the therapeutic field (PA vectorization), and which, moreover, have novel properties which are: 5 • filterability with a cut-off of less than or equal to 0.2 urn for sterilization purposes, • improved biodegradability, • optimized injection capacity. 10 It was possible to obtain these new properties by virtue of the primary technical functions of the- PVs which are the small nanometric size and the high load factor. To define these PAAs a little further, it is possible 15 to indicate that they can be of the alternating sequential, ordered (block) type or of . the random sequential, disordered type. Thus, according to a first embodiment of the PVs according to the invention, the constituent .PAAs are of 20 the "block" ' type and are characterized by an AAO/(AAI+AAO) molar ratio such that: • 10% • preferably, 20% AAO/(AAI+AAO) £ 60%, • and still more preferably, 35% Advantageously, the absolute length of each AAO block, expressed as number of AAO is such that: • preferably, AAO > 10, 30 • and, still more preferably, 20 According to a second embodiment of the PVs according to the invention, the constituent PAAs are of the "random" type, that is to say are prepared by 35 simultaneous copolyinerization of AAI and AAO monomers, and the AAO/(AAO+AAI) molar ratio is such that: • AAO/(AAO+AAI) > 10%, • and, preferably, AAO/(AAO+AAI) > 20%, Ret rar\05-1 2- i;i7:09 ; PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # '9/ 43 - 17 - • and, still more preferably, 30% Advantageously, the molar mass Mw of these random PAAs 5 is such that: • Mw > 2 000 g/mol, • preferably, Mw > 5 500 g/mol, • and still more preferably, 5 500 g/mol 10 According to a preferred characteristic of the invention, the constituent block or random PAAs of the particles have degrees of polymerization DP of between 30 and 600, preferably between 50 and 200, and still 15 more preferably between 60 and 150. Advantageously, the constituent PAAs of the PV particles are "diblock" PAAs. The present invention relates, not only to suspensions 20 of uncoated particles, as defined above, but also to particles comprising at least one active principle PA. Preferably, the suspension according to the invention is aqueous and stable. These particles, loaded or not with PA, are advantageously in. dispersed form in a 25 liquid (suspension), preferably an aqueous liquid, but may also be in a pulverulent solid state, obtained from the suspension of PV as defined above. Accordingly, the invention relates, apart from to a 30 colloidal suspension (preferably aqueous suspension) of PV, to a pulverulent solid comprising PVs and obtained from the suspension according to the invention. Another essential subject of the invention relates to the preparation of the selected particles (as described 35 above) , both in the form of a colloidal suspension and in the form of a pulverulent solid. The method of preparation considered essentially consists in synthesizing precursor PAAs and in converting them to structured particles. Retrar>05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 20/ 43 - 18 ~ More precisely, this includes, first of all, a method for preparing submicronic structured particles capable of being used, in particular for carrying active principle(s), these particles being discrete 5 supramolecular arrangements: • based on linear amphiphilic polyamino acids (PAA), with linkages (-AAI hydrophilic and AAO hydrophobic, the amino acids of each type being mutually identical or different; 10 • having a mean diameter Dh, expressed in nm and measured according to a procedure Md, such that: 10 1.5 • on the one hand capable of forming a stable colloidal suspension' by simple mixing in an aqueous medium, without it being necessary to add a solvent or surfactants thereto; • and on the other hand, capable of combining 20 in a liquid medium, with at least one PA and, in particular, with insulin according to a load factor Ta, expressed as %, and measured according to a procedure Ma such that: 7 Ta, preferably 8 25 hand, of releasing it, in particular in vivo, in a prolonged and controlled manner. This method is characterized in that: 1. a copolymerization of monomers N-Carboxy- 30 Anhydrides of amino acids (NCA) of at least two different types, on the one hand, NCAs-pAAI {"pAAI" designating a precursor of AAI) and, on the other hand, NCAs-AAO, is carried out in the presence: 35 o of at least one nonaromatic polar solvent, preferably chosen from the group comprising: N-MethylPyrrolidone (NMP), . DiMethylFormamide (DMF), Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), DiMethylAcetamide Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUO ;04 37 91 62 73 # 21/ 43 - 19 - (DMAc), pyrrolidone, NMP being most particularly preferred, o and, optionally of at least one protic cosolvent preferably chosen from the group comprising pyrrolidone, water, alcohols; methanol being particularly preferred; 10 15 2. the recurring pAAI motifs of the precursor PAA copolymer of the particles are converted to recurring AAI motifs, using hydrolysis, preferably acid hydrolysis, for which an aqueous acid phase is added to the organic medium described above; 3. optionally, the reaction medium is neutralized; 4. optionally, the reaction medium is purified by dialysis in order to. obtain an aqueous suspension of structured particles; 5. optionally, this suspension is concentrated; 6. optionally, the liquid medium is removed in order to collect the pulverulent solid comprising the particles. The first step of the - method is based on known techniques of polymerization of anhydrides of N-carboxy-(-amino acids (NCA), described, for example, in 25 the article "Biopolymers, 15, 1869 (1976)" and in the book by H.R. KRICHELDORF "(-Aminoacid-N-carboxy Anhydride and Related Heterocycles" Springer Verlag (1987). The use of judiciously chosen polar nonaromatic aprotic copolymerization solvents, while avoiding any 30 precipitation and the use of acid hydrolysis in the presence of water and of nonaromatic polar organic solvent, constitute novel and inventive modalities which lead to structured, discrete and submicronic particles with a high PA load capacity, and which form 35 a stable colloidal suspension in aqueous medium. These particles are not at all comparable to a macroscopic agglomerated precipitate of the type mentioned above in relation to the earlier proposal (d). RetranOS-12- 1;17:Q9 ;PLASSERAUD ; 04 37 91 62 79 # 22/ 43 - 20 - According to one variant, at the end of step 1, the copolymer poly(A00)(pAAI) obtained is precipitated - preferably in water - and this precipitate is recovered. This variant corresponds to a batch mode for 5 preparing particles, in which the copolymer poly(AAO) (pAAI) is isolated in the form of a precipitate forming a stable intermediate product. This precipitate may be, for example, filtered, washed and dried. 10 Still more preferably, the NCAs-pAAJ are NCAs of O-alkylated glutamic or aspartic acid, for example NCA- Glu-O-Me, NCA-Glu-O-Et or NCA-Glu-O-Bz (Me = methyl - Et = ethyl - Bz = benzyl). In a known manner, the copolymerization takes place at 15 a temperature between 20 and 120 °C,. at atmospheric •pressure and in the presence of an amine-containing initiator, e.g.: NH3. Other experimental parameters, such as the concentration of NCA and/or polymer in the nonaromatic polar solvent (preferably NMP), and/or the 20 concentration or the nature of the protic cosolvent, during the synthesis, will be adjusted according to the desired effects known to persons skilled in the art. The acid hydrolysis (step 2) is carried out using water and at least one inorganic acid such as phosphoric or 25 hydrochloric aid - the latter being preferred - and/or an organic acid, such as TriFluoroAcetic acid (TFA), acetic acid, dichloroacetic acid or organosulfonic acids. The water/acid ratios - expressed in parts by weight -30 in an acidic aqueous phase for hydrolysis are advantageously: • from 60/1 to 2/1, • preferably 40/1 to 2/1, • and, still more preferably, 20/1 to 2/1. 35 The acidic aqueous phase for hydrolysis/NMP ratios -expressed in parts by weight - are advantageously: • from 5/100 to 200/100 • preferably 10/100 to 100/100 Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ; 04- 37 91 62 73 W 23/ 43 - 21 - and still more preferably from 20/100 to 80/100. Other parameters, such as the polymer concentration, 5 the temperature of the reaction mixture, the mode of adding the acidic aqueous phase for hydrolysis, the use of reduced pressure, the duration of the reaction, and the like, are adjusted according to the desired effects and are well known to persons skilled in the art. 10 The neutralization (step 3) is carried out in practice, for example, using sodium hydroxide. The salt formed after neutralization as well as che solvent are then removed by any appropriate physical 15 separation treatment, for example by diafiltration (dialysis) (step 4) , filtration, pH modification, chromatography and the like. This gives an aqueous suspension of . structured particles which may be concentrated, for example, by 20 distillation or any other suitable physical means: ultrafiltration, centrifugation. To separate, in step 6, the. particles from their liquid suspension medium, the aqueous phase is optionally removed, for example, by drying (e.g. in an oven) by 25 freeze-drying or any other suitable physical means: ultrafiltration, centrifugation. A white pulverulent solid is recovered at the end of this step 6. According to one variant, the concentration step may be carried out by a chemical treatment, such as a 30 reduction in the pH, which converts to an acid the hydrophilic part of the glutamate monomers, making them insoluble in water. These acidic PAA intermediates may be filtered, washed and dried. Said acidic intermediates nay be neutralized with a chemical base 35 in a subsequent step in order to obtain a suspension of particles. It should be noted that the use of steps 1, 2, 3, 4 and optionally 5 of the above method corresponding to a Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 W 24/ 43 - 22 - preparation of a colloidal suspension of submicronic particles and to a high load factor with the PAs. During this preparation of colloidal suspension, the amphiphilic PAAs poly(AAO)(AAI) of step 2 are placed in 5 an aqueous medium in which at least part of the AAIs is soluble and at least part of the AAOs is insoluble. The PAAs exist in the form of nanoparticles in this aqueous medium. An alternative for preparing the PV suspension 10 according to the invention consists in bringing the pulverulent solid, as described above and as product and by its method of production, into contact with a nonsolvent aqueous medium for the AAOs. 15 To carry out the combination of one or more PAs with the particles, it is possible to use several methods in accordance with the invention. Nonlimiting examples of these methods are listed below. According to a first method, the combination of PA with 20 the particles is carried out by bringing a liquid phase (aqueous or otherwise) containing the PA into contact with the colloidal suspension of particles. According to a second method, the combination of the PA with the particles is carried out by bringing a PA in 25 the solid state into contact with the colloidal suspension of particles. The solid PA may be, for example, in freeze-dried, precipitate or powdered form or the like. According to a third method, the pulverulent solid 30 (PAA), as described above as product and by its production characteristics, is brought into contact with a liquid phase (aqueous or otherwise) containing the PA. According to a fourth method, the pulverulent solid, as 35 described above as product and by its production characteristics, is brought into contact with the PA in solid form. This mixture of solids is then dispersed in a liquid phase, preferably an aqueous solution. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 25/ 43 - 23 - In all these methods, the PA used may be in pure or preformulated form. Given the . nanometric size of the particles, the 5 suspension may be filtered on sterilizing filters, which makes it possible to obtain, easily and at a lower cost, sterile injectable medicinal liquids. The fact that it is possible, by virtue of the invention, to control the size of the particles and reach Dh 10 values of between 25 and 100 nm, is a major advantage. The present invention also relates to novel intermediate products of the method described above, characterized in that they consist of PAA copolymers 15 which are precursors of particles. . INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION According to another of its aspects, the invention relates to a suspension and/or a pulverulent solid, as 20 defined above and/or as obtained by the method presented above, this suspension and this solid comprising at least one active principle preferably chosen from: • vaccines, 25 • proteins and/or peptides, among which those most preferably selected are: hemoglobins, cytochromes, albumins, interferons, antigens, antibodies, erythropoietin, 'insulin, growth hormones, factors VIII and IX, interleukins or 30 mixtures thereof, hematopoiesis-stirnulating factors, • polysaccharides, heparin being more particularly selected, • nucleic .acids and, preferably, RNA and/or DNA 35 oligonucleotides, • non-petido-protein molecules belonging to various anticancer chemotherapy classes and, in particular, anzhracyclines and taxoids, • and mixtures thereof. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 26/ 43 - 24 - The invention also relates to a suspension and/or the pulverulent solid loaded with nutritional, plant-protection or cosmetic PA. 5 Finally, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical, nutritional, plant-protection or cosmetic proprietary product, characterized in that it comprises a suspension and/or the pulverulent solid loaded with PA and as defined above. 10 According to another of its subjects, the invention also relates to the use of these PVs (in suspension or in solid form) loaded with PA, for the manufacture of medicaments such as systems with controlled release of PA. 15 In the case of medicaments, they may be, for example, those which can be administered, preferably by the oral, nasal, vaginal, ocular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral or parenteral route. 20 The cosmetic applications which may be envisaged are, for example, compositions comprising a PA combined with the PVs according to the invention and which can be applied by the transdermal route. The relevant plant-protection products may be, for 25 example, herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and the like. The following examples will make it possible to better understand the invention in its various produce/method/application aspects. These examples 30 illustrate the preparation of particles of polyamino acids loaded or otherwise with active principles, and they likewise present the structural characteristics and the properties of these particles. 35 LEGEND TO THE FIGURES Fig. 1: Nanoparticles corresponding to a block copolymer la: leucine 50/glutamate 50 obtained according to the teaching of patent WO 96/29991. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 iPLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 27/ 43 - 25 - Fig. 2: Nanoparticles obtained with the block copolymer according to the present invention (example 2). It will be noted that the bar now represents here only 50 nm. 5 Fig. 3: Variation in the glucose concentration (mean at % basal on 4 dogs) after injection of a PV formulation loaded with insulin in an amount of 2 IU/kg. Fig. 4: Variation in the serum insulin concentration 10 (mean on 4 dogs) after injection of a PV formulation loaded with insulin in an amount of 2 IU/kg. EXAMPLES 15 EXAMPLE 1 - Production, in aqueous stable colloidal suspension and in pulverulent solid form, of vector particles, from a block polyamino acid, poly(Leu/Glu) 40/80 diblock 112.4 g of NCA-GluOMe (0.60 mol) and 4 49 g of N-methyl- 20 2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) are introduced, with stirring, into a 1 liter reactor thermostated at 20°C. After dissolution, 21.38 g of a 0.34 M solution of ammonia in 1,4-dioxane (1.25 mol%/NCA) are added. The polymerization is monitored by measuring the carbon 25 dioxide emitted into a gas bell jar and verified by disappearance of vibration bands characteristic of the NCAs at 1860 and 1790 cm-1. After 30 min, a solution of 47.17 g of NCA Leucine (0.30 mol) in 631 g of NMP is introduced. After 10 min of reaction, the temperature 30 is increased to 60°C. The polymerization is monitored as above and is complete after 2 hours. The temperature of the reaction mixture obtained is increased to 80°C. 31.5 g of aqueous concentrated hydrochloric acid (35%, 12 M) are added, with mechanical stirring over 30 min, 35 to 350 g of the reaction mixture obtained at the end of step 1. The reactor is then placed under reduced pressure regulated at 600 mBar for 6 hours. A mixture of 31.5 g of 35% hydrochloric acid and of 126 g of water is then added over 60 min, followed by a second Retrar\05-12- 1;17:09 i PLASSERAUD ; 04 37 91 62 79 - 26 - phase of vacuum at 250 mBar for 18 hours. In this example, the overall water/pure hydrochloric acid ratio is 7.6/1 by mass and the acidic aqueous phase/NMP ratio is 60/100 by mass. 5 The reaction mixture is then cooled to 50°C and then neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide (35% by mass). The NMP and the sodium chloride formed during the neutralization are removed by diafiltration against 20 volumes of Milli Q water, on a membrane with an MWCO 10 of 1 000 Daltons (Pellicon II system, Millipore) . A stable aqueous colloidal suspension of vector nanoparticles is thus obtained. The suspension of nanoparticles is finally freeze-dried. The contents of leucine motifs are determined by proton 15 nuclear magnetic resonance (signals at 2.10., 2.22 and 2.58 ppm for 4H of Glu and at 0.85 ppm for 6H of Leu). The mean hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) is 70 nm (according to Md). 20 EXAMPLE 2 - Combination of insulin with the nanoparticles of poly(Leu/Glu) 40/80 The procedure Ma is used. The concentration of free insulin, assayed by HPLC chromatography is equal to 0.59 mg/ml and the combined insulin concentration equal 25 to 1.51 mg/ml is deduced therefrom. The load capacity for a colloidal solution of 10 mg/ml reaches 1.51 mg/ml of insulin. Thus, the ratio of the mass of combined insulin to the bLE (Ta) mass is 15.1%. 30 EXAMPLE 3 - Production, in stable colloidal aqueous suspension and in pulverulent solid form, of vector particles from a block PAA poly(Leu/glu) 25/70 biblock 146.4 g of NCA GluOMe are dissolved in 586 g of NMP to which 18.43 g of a 0.48 M solution of ammonia in 35 methanol are added. When the polymerization of the NCA G GluOMe is complete, a solution of 43.9 g of NCA Leu in 708 g of NMP is introduced and the polymerization of the NCAs Leu is continued until disappearance of the monomers is obtained. The medium is then heated to 80°C Retran05-12- i; 1,7:09 i PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 29/ 43 - 27 - and 129.4 g of 35% HC1 are added dropwise thereto over 30 min to 1 hour. A 600 mBar vacuum is applied for 6 hours, and then an additional 129.4 g of 35% HC1 are added as a mixture with 517.5 g of water. A 250 mBar 5 vacuum is then applied for 18 hours. After this step, the temperature is reduced to 50°C, 1 liter of water is introduced, followed by 280 ml of 35% NaOH in order to bring the pH to 7.4. The suspension is then filtered (5 pm) , dialyzed (cut-off 1 000 Da) in water, in order 10 to remove the solvent and the salts, and finally filtered (0.22 urn) . This suspension may be directly used or may be subjected to subsequent treatments, such as distillation of the water (step 5) or freeze-drying (step 6). 15 The mean hydrodynamic diameter Dh (according to Md) is 14.8%. The insulin load factor Ta, determined according to the procedure Ma, is 35 nm. EXAMPLE 4 - Production, in stable aqueous colloidal 20 suspension, of vector nanoparticles, from a block polyamino acid, poly(Leu/Glu) 50/70 diblock and characteristics of the nanoparticles 38.9 g of NCA-GluOMe (0.208 mol) and 156 g of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (MMP) are introduced, with stirring, 25 into a 0.5 liter reactor thermostated at 30°C. After dissolution, 5.79 g of a 0.407 M solution of ammonia in methanol (1.25 mol%/NCA) are added. The polymerization is monitored by measuring the carbon dioxide emitted into a gas bell jar and verified by disappearance of 30 vibration bands characteristic of the NCAs at 18 60 and 1790 cm-1. After 30 min, a solution of 23.3 g of NCA Leucine (0.148 mol) in 263 g of NMP is introduced. After 10 min of reaction, the temperature is increased to 60°C. The polymerization is monitored as above and 35 is complete after 1-2 hours. The temperature of the reaction mixture obtained previously is increased to 80°C. 41.9 g of aqueous hydrochloric acid (35% of the mass) are added, with mechanical stirring over 30 min, to the reaction mixture. The reactor is then placed Retran05-12- l;i7:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 30/ 43 - 28 - under reduced pressure regulated at 600 mBar for 6 hours. A mixture of 41.9 g of 35% hydrochloric acid and of 167.5 g of water is then added over 60 min, followed by a second phase of vacuum at 250 mBar for 18 hours. 5 The reaction mixture is then cooled to 50°C and then neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide (35% by mass). The NMP and the sodium chloride formed during the neutralization are removed by diafiltration against 20 volumes of Milli Q water, on a membrane with an MWCO 10 of 1 000 Daltons (Pellicon II system, Millipore) . A stable aqueous colloidal suspension of vector nanoparticles is thus obtained. The suspension of nanoparticles is finally freeze-dried. The mean hydrodynamic diameter Dh is measured according 15 to Md on aqueous suspensions of the freeze-dried products. The insulin load factor Ta is determined according to the procedure Ma. EXAMPLE 5 - Production, in stable aqueous colloidal 20 suspension of vector nanoparticles, from a block polyamino acid, poly(Leu/Glu) 25/35 diblock and characteristics of the nanoparticles 38.9 g of NCA-GluOMe (0.208 mol) and 156 g of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) are introduced, with stirring, 25 into a 0.5 liter reactor thermostated at 30°C. After dissolution, 5.78 g of a 0.452 M solution of ammonia in methanol (1.25 mol%/NCA) are added. The polymerization is monitored by measuring the carbon dioxide emitted into a gas bell jar and verified by disappearance of 30 vibration bands characteristic of the NCAs at 1860 and 17 90 cm-1. After 30 min, a solution of 23.3 g of NCA Leucine (0.149 mol) in 5 219 g of NMP is introduced. After 10 min of reaction,...the temperature is increased to 60°C. The polymerization is monitored as above and 35 is complete after 1~2/ hours. The temperature of the reaction mixture obtained previously is increased to 80°C. 42.0 g of aqueous hydrochloric acid (35% of the mass) are added, with mechanical stirring over 30 min, to the reaction mixture. The reactor is then placed Retran05-i2- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 73 # 31/ 43 - 29 - under reduced pressure regulated at 600 mBar for 6 hours. A mixture of 42.0 g of 35% hydrochloric acid and of 167.9 g of water is then added over 60 min, followed by a second phase of vacuum at 250 mBar for 18 hours. 5 The reaction mixture is then cooled to 50°C and then neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide (35% by mass). The NMP and the sodium chloride formed during the neutralization are removed by diafiltration against 20 volumes of Milli Q water, on a membrane with an MWCO 10 of 1 000 Daltons (Pellicon II system, ' Millipore) . A stable aqueous colloidal suspension of vector nanoparticles is thus obtained. The suspension of nanoparticles is finally freeze-dried. The contents of leucine motifs are determined by proton 15 nuclear magnetic resonance (signals at 2.10, 2.22 and 2.58 ppm for 4H of Glu and at 0.85 ppm for 6H of Leu) . The mean hydrodynamic diameter Dh is measured according to Md on aqueous suspensions of the freeze-dried products. The insulin load factor is determined 20 according to Ma. EXAMPLE 6 - Production, in stable aqueous colloidal suspension of vector nanoparticles, from a block polyamino acid, poly(Leu/Glu) 50/150 diblock and 25 characteristics of the nanophases 46.4 g of NCA-GluOMe (0.248 mol) and 186 g of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) are introduced, with stirring, into a 0.5 liter reactor thermcstated at 30 °C. After dissolution, 6.90 g of a 0.19 M solution of ammonia in 30 methanol (1.25 mol%/NCA) are added. The polymerization is monitored by measuring the carbon dioxide emitted into a gas bell jar and verified by disappearance of vibration bands characteristic of the NCAs at 18 60 and 17 90 cm-1. After 30 min, a solution of 12.97 g of NCA 35 Leucine (0.083 mol) in '218 g of NMP is introduced. After 10 min of reaction, the temperature is increased to 60°C. The polymerization is monitored as above and is complete after 1-2 hours. The temperature of the reaction mixture obtained previously is increased to Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 32/ 43 - 30 - 80 °C. 40.3 g of aqueous hydrochloric acid (35% of the mass) are added, with mechanical stirring over 30 min, to the reaction mixture. The reactor is then placed under reduced pressure regulated at 600 mBar for 6 5 hours. A mixture of 40.3 g of 35% hydrochloric acid and of 161.3 g of water is then added over 60 min, followed by a second phase of vacuum az 250 mBar for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 50°C and then neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide (35% by 10 mass). The NMP and the sodium chloride formed during the neutralization are removed by diafiltration against 20 volumes of Milli Q water, on a membrane with an NWCO.of 1 000 Daltons (Pellicon II system, Millipore). A stable 15 aqueous colloidal suspension of vector nanoparticles is thus obtained. The suspension of nanophases is finally freeze-dried. The contents of leucine motifs are determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (signals at 2.10, 2.22 and 20 2.58 ppm for 4H of Glu and at 0.85 ppm for 6H of Leu). The mean hydrodynamic diameter Dh is measured according to Md. The insulin load factor is determined according to Ma. 25 EXAMPLE 7 - Comparative example of the nature of the particles formed with the teaching of PCT patent WO 96/29991 The particles obtained by the teaching of patent WO 96/29991 are those which appear in Fig. 1. 30 Advantageously, the particles according to the invention are those which appear in the appended Fig. 2 corresponding to a photograph taken under a transmission electron microscope. The differences in morphology and size appear blatantly 35 on comparing Fig. 1 which represents PVs according to the prior art, on the one hand, and Fig. 2 showing PVs according to the invention, on the other hand. A notable difference in morphology is observed here. The RetranOS-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 33/ 43 - 31 - PVs of Fig. 2 are such that the majority of the larger-sized particles exhibit an oblong shape. EXAMPLE 8 - Test of stability of a colloidal suspension 5 prepared according to Example 2 with the polymer poly(Leu/Glu) 40/80 The pulverulent powder of Example 2 is dissolved in an amount of 60 mg/ml of powder in a phosphate buffer. The pH was adjusted to 7.3 and the osmolality of the 10 suspension was adjusted to 300 mOsm/kg using a 5 M NaCl solution. The solution was filtered (0.22 urn) before being distributed at the rate of 5 ml into sterile 10 ml bottles. The stability of the samples was evaluated over a period of 4 months. Half of the 15 samples were kept at 4°C (± 2°C) while the other samples were maintained at laboratory temperature:25°C (±5°C). At given times, the samples are collected from the site of storage and equilibrated for 1 hour at room temperature before the analysis. The analytical methods 20 are detailed, the results being presented in the form of two tables. 1) Verification of the homogeneity of the colloidal solution: Without stirring the suspension, 100 ul 25 samples are collected thee times in order to represent the state of the solution at the top, in the middle and at. the bottom of the bottle. The refractive index of each sample is measured at 25 °C on an Abbe refractometer calibrated relative to pure water. Three 30 readings are made for each sample and the three mean values are compared. Any variation in the concentration of the solution results in a difference in refractive index. 35 2) Measurement of the hydrodynamic diameter: A 100 ul sample of the solution to be analyzed is diluted 120-fold with a 0.15 M NaCl solution and the Dh of the colloidal particles is - measured according to the protocol Md. Retran05-12- i;i7:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 34/ 43 - 32 - 3) Measurement of the viscosity: The measurements are carried out on 0.75 ml samples using an AR1000 rheometer (TA instruments) equipped with a Cone/Plane 5 geometry (cone 4 cm/2°C) at a temperature of 20.0°C +/-0.1°C (regulation by Pelletier effect). The viscosity curve as a function of the shear gradient is recorded for gradients varying from i to 100 s"1. At these concentrations, the solutions are slightly 10 rheofluidizing and the viscosity value selected is taken for a gradient of 10 s"1. The results obtained after aging at 4°C and 25°C are assembled in Tables I and II. Table I - Aging at 4°C TO Tl T2 T3 T4 T5 number of days of aging 0 9 28 59 92 127 homogeneity (index) sample 1 cm 1.3443 1.3442 1.3447 1.3438 1.3440 1.3443 sample 1.5 cm 1.3442 1.3442 1.3446 1.3439 1.3439 1.3440 sample 2 cm 1.3443 1.3442 1.3448 1.3439 1.3440 1.3440 hydrodynamic diameter(rati) 45 45 44 43 44 44 Viscosity (mPa.s) 246 246 250 250 262 250 Table II - Aging at 25°C To Tl T2 T3 T4 T5 number of days of aging 0 9 28 59 92 127 homogeneity (index) sample 1 cm 1.3443 - 1.3448 1.3441 1.3440 1.3442 sample 1.5 cm 1.3442 - 1.3448 1.3441 1.3440 1.3442 sample 2 cm 1.3443 - 1.3447 1.3441 1.3440 1.3442 hydrodynamic diameter (nm) 45 - 44 44 45 46 viscosity (mPa.s) 246 - 246 250 284 240 RetranOS-12- 1; 17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ; 04 37 91 62 79 # 35/ 43 - 33 - EXAMPLE 9 - Test of release of insulin in animals after administration of a suspension of particles containing insulin A formulation is prepared from PV (of Example 3) and 5 insulin, the quantity of each being determined according to measurements of combination rate (Ma).. A group of 4 beagle dogs (males and females) weighing between 10 and 12 kg are fasted for 18 hours. A preparation is formulated and is composed of 80 IU of 10 insulin t 56 mg of PV in 1 ml of PBS buffer. The dogs then receive a subcutaneous administration of this insulin preparation at the rate of 2 IU/kg of weight. Blood sample collected for glucose and insulin assay before (-2h, -lh and Oh) and after (lh, 2h, 4h, 6h, 15 12h, 16h, 20h, 24h, 28h, 32h, 36h, 40h, 44h, 48h). the injection. The glucose concentrations are measured in the samples by the glucose oxidase method and serum insulin is assayed using a radioimmunological method. Fig. 3 gives the mean of the variation in glucose for 20 this formulation. Fig. 4 gives the mean of the variation in serum insulin for this formulation. This example shows, through the biological activity, the nondenaturation of the protein as well as the 25 possibility of prolonging the release by > 24h, two advantageous aspects of the present invention. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 36/ 43 WO 01/37809 - 34 - PCT/FROO/02831 CLAIMS 1. A colloidal suspension of submicronic particles which can be used, in particular for carrying 5 active principle(s) (PA(s)), these particles being individualized supramolecular arrangements: • based on linear, amphophilic polyamino acids (PAA), with a-peptide linkages and comprising at least two different types of recurring amino 10 acids: hydrophilic AAI and hydrophobic neutral AAO, the amino acids of each type being mutually identical or different, • and capable of combining in colloidal suspension, in the nondissolved state, at least 15 one PA and of releasing it, in particular in vivo, in a prolonged and/or delayed manner, characterized: o in that the AAI (s) is (are) chosen from amino acids with an ionizable side chain, the 20 natural amino acids Glu and Asp in carboxylic form and/or in the form of salts being particularly preferred, o in that the or is AAO(s) is (are) chosen from the group comprising natural neutral amino 25 acids, preferably those belonging to the subgroup comprising: Leu, lie, Val, Ala, Glyr Phe; o in that it is stable at pH between 4 and 13 in the absence of surfactant(s), 30 o by a load factor Ta with insulin, expressed as % of combined insulin mass relative to the mass and measured according to a procedure Ma, Ta being such that: A 7 35 A preferably, 8 A and, still more preferably, 10 expressed in nm and measured according to a procedure Md, Dh being such that: Retran05-12- 1;17:09 iPLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 37/ 43 - 35 - A 10 nm Dh A preferably, 20 nm 2. The suspension as claimed in claim 1, 5 characterized in that the submicronic particles do not acquire their cohesion from the presence of the following three compounds: - I) oil - II) aqueous phase 10 - III) and at least one synthetic non-crosslinked linear copolyamino acid comprising at least two different types of amino acid comonomer: hydrophilic AAI and hydrophobic AAO. 15 3. The suspension as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the constituent PAAs of the particles are "block" PAAs for which the AAO{AAI+AAO) molar ratio, expressed as %, is such 20 that: A 10% 25 between 50 and 100, and still more preferably between 60 and 150. 4. The suspension as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the constituent PAAs 30 of the particles are "diblock" PAAs. 5. The suspension as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it . is aqueous and stable. 35 The suspension as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the particles comprise at least one active principle PA. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 91 62 79 # 38/ 43 - 36 - 7. A pulverulent solid, characterized in that it is obtained from the suspension as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6. 5 8. A method for preparing the pulverulent solid as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: 1) copolymerization of monomers consisting of anhydrides of N-CarboxyAmino acids (NCA) of at least two different types, on the one hand, 10 NCAs-pAAI ("pAAI" designating precursors of AAI) and, on the other hand, NCAs-AAO, is carried out in the presence: of at least one nonaromatic polar solvent, preferably chosen from the group 15 comprising: N-MethylPyrrolidone (NMP), DiMethylFormamide (DMF), DiMethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), DiMethylAcetamide (DMAc), pyrrolidone; NMP being most particularly preferred; 20 - and optionally of at least one cosolvent selected from aprotic solvents (preferably 1,4-dioxane) and/or protic solvents (preferably pyrrolidone) and/or water and/or alcohols, methanol being 25 particularly preferred; 2) the recurring pAAI motifs of the copolymer obtained in step 1 are converted to recurring AAI motifs, using hydrolysis, preferably , acid hydrolysis, for which the copolymer obtained in 30 step 1 is brought into contact with an agueous phase for acid hydrolysis + water; 3) the reaction medium is neutralized; 4) optionally, the reaction medium is dialyzed in order to purify the agueous suspension of 35 structured particles; 5) optionally, this suspension of step 4 is concentrated; Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ;04 37 81 62 79 # 39/ 43 - 37 - 6) the liquid medium is removed in order to collect the pulverulent solid comprising the particles. The method as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that, at the end of step 1, the copolymer poly(AAO)(pAAI) obtained is precipitated preferably in water - and the precipitate is recovered. 10 10. A method for preparing the suspension as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the pulverulent solid as claimed in claim 7 and/or the pulverulent solid obtained by the method as 15 claimed in claim 8 are brought into contact with a nonsolvent aqueous medium for the AAOs. 11. A method for preparing the suspension as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that 20 it comprises steps 1, 2, 3, 4 and optionally 5 of the method as claimed in claim 8. 12. A method for preparing the suspension as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the combination 25 of PA with the particles is carried out by bringing a liquid phase containing the PA into contact with the colloidal suspension of particles. 30 13. A method for preparing the suspension as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the combination of the PA with the particles is carried out by bringing a PA in the solid state into contact with the colloidal suspension of particles. 35 14. A method for preparing the suspension as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the pulverulent solid as claimed in claim 7 and/or the pulverulent solid obtained by the method as claimed in claim 8 Retran05-12- 1;17:09 ;PLASSERAUD ; 04 37 91 62 79 # 40/ 43 - 38 - are brought into contact with a liquid phase containing the PA. 15. A method for preparing the suspension as claimed 5 in claim 6, characterized in that the pulverulent solid as claimed in claim 7 and/or the pulverulent solid obtained by the method according to claim 8 are brought into contact with the PA in solid form and in that this mixture of solids is dispersed in 10 a liquid phase, preferably an aqueous solution. 16. An intermediate product of the method as claimed in claim 8 or 9, characterized in that it consists of PAA copolymers which are precursors of 15 particles. 17. The suspension as claimed in claim 6 and/or obtained by the method as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 15 and/or the pulverulent solid as 20 claimed in claim 7 comprising at least one active principle preferably chosen from: o vaccines, o proteins and/or peptides, among which those most preferably selected are: hemoglobins, 25 cytochromes, albumins, interferons, antigens, antibodies, erythropoietin, insulin, growth hormones, factors VIII and IX, interleukins or mixtures thereof, hematopoiesis-stimulating factors, 30 o polysaccharides, heparin being more particularly selected, o nucleic acids and, preferably, RNA and/or DNA oligonucleotides, o non-petido-protein molecules belonging to 35 various anticancer chemotherapy classes and, in particular, anthracyclines and taxoids, o and mixtures thereof. Retran05-12- 1;17:09 i PLASSERAUD ; 04 37 91 62 79 # 41/ 43 - 39 - 18. The suspension as claimed in claim 6 and/or the suspension obtained by the method as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 15, and/or the pulverulent solid as claimed in claim 7, comprising at least 5 one nutritional, plant-protection or cosmetic active principle. 19. A pharmaceutical, nutritional, plant-protection or cosmetic proprietary product, characterized in 10 that it comprises a suspension and/or the pulverulent solid as claimed in claim 17 or 18. Dated this 02nd day of December, 2005.

Documents:

1359-mumnp-2005-abstract(15-10-2008).doc

1359-MUMNP-2005-ABSTRACT(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-abstract(amended)-(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-abstract(granted)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-CANCELLED PAGES(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-CLAIMS(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-claims(5-12-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-claims(granted)-(15-10-2008).doc

1359-mumnp-2005-claims(granted)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-claims.doc

1359-mumnp-2005-claims.pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-CORRESPONDENCE(10-11-2008).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-CORRESPONDENCE(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-correspondence(ipo)-(19-3-2009).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-correspondence(ipo)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-correspondence-others.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-correspondence-received-ver-010806.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-correspondence-received.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-description (complete).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-DESCRIPTION(COMPLETE)-(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-description(complete)-(5-12-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-description(granted)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-DRAWING(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-drawing(5-12-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-drawing(amended)-(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-drawing(granted)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-drawings.pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-FORM 1(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 1(5-12-2005).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 13(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 18(5-6-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(complete)-(5-12-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(granted)-(15-10-2008).doc

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(granted)-(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(granted)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-FORM 2(TITLE PAGE)-(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(title page)-(5-12-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 2(title page)-(granted)-(20-2-2009).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-FORM 3(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 3(2-12-2005).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 3(5-12-2005).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 5(2-12-2005).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form 5(5-12-2005).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form-1.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form-2.doc

1359-mumnp-2005-form-2.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form-26.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form-3.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-form-5.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-pct-search report.pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-petition of under rule 138(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-PETITON UNDER RULE 137(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-PETITON UNDER RULE 138(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-power of authority(1-11-2006).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-power of authority(1-8-2006).pdf

1359-MUMNP-2005-POWER OF AUTHORITY(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-specification(amended)-(15-10-2008).pdf

1359-mumnp-2005-wo international publication report(5-12-2005).pdf