Title of Invention | METHOD OF LAND TREATMENT OF WARTEWATER WITHOUT COUSING ADVERS EFFECT OR SOIL AND WATERQUALITY |
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Abstract | Reuse of wastewater for irrigation can be considered as a suitable option for raising useful crops in the region. When the wastewater is evenly spreaded on the surface of the land, it percolates into the ground and the suspended solids remain on the surface of the ground. The challenge is to utilize the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil as an acceptor of the wastewater, with minimum unwanted effects to the crops to be grown, to the characteristics of the soil, and to the quality of ground water and surface water runoff. This invention relates to a novel method of testing of land treatment system of wastewater by applying on land for irrigation without having any adverse effect on soil and ground water quality. It determines the suitability of land treatment of wastewater for the abatement of surface water pollution, potentiality of nutrient uptake by crops from wastewater, thereby enhancing agricultural production. It also relates on the recharging of ground water through recycling this way. A pilot study has been conducted by designing column lysimeter with soils colleted from the nearby agricultural land, which can be irrigated. The study reveals that under controlled application rates of wastewater, it is possible to maintain aerobic conditions within the soil and lysimeter test gives an idea of how much area can be irrigated safely without adversely affecting land and ground water quality. It is claimed that the process may be considered as a low cost technology and as a suitable option for the treatment of wastewater and for developing rural economy and life through innovative and effective application of science and technology. |
Full Text | 1.0 Field of invention This invention relates to a method of land application system for the safe disposal and treatment of coke plant effluent. More particularly, it relates to a novel method of testing of land treatment system of wastewater by applying it for irrigation without causing adverse effect on soil characteristics, ground water quality and surface runoff. 2.0 Background of invention Wastewater is a misplaced resource and can be reused advantageously for harvesting crops through proper management. A differentiation can be made between water reuse and recycling. Reuse implies utilization of water that has been previously used for another purpose, and recycling implies reuse of water more than once for that same purpose. The approaches in wastewater management essentially entail waste volume reduction, waste strength reduction and byproduct recovery. There are a number of coke plants in operation in the vicinity of Jharia Coalfield (JCF). Liquid effluents generated during the process operations are highly polluted and difficult to handle. The importance of coal carbonizing industries from the Indian national point of view is great and growing . It is producing gas and also producing coke for metallurgical purposes, and other byproducts, which are responsible for entire supplies of benzene, toluene, anthracene and naphthalene and coal tar products, which constitute the raw materials for the manufacture of synthetic dyes, drugs and high explosives. In coke ovens, naturally found coal is converted into coke which is suitable for use in metal industries especially in iron and steel for blast furnaces, foundries and for domestic purpose. Coal is transformed by carbonization into a hard, porous mass, devoid of volatile matter called coke, Coking process essentially consists of heating of coal (pyrolysis) in the absence of air or with limited oxidant, it decomposes to coke, liquid products and gases. Coking coals are distinguished by the fact that they begin to soften at about 300° C. As the temperature rises, the fluidity of the mass reaches a maximum and finally the mass solidifies to form coke . The gases and vapors evolved during the plastic stage swells the mass, causing the coke to have a hard porous structure . Non-coking coal does not soften during heating and products known as char, crumbs easily. The production of the coke consists of heating bituminous coal in absence of air to final temperatures of 900° to 1100 °C in an oven or a report, driving of volatile products that are recovered as tar, light oil and gas . Several grades of coals are blended, crushed to about 50 mesh and transferred to a storage bin for charging. The coking operation is carried out in a battery of 10 to 100 individual ovens designed to provide relatively uniform production of finished products and to recover heat in a way that minimizes the fuel requirements. During the coking period, the coke oven gas is collected through ascension pipe at the top of the oven, scrubbed in the gas collecting main with weak ammonia liquor to remove tar, and discharged to the by product recovery operation. At the completion of coking, the oven is isolated from the gas main and the incandescent coke is pushed into rail cars for prompt transfer to a quenching tower . Here, quench water showers the coke to cool it and prevent further loss by combustion, Large quantities of water are used for the quenching of hot coke and also for washing gas produced from ovens. Effluents generated from quenching of coke mainly contain suspended matter of coke breeze. Water used for washing gas comes out as strong ammonical liqueur, which contains high concentrations of ammonia, phenol, cyanide and other toxic substances. These effluents are finally discharged into the river stream and causing serious pollution to surface waters The wastewater produced during the carbonization and classification of fuel is of three basic types a) Water used for quenching the coke discharged from the retorts or ovens. b) Waste formed during cooling and washing the gas. c) Waste formed during the purification of byproducts. Large amounts of water are used when the gas is washed but if it is only slightly contaminated it may be recycled. The most heavily polluted liquors from the coke plants are the washings from the ammonia stills, where the condensate from the gas coolers accumulates. It contains ammonia, phenol, cyanide, sulphide that are toxic to aquatic life. The insoluble pollutants, especially tar, form a surface layer that hinders the access of oxygen from air. Large particles of suspended matter settle on the bed of the stream and cause further pollution . Fine suspended particles clog the respiratory organs of fish, making it impossible for them to live in such a stream. If there is insufficient dilution, thiocyanates, free lime and pyridine may also cause serious difficulties. Much of the dissolved oxygen is consumed by sulphur compounds, mainly sulphides which also have direct harmful effects on fish life depending on temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Unless removed from the effluent, oil and grease lead to the formation of oil slicks, which limit the diffusion of oxygen from air into water. A fact-finding survey is essential to for the safe disposal of wastewater 3.0 Drawback associated with the known art Chemical treatment methods are costly. In some old coke plants, where sufficient space is not available for making biological treatment, this system will solve the problem. Land disposal for treatment of effluents is cheap and does not require an expensive wastewater treatment plant, and not requiring high initial maintenance cost . It would give a very good nutrient removal from wastewater for raising useful crops in the region and the cost of fertilizer can be minimized. It will be economical as the available irrigation is limited in the area. Water of irrigation cannel can be saved by this system. Recycling the wastewater for irrigation can recharge ground water table. The agricultural potential of the coke plant effluent has not been considered in India. These effluents are rich in nutrients and could be useful in irrigated agriculture. Land disposal could abate surface water pollution due coke plant effluents , and has the potential for nutrient removal from the effluents, and thereby enhancing agricultural production, and at the same time, providing primary, secondary, and tertiary effluent treatment. This system will not only control the surface water pollution but also maintain the ecological balance of the ground water. The challenge is to utilize the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil as an acceptor of the wastewater, with minimum unwanted effects to the crops to be grown, to the characteristics of the soil, and to the quality of ground water and surface water runoff. Under controlled application rates of wastewater it is also possible to maintain aerobic conditions within the soil. But no systematic study has been reported to evaluate how much land area can be irrigated safely with control application of wastewater, which will not affect the ground water quality and maintain the aerobic condition in the soil.A wellguided research is essential in this regard. 4.0 Object of invention Activated sludge process being used in a number of large coke plants is not found to be successful. This may be due to the presence toxic cyanide in coke plant effluent, which is responsible for the killing of the useful microorganisms. In the activated sludge process, the bacteria are the most important microorganisms, because they are responsible for the decomposition of the organic material in the influent. In the reactor, a portion of the organic wastewater is used by the aerobic and facultative bacteria to obtain energy for the synthesis of the remainder of the organic material into new cells.. Further, while it is important that bacteria decompose the organic waste as quickly as possible, it is also important that they form a satisfactory flock, which is a prerequisite for the effective separation of the biological solids in the settling unit. Experience shows that the flock formation subsides after certain period of time for this reason land application of coke plant effluent may be considered as a suitable option for its treatment. Land treatment of wastewater includes the use of plants, land surface and soil matrix to remove the various constituents in wastewater by physical, chemical and biological means. When the wastewater is evenly spreaded on the surface of the land, it percolates into the ground and the suspended solids remain on the surface of the ground. The organic suspended solids are partly acted upon by bacteria and are partly oxidized by the atmospheric action of heat, light and air. Soil organisms convert the contents of wastewater into plant food and the roots of crops utilize the food. Decomposition of organic matter of wastewater may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Oxygen required for the aerobic process is present in different layers of the soil.. Carbon dioxide, which is produced in the process of decomposition, is given up by the soil and in return the atmospheric oxygen, is absorbed by it. The interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide may take place in different ways such as as wind movements, differences in temperature and pressure of the soil etc. Irrigation, the predominant land treatment process, involves the application of wastewater to the land for its treatment and for meeting the growth needs of plants. Effluent can be applied to crops or vegetation either by sprinkling or by surface techniques. System objectives are: • Ground water recharge • Natural treatment followed by pumped withdrawal or by under drains for recovery and • Natural treatment with renovated water moving vertically and laterally into the soil. The capability of land treatment systems to remove organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous , exchangeable cations, trace elements and microorganisms from applied wastewater depends on a variety of factors. For organic the soil is a highly efficient biological treatment systems. Organic matter is filtered by grass, liter and topsoil and is reduced by biological oxidation. Nitrogen can be removed by crop uptake and by denitrification. The major phosphorous removal process is chemical precipitation and adsorption, although plants do take up some amounts. Retention of trace metals especially heavy metals in the soil matrix occurs mainly through sorption and ion exchange. Bacterial removal mechanisms common to most methods of land treatment include straining, die-off, sedimentation, entrapment and adsorption. The object of this invention is to design method of testing to evaluate how much land area can be irrigated safely with control application of wastewater, which will not affect the ground water quality and maintain the aerobic condition in the soil. 5.0 A summary of invention Coke plant effluents are one of the major contributors to the pollution of the river Damodar, effluent generated from coke plant contain high suspended matter of coke breeze, high BOD, COD, ammonia, phenol and other toxic substances. Effluents from coke plants are rich in nutrients and can be useful in irrigated agriculture. There are a number of coke plants in operation in the vicinity of Jharia Coal field (JCF).. Chemical treatment methods are costly. In some old coke plants, where sufficient space is not available for making biological treatment, land application system of wastewater for irrigation will solve the problem. Land disposal for treatment of effluents is cheap and does not require an expensive wastewater treatment plant, and not requiring high initial maintenance cost. The complete specification for the air quality impact assessment methodology is given below: i) Wastewater generated from a plant in question is to be investigated to determine the quantity of the liquid effluent produced each day . It's geographical location, processes involved in the plant are to be studied and sources of water pollution are to be identified, ii) Effluent water quality monitoring station is to be selected and representative water samples are to collected and their physicochemical characteristics are to be determined by adopting standard methods and the agricultural potential of the plant effluent is to be evaluated, iii) A pilot study is to be conducted with the application of the wastewater to the land where it would be applied as irrigant to evaluate the flooding rate , which will not effect the soil characteristics and ground water quality, iv) Column lysimeters are to be designed for coducting pilot study to determine the safe disposal of wastewater for harvesting crops. For this purpose the column lysimeters consisted of three-200cm length having 20cm diameter PVC pipes are to be designed, v) The lysimeters are to be equipped with three ports of 5-cm diameter, at 30, 90 and 160 cm depth, which are to be driven inside the lysimeters. One end of each port is to be closed with a plug to prevent water from leaving the lysimeter, and the other end is to be connected to polythene tube of 1.27cm (1/2 in.) diameter (I.D.) used for collecting the leachate from each port depth. The top surface of the port is to be kept perforated, and just above it with a plug gravel and sand are to be placed so that leachate could be collected easily through the port vi) Agricultural land near the plant is to be selected for harvesting with wastewater. Soil samples are to be collected for use in the lysimeter for a pilot study vii) Soil samples are to be collected from three depths (0-30cm, 30-90cm, and 90- 10cm) and are to be placed in clean plastic bags after mixing. Disturbed and un disturbed soil samples are also to be collected for physico-chemical analysis for generating base line data. viii) The collected soil samples are to be placed carefully and compacted layer wise to simulate original in-situ condition pertaining to stratification and density. ix) Effluent samples collected from the plant are to be introduced to lysimeter No. 1. In lysimeter No. 2, diluted effluents of the coke plants are to be introduced. In lysimeter No. 3 (blank), only distilled water are to be used. x) Two irrigations per week in each lysimeter are to be continued, with 5cm flooding at each irrigation, and the quantity of raw effluent added each time has to be noted. The irrigation has to be continued for three months. xi) The leachates from 1 and 2 are to be collected and analyzed to assess the impact of wastewater on ground water quality and renovation efficiency of the living filter is o be evaluated. xii) The soils from different layers in each lysimeter are to be analyzed to assess the impact soil quality due to the disposal of coke plant effluent and the land area can be irrigated without any adverse affect to soil characteristics and ground water quality is to be worked out. 5.0 Applications 5.1 Description of the study area The coke plant studied, is situated 10km from Dhanbad, 1155 km from Delhi and 269 km Kolkata at latitude 23° 38' to 23° 40' N and longitude 806° 22' to 86° 30' E. It was built in 1915 and is well connected by rail and roads. It takes water from a river Ekra Jore Nallah and discharges it effluent to the same river, later joints the river Damodar Information on the coke plant effluent is given below. 1. Coking temperature : 105 0 °C to 1100 °C 2. Coking hours : 26/28 h 3. No of batteries : 2 nos. in 1915 4. Total number of ovens :40 ovens per battery 5. Quantity of coal charged :9 t per oven 6. Yield of coke : 71 per oven 7. Water consumed for industrial purpose :700 kl / day 8. Waste water generation : 175-200 kl/day. S.2 Methods Effluent samples from the coke plant were collected each week on Monday and Friday . Since phenols were present in the wastewater, the samples were preserved and stored unless they were analyzed within 4 h after collection . It was acidified with H3PO4 to a pH of 4. One gram of CuSO4/l was added to inhibit biodegradation of phenol. The samples were kept at 4 °C. Samples were preserved for COD by adding 2 ml/1 of H2SO4 and for BOD samples were refrigerated at 4 °C. All the water quality parameters were determined following methods given in Standard Methods by American Public Health Association. Temperature, pH and DO measurements were carried out at site immediately after the collection of samples. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured gravimetrically using precision balance, make Metier, model-AE 240. pH of the samples were measured by pH meter. Dissolve oxygen (DO) was measured by Winkler's method. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was measured by determining the quantity of oxygen utilized by suitable aquatic microorganisms during a five- day period Ammonia was measured spectrophotometrically with the use of Nessler's reagent. Nitrate ion was first reduced to nitrite and determined spectrophotometrically by a diazotization method. Cyanide ion was first reacted with chloramine-T, which formed a blue dye with pyridine pyrazolene reagent and determined spectrophotometrically. Hardness was measured by complex metric titration using EDTA as titrant and EBT as an indicator. Ca and Mg hardness were determined by using mureoxide indicator. Chloride content was estimated by argentometric titration using standard silver nitrate as a titrant and potassium chromate as an indicator. Oil and grease were estimated with the use of soxhlet extraction method. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined following open reflux method using ferrous ammonium sulfate as a titrant and ferroin as an indicator. Sodium and potassium content were measured by flame photometer, make-AMIL. Phenol was reacted with 4-aminoantipyrine in presence of potassium ferricyanide, extracted into chloroform and measured at 460 nm. Characteristics of the effluent from coke plant are given Table 1. Note: All parameters except pH are expressed in mg/1 unless otherwise noted 5.3 Results The pH of the effluent was found to be slightly alkaline in nature. The dissolved oxygen (DO) was found to range from 1.42 to 3.17 with an average of 2.39 mg/1. COD value of the effluent was also found to exceed the permissible limit of 250 mg/1 as per IS 2490 due the presence of suspended solids of coal fines and organic matter. High value of BOD showed the presence of biodegradable substances . The aerobic decomposition of organic matter takes dissolved oxygen from the river water and is responsible for depletion of DO. Average oil and grease content of the effluent was found to be 19.61 mg/l. Increase of dissolved solid content observed in comparison to the raw water indicates contamination of inorganic salts. Suspended solids in the effluent were found to be very high ranging from 1521 mg/l to 2031 mg/l as compared to the tolerance limit of 100 mg/l. Ammonical nitrogen was contaminated during the extraction of coal tar from the coke oven gas ammonical nitrogen. Contamination with nitrate nitrogen, phenolic compounds cyanides and hardness was also observed. 5.4 Discussion Coke plant effluent contains a large amount of suspended solids. After quenching of coke a large quantity of effluent is generated, which mainly contains suspended coke breeze. Settling tanks have been provided for the settlement of suspended solid but it was observed that the numbers were not adequate and sufficient retention time for the separation of TSS was not maintained. So a large amount of coke breeze is being lost every day along with the effluent. This showed the ineffectiveness of the present effluent treatment system. At the discharge point, the river water has a taken black color look due to the deposition of coke breezes. So, in addition to the surface water pollution and siltation on the riverbed a huge quantity of costly coke breeze is being lost every day . High BOD, COD, phenol content of effluent are causing serious surface water pollution. The test result reveals that proper treatment of the effluent is needed before discharging to surface water bodies. 6.0 Design of lysimeter test High organic loadings may create anaerobic conditions in the soil matrix and result in the production of odors. Due to the nitrification in the soil matrix, nitrate nitrogen may contaminate the ground by leaching. Due to the accumulation of trace elements they may become toxic at higher levels to both plant life and microorganisms. So it is essential to make pilot study with wastewater to the land where it will be applied as irrigant to evaluate the flooding rate , which will effect the soil characteristics and ground water quality. In this study lysimeter test has been designed for the safe disposal of wastewater for harvesting crops. For this purpose the column lysimeters consisted of three-200cm length having 20cm diameter PVC pipes were designed. The lysimeters were equipped with three ports of 5-cm diameter, at 30, 90 and 160 cm depth, which were driven inside the lysimeters. One end of each port was closed with a plug to prevent water from leaving the lysimeter, and the other end was connected to polythene tube of 1.27cm (1/2 in.) diameter (I.D.) used for collecting the leachate from each port depth. The top surface of the port was perforated, and just above it with a plug gravel and sand were placed so that leachate could be collected easily through the port as shown in Figure 1. Agricultural land near the coke plant was selected for harvesting with wastewater. Soil was collectedly auguring to a depth of 2m. To obtain samples for use in the lysimeter for a pilot study , an area of 2mx2m was cleaned of grasses, stones, and other unwanted materials. The soil was collected from three depths (0-30cm, 30-90cm, and 90-10cm) and placed in clean plastic bags after mixing. Disturber and un disturbed soil samples were also collected for physico-chemical analysis. The collected soil samples were carefully placed and compacted layer wise to simulate original in-situ condition pertaining to stratification and density. Raw effluents from coke plant were introduced to lysimeter No.l. In lysimeter No. 2, diluted effluents of the coke plants were introduced. In lysimeter No. 3 (blank), only distilled water were used. There were two irrigations per week in each lysimeter, with 5cm flooding at each irrigation, and the quantity of raw effluent added each time was noted. The irrigation was continued for three months. The leachates from 1 and 2 were collected and analyzed to assess the impact of wastewater on ground water quality. Then the soils from different layers in each lysimeter were analyzed to assess the impact soil quality due to the disposal of coke plant effluent. 7.0 Description of the accompanying drawing The leachate of the bottom port of lysimeter No.l contained oil and grease in amounts ranging from 0.02mg/l to 0.09mg/l, with an average of value of 0.06mg/l (Figure 1). For drinking water, oil and grease should be absent according to IS: 10,500. Total dissolved solids with an average value of 541.27mg/l, also slightly exceeded the tolerance limit of 500mg/l. For nitrate nitrogen, the value was even higher from the raw effluent value, possibly because of conversion of ammonia to nitrate by the nitrification process. The percentage of organic matter in the soil of lysimeter No.l was more than in lysimeter No.3. The water holding capacity was also increased due the increase of organic matter . The leaching losses of available nitrogen from lysimeter No.l were less than those from lysimeter No.3. Only very small amounts of phosphorous were lost from the soil. There were larger losses of potassium but less from lysimeter No.l than from the other two. The soil pH increased within each lysimeter, but electrical conductivity decreased with depth due to the decrease of soluble salt. The cation exchange capacity of soil at various depths was found to decrease. Trace metals such as zinc and lead were found to decrease to a lesser extent. The experiment with lysimeter No. 2 was performed with diluted effluents to see how much this would decrease in contamination of ground water by oil and grease, high total dissolved solids (TDS), and nitrate nitrogen. When the dilution ratio was increased to 1:1 (one part of water and one part of raw effluent), the leachate from the bottom port was found to be within the tolerance limit.. TDS was in the range of 465.21-471.59mg/l, with an average of 467.55mg/l. Nitrate nitrogen was in the range of 34.09-37.27mg/l , with an average of 35.85mg/l. The use of land surface and soil matrix to remove various constituents in wastewater by land application is called a living filter system. The column lysimeter may be considered as a living filter . The renovation efficiency of living filter (RELF) may be expressed as Where OIC is the original irrigant constituent in mg/l and CCL is the concentration of the constituent in leachate in mg/l. The RELF at the bottom port of the lysimeter No.2 for COD was found to be 86.92%, for TDS 53.22% and for oil and grease 99.37%, calculated on the basis of quantity of effluent applied in lysimeter No. 2 for a period of three months (39Lit.) and on the average quantity of wastewater discharged by the coke plant(l 88m3 /d). It was also calculated that 12,400m3 /ha of effluent can be applied within a period of three months and about 2.73 ha of land can be irrigated with the wastewater produced from the coke plant effluent. claim 1. Method of land treatment by waste water from coke plant effluent, comprising the steps of a.) determination of physicochemical characteristics and agricultural potential of the effluent quantity b)collection of soils layer wise from the agricultural land to be irrigated c)preparation of column lysimeters by putting the collected soil layer wise d) application of said wastewater as coke plant effluent to the said lysimeter by flooding e) collecting the leachate from different ports of the lysimeters and analysis of the leachate thus collected to determine the impact of wastewater on ground water quality and surface runoff f )analysis of soils from the lysimeters after the completion of the irrigation period to determine the impact of wastewater on the soil quality, wherein, said preparation of column lysimeters consist of three lysimeters of 200cm long and 20cm diameter PVC pipes, equipped with three ports of 5-cm diameter, at 30cm , 90cm and 160 cm depth of the said lysimeter respectively, said ports consists of pipes cross sectionally driven inside the lysimeter, one end of each port kept closed with a plug to prevent water from leaving the lysimeter, the other end of each port is connected to polythene tube of 1.27cm internal diameter for collecting the leachate from each port at said different depths , the top surface of the pipes of the port is configured as perforated with gravel and sand placed above the port so that leachate can be collected easily through the port. 2. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a pilot study is conducted with the application of wastewater to the land where it is to be applied as irrigant and the flooding rate of the effluent is determined which will not adversely effect the soil characteristics, ground water quality and surface runoff. 3. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein soils are collected from three depths(0-30cm, 30-90cm, and 90-10cm) from the agricultural land to be irrigated for raising crops with the wastewater and the soils placed layerwise and copmacted carefully to simulate the original land pertaining to startification and density . 4. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein effluent samples collected from the plant are introduced to lysimeter No.1 (raw effluent), in lysimeter Mo. 2 ( diluted effluent), in lysimeter No. 3 (blank, plain water) with two irrigations per week in each lysimeter, with 5cm flooding at each irrigation , and the quantity of raw effluent added each time has been noted and the irrigation has been continued for three months. 5. Method as claimed in claim 4, wherein leachates from lysimeter No. 1 and 2 are collected and analyzed to determine the impact of wastewater on ground water quality 6. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein soil samples from different layers of the lysimeters are analyzed to determine the impact on soil quality due to the disposal of coke plant effluent and the area of land can be irrigated without any adverse affect on soil and ground water quality. Reuse of wastewater for irrigation can be considered as a suitable option for raising useful crops in the region. When the wastewater is evenly spreaded on the surface of the land, it percolates into the ground and the suspended solids remain on the surface of the ground. The challenge is to utilize the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil as an acceptor of the wastewater, with minimum unwanted effects to the crops to be grown, to the characteristics of the soil, and to the quality of ground water and surface water runoff. This invention relates to a novel method of testing of land treatment system of wastewater by applying on land for irrigation without having any adverse effect on soil and ground water quality. It determines the suitability of land treatment of wastewater for the abatement of surface water pollution, potentiality of nutrient uptake by crops from wastewater, thereby enhancing agricultural production. It also relates on the recharging of ground water through recycling this way. A pilot study has been conducted by designing column lysimeter with soils colleted from the nearby agricultural land, which can be irrigated. The study reveals that under controlled application rates of wastewater, it is possible to maintain aerobic conditions within the soil and lysimeter test gives an idea of how much area can be irrigated safely without adversely affecting land and ground water quality. It is claimed that the process may be considered as a low cost technology and as a suitable option for the treatment of wastewater and for developing rural economy and life through innovative and effective application of science and technology. |
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85-kol-2005-granted-abstract.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-claims.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-description (complete).pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-drawings.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-examination report.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-form 1.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-form 18.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-form 2.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-reply to examination report.pdf
85-kol-2005-granted-specification.pdf
85A-KOL-2005-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf
Patent Number | 231393 | ||||||||
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Indian Patent Application Number | 85/KOL/2005 | ||||||||
PG Journal Number | 10/2009 | ||||||||
Publication Date | 06-Mar-2009 | ||||||||
Grant Date | 04-Mar-2009 | ||||||||
Date of Filing | 09-Feb-2005 | ||||||||
Name of Patentee | MRINAL K. GHOSE | ||||||||
Applicant Address | CENTRE OF MINING ENVIRONMENT INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES DHANBAD | ||||||||
Inventors:
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PCT International Classification Number | A01B 77/00 | ||||||||
PCT International Application Number | N/A | ||||||||
PCT International Filing date | |||||||||
PCT Conventions:
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