Title of Invention	A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A SORBRNT COMPOSITION .
Abstract	Particulate sorbent compositions comprising a mixture of zinc oxide, silica, alumina and a substantially reduced valence cobalt are provided for the desulfurization of a feedstream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuels in a desulfurization zone by a process which comprises the contacting of such feedstreams in a desulfurization zone followed by separation of the resulting low sulfur-containing stream and sulfurized-sorbent and thereafter regenerating and activating the separated sorbent before recycle of same to the desulfurization zone.

Title of Invention

A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A SORBRNT COMPOSITION .

Abstract

Particulate sorbent compositions comprising a mixture of zinc oxide, silica, alumina and a substantially reduced valence cobalt are provided for the desulfurization of a feedstream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuels in a desulfurization zone by a process which comprises the contacting of such feedstreams in a desulfurization zone followed by separation of the resulting low sulfur-containing stream and sulfurized-sorbent and thereafter regenerating and activating the separated sorbent before recycle of same to the desulfurization zone.

Full Text	Field of the invention This invention relates to the removal of sulfur from fluid streams of cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels. In another aspect this invention relates to sorbent compositions suitable for use in the desulfurization of fluid streams of cracked-gasolines and diesel fuel. A further aspect of this invention relates to a process for the production of sulfur sorbents for use in the removal of sulfur bodies from fluid streams of cracked gasolines and diesel fuels. Background of the Invention The need for cleaner burning fuels has resulted in a continuing world wide effort to reduce sulfur levels in gasoline and diesel fuels. The reducing of gasoline and diesel sulfur is considered to be a means for improving air quality because of the negative impact the fuel sulfur has on the performance of automotive catalytic converters. The presence of oxides of sulfur in automotive engine exhaust inhibits and may irreversibly poison noble metal catalysts in the converter. Emissions from an inefficient or poisoned converter contain levels of non- combusted, non-methane hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Such emissions are catalyzed by sunlight to form ground level ozone, more commonly referred to as smog. Most of the sulfur in gasoline comes from the thermally processed gasolines. Thermally processed gasolines such, as for example, thermally cracked gasoline, visbreaker gasoline, coker gasoline and catalytically cracked gasoline (hereinafter collectively called "cracked-gasoline") contains in part olefins, aromatics, and sulfur-containing compounds. Since most gasolines, such as for example automobile gasolines, racing gasolines, aviation gasoline and boat gasolines contain a blend of at least in part cracked-gasoline, reduction of sulfur in cracked-gasoline will inherently serve to reduce the sulfur levels in such gasolines. The public discussion about gasoline sulfur has not centered on whether or not sulfur levels should be reduced. A consensus has emerged that lower sulfur gasoline reduces automotive emissions and improves air quality. Thus the real debate has focused on the required level of reduction, the geographical areas in need of lower sulfur gasoline and the time frame for implementation. As the concern over the impact of automotive air pollution continues, it is clear that further efforts to reduce the sulfur levels in automotive fuels will be required. While the current gasoline products contain about 330 part per million with continued efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency to secure reduced levels, it has been estimated that gasoline will have to have less than 50 part per million of sulfur by the year 2010. (See Rock, K.L., Putman H.M., Improvements in FCC Gasoline Desulfurization via Catalytic Distillation" presented at the 1998 National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting (AM-98-37)). In view of the ever increasing need to be able to produce a low sulfur content automotive fuel, a variety of processes have been proposed for achieving industry compliance with the Federal mandates. One such process which has been proposed for the removal of sulfur from gasoline is called hydrodesulfurization. While hydrodesulfurization of gasoline can remove sulfur-containing compounds, it can result in the saturation of most, if not all, of the olefins contained in the gasoline. This saturation of olefins greatly affects the octane number (both the research and motor octane number) by lowering it. These olefins are saturated due to, in part, the hydrodesulfurization conditions required to remove thiophenic compounds (such as, for example, thiophene, benzo- thiophene, alkyl thiophenes, alkylbenzothiphenes and alkyl dibenzothiophenes), which are some of the most difficult sulfur-containing compounds to remove. Additionally, the hydrodesulfurization conditions required to remove thiophenic compounds can also saturate aromatics. In addition to the need for removal of sulfur from cracked-gasolines, there is also presented to the petroleum industry a need to reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuels. In removing sulfur from diesel by hydrodesulfurization, the cetane is improved but there is a large cost in hydrogen consumption. This hydrogen is consumed by both hydrodesulfurization and aromatic hydrogenation reactions. Thus there is a need for a process wherein desulfurization without hydrogenation of aromatics is achieved so as to provide a more economical process for the treatment of diesel fuels. As a result of the lack of success in providing successful and economically feasible processes for the reduction of sulfur levels in both cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels, it is apparent that there is still needed a better process for the desulfurization of both cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels which has minimal affect of octane while achieving high levels of sulfur removal. The present invention provides a novel sorbent system for the removal of sulfur from fluid streams of cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels. The invention also provides a process for the production of novel sorbents which are useful in the desulfurization of such fluid streams. The invention further provides a process for the removal of sulfur- containing compounds from cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels which minimize saturation of olefins and aromatics therein. The invention yet further provides a desulfurized cracked-gasoline that contains less than about 100 parts per million of sulfur based on the weight of the desulfurized cracked-gasoline and which contains essentially the same amount of olefins and aromatics as were in the cracked-gasoline from which it is made. Summany of the Invention The present invention is based upon our discovery that through the utilization of cobalt in a substantially reduced valence state, preferably zero, in a sorbent composition there is achieved a novel sorbent composition which permits the ready removal of sulfur from streams of cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels with a minimal effect on the octane rating of the treated stream. Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention there is provided a novel sorbent suitable for the desulfurization of cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels which is comprised of zinc oxide, silica, alumina and cobalt wherein the valence of the cobalt is substantially reduced and such reduced valence cobalt is present in an amount to permit the removal of sulfur from cracked- gasolines or diesel fuels. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel stream which comprises: (a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix thereof; (b) particulating the resulting mix so as to form particles thereof; (c ) drying the particulate of step (b); (c) calcining the dried particulate of step ( c ); (d) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate of step (d) with cobalt or a cobalt-containing compound; (f) drying the impregnated particulate of step (e); (g) calcining the dried particulate of step (f); and thereafter (h) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (g) with a suitable reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a composition wherein the valence of essentially all of the cobalt therein is zero such that the reduced cobalt-containing composition will effect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when said stream is contacted with said reduced cobalt-containing composition, wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 30 weight percent, wherein said particulate is impregnated with cobalt or a cobalt compound in an amount to provide a cobalt content therein in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, wherein said particulate is dried in steps ( c ) and ( f ) at a temperature in the range of about 65.5°C to about 177°C (about 150°F to about 350°F), wherein said dried particulate is calcined in steps (d) and (g) at a temperature in the range of about 240°C to about 815.5°C (about 400°F to about 1500°F). In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked- gasoline or a diesel fuel which comprises: (a) contacting said stream with a sorbent composition when produced by a process according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, such that there is formed a desulfurized fluid stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel and a sulfurized sorbent; (b) separating the resulting desulfurized fluid stream from said sulfurized sorbent; (c ) regenerating at least a portion of the separated sulfurized sorbent in a regeneration zone so as to remove at least a portion of the sulfur absorbed thereon; ( d ) reducing the resulting desulfurized sorbent in an activation zone so as to provide a reduced valence cobalt content therein which will effect the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when contacted with same; and thereafter (e) returning at least a portion of the resulting desulfurized, reduced sorbent to said desulfurization zone. Detailed Description of the Invention The term "gasoline" as employed herein is intended to mean a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling from about 100°F to approximately 400°F or any fraction thereof. Such hydrocarbons will include, for example, hydrocarbon streams in refineries such as; naphtha, straight-run naphtha, coker naphtha, catalytic gasoline, visbreaker naphtha, alkylate, isomerate or reformate. The term "cracked-gasoline" as employed herein is intended to mean hydrocarbons boiling from about 100°F to approximately 400°F or any fraction thereof that are products from either thermal or catalytic processes that crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. Examples of thermal processes include coking, thermal cracking and visbreaking. Fluid catalytic cracking and heavy oil cracking are examples of catalytic cracking. In some instances the cracked-gasoline may be fractionated and/or hydrotreated prior to desulfurization when used as a feed in the practice of this invention. The term "diesel fuel" as employed herein is intended to mean a fluid composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling from about 300°F to approximately 750°F or any fraction thereof. Such hydrocarbon streams include light cycle oil, kerosene, jet fuel, straight-run diesel and hydrotreated diesel. The term "sulfur" as employed herein is intended to mean those organosulfur compounds such as mercaptans or those thiophenic compounds normally present in cracked gasolines which include among others thiophene, benzothiophene, alkyl thiophenes, alkyl benzothiophenes and alkyldibenzothiophenes as well as the heavier molecular weights of same which are normally present in a diesel fuel of the types contemplated for processing in accordance with the present invention. The term "gaseous" as employed herein is intended to mean that state in which the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel is primarily in a vapor phased The term "substantially reduced cobalt valence" as employed herein is intended to mean that a large portion of the valence of the cobalt component of the composition is reduced to a value of less than 3, preferably zero. The present invention is based upon the discovery of applicants that a substantially reduced valence cobalt component in a particulate composition comprising zinc oxide, silica, alumina and cobalt results in a sorbent which permits the removal of thiophenic sulfur compounds from fluid streams of cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels without having a significant adverse affect of the olefin content of such streams, thus avoiding a significant reduction of octane values of the treated stream. Moreover, the use of such novel sorbents results in a significant reduction of the sulfur content of the resulting treated fluid stream. In a presently preferred embodiment of this invention, the sorbent composition has a cobalt content in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent. The zinc oxide used in the preparation of the sorbent composition can either be in the form of zinc oxide, or in the form of one or more zinc compounds that are convertible to zinc oxide under the conditions of preparation described herein. Examples of such zinc compounds include, but are not limited to, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate, zinc hydroxide, zinc carbonate, zinc acetate, and zinc nitrate. Preferably, the zinc oxide is in the form of powdered zinc oxide. The silica used in the preparation of the sorbent compositions may be either in the form of silica or in the form of one or more silicon-containing compounds. Any suitable type of silica may be employed in the sorbent compositions of the present invention. Examples of suitable types of silica include diatomite, silicalite, silica colloid, flame-hydrolyzed silica, hydrolyzed silica, silica gel and precipitated silica, with diatomite being presently preferred. In addition, silicon compounds that are convertible to silica such as silicic acid, sodium silicate and ammonium silicate can also be employed. Preferably, the silica is in the form of diatomite. The starting alumina component of the composition can be any suitable commercially available alumina material including colloidal alumina solutions and, generally, those alumina compounds produced by the dehydration of alumina hydrates. The zinc oxide will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an amount in the range of from about 10 weight percent to about 90 weight percent, preferably in an amount in the range of from about 15 to about 60 weight percent, and more preferably in an amount in the range of from about 45 to about 60 weight percent, when such weight percents are expressed in terms of the zinc oxide based upon the total weight of the sorbent composition. The silica will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an amount in the range of from about 5 weight percent to about 85 weight percent, preferably in an amount in the range of from about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent when the weight percents are expressed in terms of the silica based upon the total weight of the sorbent composition. The alumina will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an amount in the range of from about 5.0 weight percent to about 30 weight percent, preferably from about 5.0 weight percent to about 15 weight percent when such weight percents are expressed in terms of the weight of the alumina compared with the total weight of the sorbent system. In the manufacture of the sorbent composition, the primary components of zinc oxide, silica and alumina are combined together in appropriate proportions by any suitable manner which provides for the intimate mixing of the components to provide a substantially homogeneous mixture. Any suitable means for mixing the sorbent components can be used to achieve the desired dispersion of the materials. Such means include, among others, tumblers, stationary shells or troughs, Muller mixers, which are of the batch or continuous type, impact mixers and the like. It is presently preferred to use a Muller mixer in the mixing of the silica, alumina and zinc oxide components. Once the sorbent components are properly mixed to provide a shapeable mixture, the resulting mixture can be in the form of wet mix, dough, paste or slurry. If the resulting mix is in the form of a wet mix, the wet mix can be densified and thereafter particulated through the granulation of the densified mix. following the drying and calcination of same. When the admixture of zinc oxide, silica and alumina results in a form of the mixture which is either in a dough state or paste state, the mix can be shaped to form a particulate granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet or microsphere. Presently preferred are cylindrical exrudates having from 1/32 inch to 1/2 inch diameter and any suitable length. The resulting particulate is then dried and then calcined. When the mix is in the form of a slurry, the particulation of same is achieved by spray drying the slurry to form micro- spheres thereof having a size of from about 20 to about 500 microns. Such micro- spheres are then subjected to drying and calcination. Following the drying and calcination of the particulated mixture, the resulting particulates can be impregnated with cobalt oxide compound or a cobalt oxide precursor. Following the impregnation of the particulate compositions with the appropriate cobalt compound, the resulting impregnated particulate is then subjected to drying and calcination prior to the subjecting of the calcined particulate to reduction with a reducing agent, preferably hydrogen. The elemental cobalt, cobalt oxide or cobalt-containing compound can be added to the particulated mixture by impregnation of the mixture with a solution, either aqueous or organic, that contains the elemental cobalt, cobalt oxide or cobalt-containing compound. In general, the impregnation with the cobalt is carried out so as to form a resulting particulate composition of zinc oxide, silica, alumina and the cobalt metal, cobalt oxide or cobalt oxide precursor prior to the drying and calcination of the resulting impregnated composition. The impregnation solution is any aqueous solution and amounts of such solution which suitably provides for the impregnation of the mixture of zinc oxide, silica and alumina to give an amount of cobalt oxide in the final zinc oxide based composition to provide when reduced a reduced cobalt metal content sufficient to permit the removal of sulfur from streams of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuels when so treated with same in accordance with the process of the present invention. Once the cobalt, cobalt oxide or cobalt oxide precursor has been incorporated into the particulate calcined zinc oxide, alumina and silica mixture, the desired reduced valence cobalt metal sorbent is composition followed by calcination and thereafter subjecting the resulting calcined composition to reduction with a suitable reducing agent, preferably hydrogen, so as to produce a composition having a substantial zero valence cobalt content therein with such zero valence cobalt content being present in an amount to permit the removal with same of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel fluid stream. The solid reduced cobalt metal sorbent of this invention is a composition that has the ability to react with and/or chemisorb with organo-sulfur compounds, such as thicphenic compounds. It is also preferable that the sorbent removes diolefins and other gum forming compounds from the cracked-gasoline. The solid reduced metal sorbent of this invention is comprised of cobalt that is in a substantially reduced valence state, preferably a zero valence state. Presently the reduced metal is cobalt. The amount of reduced cobalt in the solid cobalt reduced metal sorbents of this invention is that amount which will permit the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel fluid stream. Such amounts are generally in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of the total weight of cobalt in the sorbent composition. Presently it is preferred that the reduced cobalt metal be present in an amount in the range of from about 15 to about 40 weight percent of the total weight of cobalt in the sorbent composition. In one presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reduced cobalt is present in an amount in the range of from about 15 to 30 weight percent and the cobalt component has been substantially reduced to zero valence. In another presently preferred embodiment of this invention, zinc oxide is present in an amount of about 38 weight percent, silica is present in an amount of about 31 weight percent, alumina is present in an amount of about 8 weight percent and cobalt is present prior to reduction to zero valence in an amount of about 33 weight percent cobalt oxide. From the above, it can be appreciated that the sorbent compositions which are useful in the desulfurization process of this invention can be prepared by a process which comprises: (a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix of same in the form of one of a wet mix, dough, paste or slurry; (b) particulating the resulting resulting mix to form HBrparticulates thereof in the form of one of granules, extrudates, tablets, pellets, spheres or microspheres; (c) drying the resulting particulate; (d) calcining the dried particulate; (e) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate with cobalt, cobalt oxide or a precursor for cobalt; (f) drying the impregnated particulate; (g) calcining the resulting dried particulate; and (h) reducing the calcined particulate product of (g) with a suitable reducing agent so as to produce a particulate composition having a substantial reduced valence cobalt content therein and wherein the reduced valence cobalt content is present in an amount sufficient to permit the removal with same of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel fluid stream when contacted with the resulting substantially reduced valence cobalt particulated sorbent. The process to use the novel sorbents to desulfurize cracked-gasoline or diesel fuels to provide a desulfurized cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel comprises: (a) desulfurizing in a desulfurization zone a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel with a solid reduced cobalt metal-containing sorbent; (b) separating the desulfurized cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel from the resulting sulfurized solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent; (c) regenerating at least a portion of the sulfurized solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent to produce a regenerated desulfurized solid cobalt- containing sorbent; (d) reducing at least a portion of the regenerated desulfurized solid cobalt-containing sorbent to produce a solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent thereafter and; (e) returning at least a portion of the regenerated solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent to the desulfurization zone. The desulfurization step (a) of the present invention is carried out under a set of conditions that includes total pressure, temperature, weight hourly space velocity and hydrogen flow. These conditions are such that the solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent can desulfurize the cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel to produce a desetnirized cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel and a sulfurized- - sorbent. In carrying out the desulfurization step of the process of the present invention, it is preferred that the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel be in a vapor phase. However, in the practice of the invention it is not essential, albeit preferred, that the feed be totally in a vapor or gaseous state. The total pressure can be in the range of about 15 psia to about 1500 psia. However, it is presently preferred that the total pressure be in a range of from about 50 psia to about 500 psia. In general, the temperature should be sufficient to keep the cracked- gasoline or diesel fuel essentially in a vapor phase. While such temperatures can be in the range of from about 100°F to about 1000°F, it is presently preferred that the temperature be in the range of from about 400°F to about 800°F when treating as cracked-gasoline and in the range of from about 500°F to about 900°F when the feed is a diesel fuel. Weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) is defined as the pounds of hydrocarbon feed per pound of sorbent in the desulfurization zone per hour. In the practice of the present invention, such WHSV should be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 50, preferably about 1 to about 20 hr'. In carrying out the desulfurization step, it is presently preferred that an agent be employed which interferes with any possible chemisorbing or reacting of the olefinic and aromatic compounds in the fluids which are being treated with the solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent. Such an agent is presently preferred to be hydrogen. Hydrogen flow in the desulfurization zone is generally such that the mole ratio of hydrogen to hydrocarbon feed is the range of about 0.1 to about 10, and preferably in the range of about 0.2 to about 3.0. The desulfurization zone can be any zone wherein desulfurization of the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel can take place. Examples of suitable zones are fixed bed reactors, moving bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors and transport reactors. Presently, a fluidized bed reactor or a fixed bed reactor is preferred. If desired, during the desulfurization of the vaporized fluids, diluents such as methane, carbon dioxide, flue gas and nitrogen can be used. Thus it is not essential to the practice of the process of the present invention that a high purity hydrogen be employed in achieving the desired desulfurization of the cracked- gasoline or diesel fuel. It is presently preferred when utilizing a fluidized system that a solid reduced cobalt sorbent be used that has a particle size in the range of about 20 to about 1000 micrometers. Preferably, such sorbents should have a particle size of from about 40 to about 500 micrometers. When a fixed bed system is employed for the practice of the desulfurization process of this invention, the sorbent should be such as to have a particle size in the range of about 1/32 inch to about 1/2 inch diameter. It is further presently preferred to use solid reduced cobalt sorbents that have a surface area of from about 1 square meter per gram to about 1000 square meters per gram of solid sorbent. The separation of the gaseous or vaporized desulfurized fluids and sulfurized sorbent can be accomplished by any means known in the art that can separate a solid from a gas. Examples of such means are cyclonic devices, settling chambers or other impingement devices for separating solids and gases. The desulfurized gaseous cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel can then be recovered and preferably liquefied. The gaseous cracked-gasoline or gaseous diesel fuel is a composition that contains in part, olefins, aromatics and sulfur-containing compounds as well as paraffins and naphthenes. The amount of olefins in gaseous cracked-gasoline is generally in the range of from about 10 to 35 weight percent based on the weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline. For diesel fuel there is essentially no olefin content. The amount of aromatics in gaseous cracked-gasoline is generally in the range of about 20 to about 40 weight percent based on the weight of the gaseous cracked gasoline. The amount of aromatics in gaseous diesel fuel is generally in the range of about 10 to about 90 weight percent. The amount of sulfur in cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels can range from about 100 parts per million sulfur by weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline to about-10,000 parts per million sulfur by weight of the gaseous cracked gasolinc and from about 100 parts per million to about 50,000 parts per million for diesel fuel prior to the treatment of such fluids with the sorbent system of the present invention. The amount of sulfur in cracked-gasolines or in diesel fuels following treatment of same in accordance with the desulfurization process of this invention is less than 100 parts per million. In carrying out the process of this invention, if desired, a stripper unit can be inserted before the regenerator for regeneration of the sulfurized sorbent which will serve to remove a portion, preferably all, of any hydrocarbons from the sulfurized sorbent or before the hydrogen reduction zone so as to remove oxygen and sulfur dioxide from the system prior to introduction of the regenerated sorbent into the sorbent activation zone. The stripping comprises a set of conditions that includes total pressure, temperature and stripping agent partial pressure. Preferably the total pressure in a stripper, when employed, is in a range of from about 25 psia to about 500 psia. The temperature for such strippers can be in the range of from about 100°F to about 1000°F. The stripping agent is a composition that helps to remove hydro- carbons from the sulfurized solid sorbent. Presently, the preferred stripping agent is nitrogen. The sorbent regeneration zone employs a set of conditions such that at least a portion of the sulfurized sorbent is desulfurized. The total pressure in the regeneration zone is generally in the range of from about 10 to about 1500 psia. Presently preferred is a total pressure in the range of from about 25 psia to about 500 psia. The sulfur removing agent partial pressure is generally in the range of from about 1 percent to about 25 percent of the total pressure. The sulfur removing agent is a composition that helps to generate gaseous sulfur oxygen-containing compounds such a sulfur dioxide, as well as to bum off any remaining hydrocarbon deposits that might be present. Currently, oxygen-containing gases such as air are the preferred sulfur removing agent. The temperature in the regeneration zone is generally from about 100°F to about 1500°F with a temperature in the range of about 800°F to about 1200°F being presently preferred. The regeneration zone can be any vessel wherein the desulfurizing or regeneration of the sulfurized sorbent can take place. The desulfurized sorbent is then reduced in an activation zone with a reducing agent so that at least a portion of the cobalt content of the sorbent composition is reduced to produce a solid cobalt reduced metal sorbent having an amount of reduced metal therein to permit the removal of sulfur components from a stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel. In general, when practicing the process of this invention, the reduction of the desulfurized solid cobalt-containing sorbent is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 100°F to about 1500°F and a pressure in the range of about 15 to 1500 psia. Such reduction is carried out for a time sufficient to achieve the desired level of cobalt reduction in the sorbent system. Such reduction can generally be achieved in a period of from about 0.01 to about 20 hours. Following the activation of the regenerated particulate sorbent, at least a portion of the resulting activated (reduced) sorbent can be returned to the desulfurization unit. When carrying out the process of the present invention in a fixed bed system, the steps of desulfurization, regeneration, stripping, and activation are accomplished in a single zone or vessel. The desulfurized cracked-gasoline resulting from the practice of the present invention can be used in the formulation of gasoline blends to provide gasoline products suitable for commercial consumption. The desulfurized diesel fuels resulting from the practice of the present invention can likewise be used for commercial consumption where a low sulfur-containing fuel is desired. EXAMPLES The following examples are intended to be illustrative of the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. These examples are not-intended tc*4i»»t the invention in any way. EXAMPLE I A solid reduced cobalt metal sorbent was produced by dry mixing 20.02 pounds of diatomite silica and 25.03 zinc oxide in a mix Muller for 15 minutes to produce a first mixture. While still mixing, a solution containing 6.38 pounds of Disperal alumina (Condea), 22.5 pounds of deionized water and 316 grams of glacial acetic acid were added to the mix Muller to produce a second mixture. After adding these components, mixing continued for an additional 30 minutes. This second mixture was then dried at 300°F for 16 hours and then calcined at 1175°F for one hour to form a third mixture. This third mixture was then particulalized by granulation using a Stokes Pennwalt granulator fitted with a 50 mesh screen. 200 grams of the resulting granulated mix was then impregnated with 148 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 43 grams of hot (200°F) deionized water to produce a particulate impregnated mix. The impregnated particulate was dried at 300°F for one hour and then calcined at 1175°F for one hour. 100 grams of the calcined particulate was impregnated with a solution of 74 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 8 grams of hot deionized water to produce an impregnated particulate product which was then dried at 300°F for one hour and then calcined at 1175°F for one hour to form a solid cobalt oxide sorbent. The solid cobalt oxide sorbent was then reduced by subjecting it to a temperature of 700°F, a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psi for 30 minutes to produce a solid reduced cobalt sorbent wherein the cobalt component of the sorbent composition was substantially reduced to a zero valence state. EXAMPLE II The solid reduced cobalt sorbent as prepared in Example I was tested for its desulfurization ability as follows. A one inch quartz reactor tube was loaded with the indicated amounts of the sorbent of Example I. This solid reduced cobalt sorbent was placed on a frit in the middle of the reactor. Gaseous cracked-gasoline having about 345 pans per million sulfur by weight of the sulfur-containing compounds based on the weight of the gasedus cracked-gasoline and having about 95 weight percent thiophenic compounds (such as for example, alkyl benzothiphenes, alkyl thiophenes, benzothiophene and thiophene) based on the weight of sulfur-containing compounds in the gaseous cracked-gasoline was pumped upwardly through the reactor. The rate was 13.4 milliliters per hour. This produced sulfurized solid sorbent and desulfurized gaseous cracked-gasoline. In Run 1, hydrogen was added to the gasoline feed at a partial pressure of 6.6 psi (out of a total pressure of 15 psi) resulting in a reduction in gasoline sulfur to 15-25 parts per million. After Run 1, the sulfurized sorbent was subjected to regeneration conditions that included a temperature of 900°F, a total pressure of 15 psia and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.6 to 3.1 psi for a period of 1-2 hours. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as "regeneration conditions" to produce a desulfurized cobalt-containing sorbent. This sorbent was then subjected to reducing conditions that included a temperature of 700°F, a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psi for a time period of 0.5 hours. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as "reducing conditions". In the next series of runs (2-6), after each run the sulfurized sorbent was subjected to regeneration and reducing conditions as described above. Runs 2 and 3 were essentially repeats of Run 1 indicating that the sorbent can be regenerated to a fresh state where it can reduce the sulfur content of cracked-gasoline to about 5 parts per million. A composite of product gasoline from each of the Runs 1 and 2 was subjected to a test to determine its research octane number (RON), using a method as described in ASTM 2699 procedure entitled "Research Octane Number of Sparked Ignition Engine Fuel". The RON for the products from Runs 1 and 2 was 91.4 as compared to the RON of 91.1 for the cracked-gasoline feed, indicating that the octane of the cracked-gasoline was not affected by carrying out the inventive desulfurization process. In Runs 4-7, the effect of hydrogen partial pressure was studied. As the hydrogen partial pressure is reduced (Run 4), the ability of the sorbent to desulfurize cracked-gasoline diminished. When no hydrogen is used in the process (Run 5), very little reduction in the sulfur content is effected.When the hydrogen partial pressure was increased to 13.2, the sorbent essentially reduced the cracked- gasoline to less than 5 parts per million. Run 7 was a repeat of Runs 1-3 and indicates that even after repeated cycles of desulfurization, regeneration and reduction or activation, the ability of the sorbent to remove sulfur from cracked gasoline did not diminish, for example compare Run 1 to Run 7. The results of this series of runs is set forth in Table 1. WE CLAIM: 1 • A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel stream which comprises: (a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix thereof; (b) particulating the resulting mix so as to form particles thereof; (c) drying the particulate of step (b); (d) calcining the dried particulate of step (c); (e) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate of step (d) with cobalt or a cobalt-containing compound; (f) drying the impregnated particulate of step (e); (g) calcining the dried particulate of step (f); and thereafter (h) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (g) with a suitable reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a composition wherein the valence ^f essentially all of the cobalt therein is zero such that the reduced cobalt-containing composition wil1 effect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline or diesti- fuel when said stream is contacted with said reduced cobalt-containing composition, wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 30 weight percent, wherein said particulate is impregnated with cobalt or a cobalt compound in an amount to provide a cobalt content therein in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, wherein said particulate is dried in steps (c) and (f) at a temperature in the range of about 65.5°C. to about 177°C. (about 150°F to about 350°F), wherein said dried particulate is calcined in steps (d) and (g) at a temperature in the range of about 240°C. to about 815,5°C. (about 400°F to about 1500°F), 2, A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said mix is in the form of one of a wet mix, dough, paste or slurry. 3, A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said particles are in the form of one of granules, extrudates, tablets, spheres, pellets or microspheres.. 4. A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of about 45 to 60 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 15 to 60 weight percent, said alumina is present in an amount in the range of about 5.0 to about 15 weight percent and said cobalt is present in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 40 weight percent. 5. A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said calcined, impregnated particulated mix is reduced in a reduction zone with a reducing agent under suitable conditions to effect a substantial reduction of the valence of the cobalt content so as to provide an amount of reduced valence cobalt metal such that the resulting composition will effect the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when treated with same under desulfurization conditions. 6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein said reduced valence cobalt is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the sorbent composition. 7. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 5-6, wherein the reduction of cobalt is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 37.7 °C. to about 815.5°C. (about 100°F to about 1500 °F) and at a pressure in the range of about 103 kPa to about 10.3 MPa (about 15 to about 1500 psia) for a time sufficient to permit the formation of the desired reduced valence cobalt component. 8. A process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or a diesel fuel which comprises: (a) contacting said stream with a sorbent composition when produced by a process according to any one of claims 1-7, such that there is formed a desulfurized fluid stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel and a sulfurized sorbent; (b) separating the resulting desulfurized fluid stream from said sulfurized sorbent; (c) regenerating at least a portion of the separated sulfurized sorbent in a regeneration zone so as to remove at least a portion of the sulfur absorbed thereon; (d) reducing the resulting desulfurized sorbent in an activation zone so as to provide a reduced valence cobalt content therein which will effect the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when contacted with same; and thereafter (e) returning at least a portion of the resulting desulfurized, reduced sorbent to said desulfurization zone. 9. A process as claimed in claim 8, wherein said desulfurization is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 37.7°C. to about 537.7°C. (about 100°F to about 1000°F) arid a pressure in the range of about 103 kPa to about 10.3 MPa (about 15 psia to about 1500 psia) for a time sufficient to effect the removal of sulfur from said stream. 10. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-9, wherein said regeneration is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 37.7 °C. to about 815.5°C. (about 100°F to about 1500°F) and a pressure in the range of about 68.9 kPa to about 10.3 MPa (about 10 to about 1500 psia) for a time sufficient to effect the removal of at least a portion of sulfur from the sulfurized sorbent. 11. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-10, wherein air is employed as a regeneration agent jn'.said regeneration zone 12. A process as claitndd in any one of.preceding claims 8-11, wherein said regenerated sorbent is subjected to reduction with hydrogen in a hydrogenation zone which is maintained at a temperature in the range of about ,37.7°C to about 815.5°C. (about 100°F to about 1500°F) and at a pressure in the range of about 103.3 kPa to about 10.3 MPa (about 15 to about 1500 psia) and for a period of time to effect a substantial reduction of the valence of the cobalt content of said sorbent. 13. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-12, wherein said separated sulfurized sorbent is stripped prior to introduction to said regeneration zone. 14. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-13, wherein the regenerated sorbent is stripped prior to introduction into said activation zone. 15. A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel stream substantially hererinbefore described with reference to Example I or II. 16. A process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or a diesel fuel substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Example II. Particulate sorbent compositions comprising a mixture of zinc oxide, silica, alumina and a substantially reduced valence cobalt are provided for the desulfurization of a feedstream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuels in a desulfurization zone by a process which comprises the contacting of such feedstreams in a desulfurization zone followed by separation of the resulting low sulfur-containing stream and sulfurized-sorbent and thereafter regenerating and activating the separated sorbent before recycle of same to the desulfurization zone.

Full Text

Field of the invention
This invention relates to the removal of sulfur from fluid streams of
cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels. In another aspect this invention relates to
sorbent compositions suitable for use in the desulfurization of fluid streams of
cracked-gasolines and diesel fuel. A further aspect of this invention relates to a
process for the production of sulfur sorbents for use in the removal of sulfur bodies
from fluid streams of cracked gasolines and diesel fuels.
Background of the Invention
The need for cleaner burning fuels has resulted in a continuing world
wide effort to reduce sulfur levels in gasoline and diesel fuels. The reducing of
gasoline and diesel sulfur is considered to be a means for improving air quality
because of the negative impact the fuel sulfur has on the performance of automotive
catalytic converters. The presence of oxides of sulfur in automotive engine exhaust
inhibits and may irreversibly poison noble metal catalysts in the converter.
Emissions from an inefficient or poisoned converter contain levels of non-
combusted, non-methane hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide.
Such emissions are catalyzed by sunlight to form ground level ozone, more
commonly referred to as smog.
Most of the sulfur in gasoline comes from the thermally processed
gasolines. Thermally processed gasolines such, as for example, thermally cracked
gasoline, visbreaker gasoline, coker gasoline and catalytically cracked gasoline
(hereinafter collectively called "cracked-gasoline") contains in part olefins,
aromatics, and sulfur-containing compounds.
Since most gasolines, such as for example automobile gasolines,
racing gasolines, aviation gasoline and boat gasolines contain a blend of at least in
part cracked-gasoline, reduction of sulfur in cracked-gasoline will inherently serve
to reduce the sulfur levels in such gasolines.
The public discussion about gasoline sulfur has not centered on
whether or not sulfur levels should be reduced. A consensus has emerged that
lower sulfur gasoline reduces automotive emissions and improves air quality. Thus

the real debate has focused on the required level of reduction, the geographical areas
in need of lower sulfur gasoline and the time frame for implementation.
As the concern over the impact of automotive air pollution continues,
it is clear that further efforts to reduce the sulfur levels in automotive fuels will be
required. While the current gasoline products contain about 330 part per million
with continued efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency to secure reduced
levels, it has been estimated that gasoline will have to have less than 50 part per
million of sulfur by the year 2010. (See Rock, K.L., Putman H.M., Improvements
in FCC Gasoline Desulfurization via Catalytic Distillation" presented at the 1998
National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting (AM-98-37)).
In view of the ever increasing need to be able to produce a low sulfur
content automotive fuel, a variety of processes have been proposed for achieving
industry compliance with the Federal mandates.
One such process which has been proposed for the removal of sulfur
from gasoline is called hydrodesulfurization. While hydrodesulfurization of gasoline
can remove sulfur-containing compounds, it can result in the saturation of most, if
not all, of the olefins contained in the gasoline. This saturation of olefins greatly
affects the octane number (both the research and motor octane number) by lowering
it. These olefins are saturated due to, in part, the hydrodesulfurization conditions
required to remove thiophenic compounds (such as, for example, thiophene, benzo-
thiophene, alkyl thiophenes, alkylbenzothiphenes and alkyl dibenzothiophenes),
which are some of the most difficult sulfur-containing compounds to remove.
Additionally, the hydrodesulfurization conditions required to remove thiophenic
compounds can also saturate aromatics.
In addition to the need for removal of sulfur from cracked-gasolines,
there is also presented to the petroleum industry a need to reduce the sulfur content
of diesel fuels. In removing sulfur from diesel by hydrodesulfurization, the cetane
is improved but there is a large cost in hydrogen consumption. This hydrogen is
consumed by both hydrodesulfurization and aromatic hydrogenation reactions.
Thus there is a need for a process wherein desulfurization without
hydrogenation of aromatics is achieved so as to provide a more economical process
for the treatment of diesel fuels.

As a result of the lack of success in providing successful and
economically feasible processes for the reduction of sulfur levels in both
cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels, it is apparent that there is still needed a
better process for the desulfurization of both cracked-gasolines and diesel
fuels which has minimal affect of octane while achieving high levels of
sulfur removal.
The present invention provides a novel sorbent system for the removal
of sulfur from fluid streams of cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels.
The invention also provides a process for the production of novel
sorbents which are useful in the desulfurization of such fluid streams.
The invention further provides a process for the removal of sulfur-
containing compounds from cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels which
minimize saturation of olefins and aromatics therein.
The invention yet further provides a desulfurized cracked-gasoline
that contains less than about 100 parts per million of sulfur based on the
weight of the desulfurized cracked-gasoline and which contains essentially
the same amount of olefins and aromatics as were in the cracked-gasoline
from which it is made.

Summany of the Invention
The present invention is based upon our discovery that through the
utilization of cobalt in a substantially reduced valence state, preferably zero,
in a sorbent composition there is achieved a novel sorbent composition
which permits the ready removal of sulfur from streams of cracked-gasolines
or diesel fuels with a minimal effect on the octane rating of the treated
stream.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention there is provided
a novel sorbent suitable for the desulfurization of cracked-gasolines or diesel
fuels which is comprised of zinc oxide, silica, alumina and cobalt wherein
the valence of the cobalt is substantially reduced and such reduced valence
cobalt is present in an amount to permit the removal of sulfur from cracked-
gasolines or diesel fuels.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for
the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel stream which
comprises:
(a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix thereof;
(b) particulating the resulting mix so as to form particles thereof;
(c ) drying the particulate of step (b);

(c) calcining the dried particulate of step ( c );
(d) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate of step (d) with cobalt or
a cobalt-containing compound;

(f) drying the impregnated particulate of step (e);
(g) calcining the dried particulate of step (f); and thereafter
(h) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (g) with a suitable
reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a composition
wherein the valence of essentially all of the cobalt therein is zero such
that the reduced cobalt-containing composition will effect the removal
of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when said
stream is contacted with said reduced cobalt-containing composition,
wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of from
about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an
amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent and said
alumina is present in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about
30 weight percent,
wherein said particulate is impregnated with cobalt or a cobalt
compound in an amount to provide a cobalt content therein in an
amount in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent,
wherein said particulate is dried in steps ( c ) and ( f ) at a temperature
in the range of about 65.5°C to about 177°C (about 150°F to about
350°F),

wherein said dried particulate is calcined in steps (d) and (g) at a
temperature in the range of about 240°C to about 815.5°C (about
400°F to about 1500°F).
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-
gasoline or a diesel fuel which comprises:
(a) contacting said stream with a sorbent composition when produced
by a process according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, such that there is
formed a desulfurized fluid stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel
fuel and a sulfurized sorbent;
(b) separating the resulting desulfurized fluid stream from said sulfurized
sorbent;
(c ) regenerating at least a portion of the separated sulfurized sorbent in a
regeneration zone so as to remove at least a portion of the sulfur
absorbed thereon;
( d ) reducing the resulting desulfurized sorbent in an activation zone so as
to provide a reduced valence cobalt content therein which will effect
the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or diesel
fuel when contacted with same; and thereafter
(e) returning at least a portion of the resulting desulfurized, reduced
sorbent to said desulfurization zone.

Detailed Description of the Invention
The term "gasoline" as employed herein is intended to mean a
mixture of hydrocarbons boiling from about 100°F to approximately 400°F
or any fraction thereof. Such hydrocarbons will include, for example,
hydrocarbon streams in refineries such as; naphtha, straight-run naphtha,
coker naphtha, catalytic gasoline, visbreaker naphtha, alkylate, isomerate
or reformate.
The term "cracked-gasoline" as employed herein is intended to mean
hydrocarbons boiling from about 100°F to approximately 400°F or any
fraction thereof that are products from either thermal or catalytic processes
that crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. Examples
of thermal processes include coking, thermal cracking and visbreaking.
Fluid catalytic cracking and heavy oil cracking are examples of catalytic
cracking. In some instances the cracked-gasoline may be fractionated
and/or hydrotreated prior to desulfurization when used as a feed in the
practice of this invention.

The term "diesel fuel" as employed herein is intended to mean a fluid
composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling from about 300°F to approximately
750°F or any fraction thereof. Such hydrocarbon streams include light cycle oil,
kerosene, jet fuel, straight-run diesel and hydrotreated diesel.
The term "sulfur" as employed herein is intended to mean those
organosulfur compounds such as mercaptans or those thiophenic compounds
normally present in cracked gasolines which include among others thiophene,
benzothiophene, alkyl thiophenes, alkyl benzothiophenes and alkyldibenzothiophenes
as well as the heavier molecular weights of same which are normally present in a
diesel fuel of the types contemplated for processing in accordance with the present
invention.
The term "gaseous" as employed herein is intended to mean that state
in which the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel is primarily in a vapor phased
The term "substantially reduced cobalt valence" as employed herein is
intended to mean that a large portion of the valence of the cobalt component of the
composition is reduced to a value of less than 3, preferably zero.
The present invention is based upon the discovery of applicants that a
substantially reduced valence cobalt component in a particulate composition
comprising zinc oxide, silica, alumina and cobalt results in a sorbent which permits
the removal of thiophenic sulfur compounds from fluid streams of cracked-gasolines
or diesel fuels without having a significant adverse affect of the olefin content of
such streams, thus avoiding a significant reduction of octane values of the treated
stream. Moreover, the use of such novel sorbents results in a significant reduction
of the sulfur content of the resulting treated fluid stream.
In a presently preferred embodiment of this invention, the sorbent
composition has a cobalt content in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight
percent.
The zinc oxide used in the preparation of the sorbent composition can
either be in the form of zinc oxide, or in the form of one or more zinc compounds
that are convertible to zinc oxide under the conditions of preparation described
herein. Examples of such zinc compounds include, but are not limited to, zinc
sulfide, zinc sulfate, zinc hydroxide, zinc carbonate, zinc acetate, and zinc nitrate.

Preferably, the zinc oxide is in the form of powdered zinc oxide.
The silica used in the preparation of the sorbent compositions may be
either in the form of silica or in the form of one or more silicon-containing
compounds. Any suitable type of silica may be employed in the sorbent
compositions of the present invention. Examples of suitable types of silica include
diatomite, silicalite, silica colloid, flame-hydrolyzed silica, hydrolyzed silica, silica
gel and precipitated silica, with diatomite being presently preferred. In addition,
silicon compounds that are convertible to silica such as silicic acid, sodium silicate
and ammonium silicate can also be employed. Preferably, the silica is in the form
of diatomite.
The starting alumina component of the composition can be any
suitable commercially available alumina material including colloidal alumina
solutions and, generally, those alumina compounds produced by the dehydration of
alumina hydrates.
The zinc oxide will generally be present in the sorbent composition in
an amount in the range of from about 10 weight percent to about 90 weight percent,
preferably in an amount in the range of from about 15 to about 60 weight percent,
and more preferably in an amount in the range of from about 45 to about 60 weight
percent, when such weight percents are expressed in terms of the zinc oxide based
upon the total weight of the sorbent composition.
The silica will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an
amount in the range of from about 5 weight percent to about 85 weight percent,
preferably in an amount in the range of from about 20 weight percent to about 60
weight percent when the weight percents are expressed in terms of the silica based
upon the total weight of the sorbent composition.
The alumina will generally be present in the sorbent composition in
an amount in the range of from about 5.0 weight percent to about 30 weight
percent, preferably from about 5.0 weight percent to about 15 weight percent when
such weight percents are expressed in terms of the weight of the alumina compared
with the total weight of the sorbent system.
In the manufacture of the sorbent composition, the primary
components of zinc oxide, silica and alumina are combined together in appropriate

proportions by any suitable manner which provides for the intimate mixing of the
components to provide a substantially homogeneous mixture.
Any suitable means for mixing the sorbent components can be used
to achieve the desired dispersion of the materials. Such means include, among
others, tumblers, stationary shells or troughs, Muller mixers, which are of the batch
or continuous type, impact mixers and the like. It is presently preferred to use a
Muller mixer in the mixing of the silica, alumina and zinc oxide components.
Once the sorbent components are properly mixed to provide a
shapeable mixture, the resulting mixture can be in the form of wet mix, dough,
paste or slurry. If the resulting mix is in the form of a wet mix, the wet mix can be
densified and thereafter particulated through the granulation of the densified mix.
following the drying and calcination of same. When the admixture of zinc oxide,
silica and alumina results in a form of the mixture which is either in a dough state
or paste state, the mix can be shaped to form a particulate granule, extrudate, tablet,
sphere, pellet or microsphere. Presently preferred are cylindrical exrudates having
from 1/32 inch to 1/2 inch diameter and any suitable length. The resulting
particulate is then dried and then calcined. When the mix is in the form of a slurry,
the particulation of same is achieved by spray drying the slurry to form micro-
spheres thereof having a size of from about 20 to about 500 microns. Such micro-
spheres are then subjected to drying and calcination. Following the drying and
calcination of the particulated mixture, the resulting particulates can be impregnated
with cobalt oxide compound or a cobalt oxide precursor.
Following the impregnation of the particulate compositions with the
appropriate cobalt compound, the resulting impregnated particulate is then subjected
to drying and calcination prior to the subjecting of the calcined particulate to
reduction with a reducing agent, preferably hydrogen.
The elemental cobalt, cobalt oxide or cobalt-containing compound
can be added to the particulated mixture by impregnation of the mixture with a
solution, either aqueous or organic, that contains the elemental cobalt, cobalt oxide
or cobalt-containing compound. In general, the impregnation with the cobalt is
carried out so as to form a resulting particulate composition of zinc oxide, silica,
alumina and the cobalt metal, cobalt oxide or cobalt oxide precursor prior to the

drying and calcination of the resulting impregnated composition.
The impregnation solution is any aqueous solution and amounts of
such solution which suitably provides for the impregnation of the mixture of zinc
oxide, silica and alumina to give an amount of cobalt oxide in the final zinc oxide
based composition to provide when reduced a reduced cobalt metal content
sufficient to permit the removal of sulfur from streams of cracked-gasoline or diesel
fuels when so treated with same in accordance with the process of the present
invention.
Once the cobalt, cobalt oxide or cobalt oxide precursor has been
incorporated into the particulate calcined zinc oxide, alumina and silica mixture, the
desired reduced valence cobalt metal sorbent is
composition followed by calcination and thereafter subjecting the resulting calcined
composition to reduction with a suitable reducing agent, preferably hydrogen, so as
to produce a composition having a substantial zero valence cobalt content therein
with such zero valence cobalt content being present in an amount to permit the
removal with same of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel fluid stream.
The solid reduced cobalt metal sorbent of this invention is a
composition that has the ability to react with and/or chemisorb with organo-sulfur
compounds, such as thicphenic compounds. It is also preferable that the sorbent
removes diolefins and other gum forming compounds from the cracked-gasoline.
The solid reduced metal sorbent of this invention is comprised of
cobalt that is in a substantially reduced valence state, preferably a zero valence state.
Presently the reduced metal is cobalt. The amount of reduced cobalt in the solid
cobalt reduced metal sorbents of this invention is that amount which will permit the
removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel fluid stream. Such amounts
are generally in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent of the total
weight of cobalt in the sorbent composition. Presently it is preferred that the
reduced cobalt metal be present in an amount in the range of from about 15 to
about 40 weight percent of the total weight of cobalt in the sorbent composition.
In one presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
reduced cobalt is present in an amount in the range of from about 15 to 30 weight
percent and the cobalt component has been substantially reduced to zero valence.

In another presently preferred embodiment of this invention, zinc
oxide is present in an amount of about 38 weight percent, silica is present in an
amount of about 31 weight percent, alumina is present in an amount of about
8 weight percent and cobalt is present prior to reduction to zero valence in an
amount of about 33 weight percent cobalt oxide.
From the above, it can be appreciated that the sorbent compositions
which are useful in the desulfurization process of this invention can be prepared by
a process which comprises:
(a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix of
same in the form of one of a wet mix, dough, paste or slurry;
(b) particulating the resulting resulting mix to form HBrparticulates thereof in the
form of one of granules, extrudates, tablets, pellets, spheres or microspheres;
(c) drying the resulting particulate;
(d) calcining the dried particulate;
(e) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate with cobalt, cobalt
oxide or a precursor for cobalt;
(f) drying the impregnated particulate;
(g) calcining the resulting dried particulate; and
(h) reducing the calcined particulate product of (g) with a suitable
reducing agent so as to produce a particulate composition having a substantial
reduced valence cobalt content therein and wherein the reduced valence cobalt
content is present in an amount sufficient to permit the removal with same of sulfur
from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel fluid stream when contacted with the
resulting substantially reduced valence cobalt particulated sorbent.
The process to use the novel sorbents to desulfurize cracked-gasoline
or diesel fuels to provide a desulfurized cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel comprises:
(a) desulfurizing in a desulfurization zone a cracked-gasoline or
diesel fuel with a solid reduced cobalt metal-containing sorbent;
(b) separating the desulfurized cracked-gasoline or desulfurized
diesel fuel from the resulting sulfurized solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent;
(c) regenerating at least a portion of the sulfurized solid reduced
cobalt-containing sorbent to produce a regenerated desulfurized solid cobalt-

containing sorbent;
(d) reducing at least a portion of the regenerated desulfurized solid
cobalt-containing sorbent to produce a solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent
thereafter and;
(e) returning at least a portion of the regenerated solid reduced
cobalt-containing sorbent to the desulfurization zone.
The desulfurization step (a) of the present invention is carried out
under a set of conditions that includes total pressure, temperature, weight hourly
space velocity and hydrogen flow. These conditions are such that the solid reduced
cobalt-containing sorbent can desulfurize the cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel to
produce a desetnirized cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel and a sulfurized- -
sorbent.
In carrying out the desulfurization step of the process of the present
invention, it is preferred that the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel be in a vapor
phase. However, in the practice of the invention it is not essential, albeit preferred,
that the feed be totally in a vapor or gaseous state.
The total pressure can be in the range of about 15 psia to about
1500 psia. However, it is presently preferred that the total pressure be in a range of
from about 50 psia to about 500 psia.
In general, the temperature should be sufficient to keep the cracked-
gasoline or diesel fuel essentially in a vapor phase. While such temperatures can be
in the range of from about 100°F to about 1000°F, it is presently preferred that the
temperature be in the range of from about 400°F to about 800°F when treating as
cracked-gasoline and in the range of from about 500°F to about 900°F when the
feed is a diesel fuel.
Weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) is defined as the pounds of
hydrocarbon feed per pound of sorbent in the desulfurization zone per hour. In the
practice of the present invention, such WHSV should be in the range of from about
0.5 to about 50, preferably about 1 to about 20 hr'.
In carrying out the desulfurization step, it is presently preferred that
an agent be employed which interferes with any possible chemisorbing or reacting
of the olefinic and aromatic compounds in the fluids which are being treated with

the solid reduced cobalt-containing sorbent. Such an agent is presently preferred to
be hydrogen.
Hydrogen flow in the desulfurization zone is generally such that the
mole ratio of hydrogen to hydrocarbon feed is the range of about 0.1 to about 10,
and preferably in the range of about 0.2 to about 3.0.
The desulfurization zone can be any zone wherein desulfurization of
the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel can take place. Examples of suitable zones
are fixed bed reactors, moving bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors and transport
reactors. Presently, a fluidized bed reactor or a fixed bed reactor is preferred.
If desired, during the desulfurization of the vaporized fluids, diluents
such as methane, carbon dioxide, flue gas and nitrogen can be used. Thus it is not
essential to the practice of the process of the present invention that a high purity
hydrogen be employed in achieving the desired desulfurization of the cracked-
gasoline or diesel fuel.
It is presently preferred when utilizing a fluidized system that a solid
reduced cobalt sorbent be used that has a particle size in the range of about 20 to
about 1000 micrometers. Preferably, such sorbents should have a particle size of
from about 40 to about 500 micrometers. When a fixed bed system is employed for
the practice of the desulfurization process of this invention, the sorbent should be
such as to have a particle size in the range of about 1/32 inch to about 1/2 inch
diameter.
It is further presently preferred to use solid reduced cobalt sorbents
that have a surface area of from about 1 square meter per gram to about 1000
square meters per gram of solid sorbent.
The separation of the gaseous or vaporized desulfurized fluids and
sulfurized sorbent can be accomplished by any means known in the art that can
separate a solid from a gas. Examples of such means are cyclonic devices, settling
chambers or other impingement devices for separating solids and gases. The
desulfurized gaseous cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel can then be
recovered and preferably liquefied.
The gaseous cracked-gasoline or gaseous diesel fuel is a composition
that contains in part, olefins, aromatics and sulfur-containing compounds as well as

paraffins and naphthenes.
The amount of olefins in gaseous cracked-gasoline is generally in the
range of from about 10 to 35 weight percent based on the weight of the gaseous
cracked-gasoline. For diesel fuel there is essentially no olefin content.
The amount of aromatics in gaseous cracked-gasoline is generally in
the range of about 20 to about 40 weight percent based on the weight of the
gaseous cracked gasoline. The amount of aromatics in gaseous diesel fuel is
generally in the range of about 10 to about 90 weight percent.
The amount of sulfur in cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels can range
from about 100 parts per million sulfur by weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline
to about-10,000 parts per million sulfur by weight of the gaseous cracked gasolinc
and from about 100 parts per million to about 50,000 parts per million for diesel
fuel prior to the treatment of such fluids with the sorbent system of the present
invention.
The amount of sulfur in cracked-gasolines or in diesel fuels following
treatment of same in accordance with the desulfurization process of this invention is
less than 100 parts per million.
In carrying out the process of this invention, if desired, a stripper unit
can be inserted before the regenerator for regeneration of the sulfurized sorbent
which will serve to remove a portion, preferably all, of any hydrocarbons from the
sulfurized sorbent or before the hydrogen reduction zone so as to remove oxygen
and sulfur dioxide from the system prior to introduction of the regenerated sorbent
into the sorbent activation zone. The stripping comprises a set of conditions that
includes total pressure, temperature and stripping agent partial pressure.
Preferably the total pressure in a stripper, when employed, is in a
range of from about 25 psia to about 500 psia.
The temperature for such strippers can be in the range of from about
100°F to about 1000°F.
The stripping agent is a composition that helps to remove hydro-
carbons from the sulfurized solid sorbent. Presently, the preferred stripping agent is
nitrogen.
The sorbent regeneration zone employs a set of conditions such that

at least a portion of the sulfurized sorbent is desulfurized.
The total pressure in the regeneration zone is generally in the range
of from about 10 to about 1500 psia. Presently preferred is a total pressure in the
range of from about 25 psia to about 500 psia.
The sulfur removing agent partial pressure is generally in the range of
from about 1 percent to about 25 percent of the total pressure.
The sulfur removing agent is a composition that helps to generate
gaseous sulfur oxygen-containing compounds such a sulfur dioxide, as well as to
bum off any remaining hydrocarbon deposits that might be present. Currently,
oxygen-containing gases such as air are the preferred sulfur removing agent.
The temperature in the regeneration zone is generally from about
100°F to about 1500°F with a temperature in the range of about 800°F to about
1200°F being presently preferred.
The regeneration zone can be any vessel wherein the desulfurizing or
regeneration of the sulfurized sorbent can take place.
The desulfurized sorbent is then reduced in an activation zone with a
reducing agent so that at least a portion of the cobalt content of the sorbent
composition is reduced to produce a solid cobalt reduced metal sorbent having an
amount of reduced metal therein to permit the removal of sulfur components from a
stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel.
In general, when practicing the process of this invention, the
reduction of the desulfurized solid cobalt-containing sorbent is carried out at a
temperature in the range of about 100°F to about 1500°F and a pressure in the
range of about 15 to 1500 psia. Such reduction is carried out for a time sufficient
to achieve the desired level of cobalt reduction in the sorbent system. Such
reduction can generally be achieved in a period of from about 0.01 to about
20 hours.
Following the activation of the regenerated particulate sorbent, at
least a portion of the resulting activated (reduced) sorbent can be returned to the
desulfurization unit.
When carrying out the process of the present invention in a fixed bed
system, the steps of desulfurization, regeneration, stripping, and activation are

accomplished in a single zone or vessel.
The desulfurized cracked-gasoline resulting from the practice of the
present invention can be used in the formulation of gasoline blends to provide
gasoline products suitable for commercial consumption.
The desulfurized diesel fuels resulting from the practice of the present
invention can likewise be used for commercial consumption where a low
sulfur-containing fuel is desired.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are intended to be illustrative of the present
invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the
invention. These examples are not-intended tc*4i»»t the invention in any way.
EXAMPLE I
A solid reduced cobalt metal sorbent was produced by dry mixing
20.02 pounds of diatomite silica and 25.03 zinc oxide in a mix Muller for
15 minutes to produce a first mixture. While still mixing, a solution containing
6.38 pounds of Disperal alumina (Condea), 22.5 pounds of deionized water and
316 grams of glacial acetic acid were added to the mix Muller to produce a second
mixture. After adding these components, mixing continued for an additional
30 minutes. This second mixture was then dried at 300°F for 16 hours and then
calcined at 1175°F for one hour to form a third mixture. This third mixture was
then particulalized by granulation using a Stokes Pennwalt granulator fitted with a
50 mesh screen. 200 grams of the resulting granulated mix was then impregnated
with 148 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 43 grams of hot (200°F)
deionized water to produce a particulate impregnated mix. The impregnated
particulate was dried at 300°F for one hour and then calcined at 1175°F for one
hour. 100 grams of the calcined particulate was impregnated with a solution of
74 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 8 grams of hot deionized water
to produce an impregnated particulate product which was then dried at 300°F for
one hour and then calcined at 1175°F for one hour to form a solid cobalt oxide
sorbent.
The solid cobalt oxide sorbent was then reduced by subjecting it to a
temperature of 700°F, a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of

15 psi for 30 minutes to produce a solid reduced cobalt sorbent wherein the cobalt
component of the sorbent composition was substantially reduced to a zero valence
state.
EXAMPLE II
The solid reduced cobalt sorbent as prepared in Example I was tested
for its desulfurization ability as follows.
A one inch quartz reactor tube was loaded with the indicated amounts
of the sorbent of Example I. This solid reduced cobalt sorbent was placed on a frit
in the middle of the reactor. Gaseous cracked-gasoline having about 345 pans per
million sulfur by weight of the sulfur-containing compounds based on the weight of
the gasedus cracked-gasoline and having about 95 weight percent thiophenic
compounds (such as for example, alkyl benzothiphenes, alkyl thiophenes,
benzothiophene and thiophene) based on the weight of sulfur-containing compounds
in the gaseous cracked-gasoline was pumped upwardly through the reactor. The rate
was 13.4 milliliters per hour. This produced sulfurized solid sorbent and
desulfurized gaseous cracked-gasoline.
In Run 1, hydrogen was added to the gasoline feed at a partial
pressure of 6.6 psi (out of a total pressure of 15 psi) resulting in a reduction in
gasoline sulfur to 15-25 parts per million.
After Run 1, the sulfurized sorbent was subjected to regeneration
conditions that included a temperature of 900°F, a total pressure of 15 psia and an
oxygen partial pressure of 0.6 to 3.1 psi for a period of 1-2 hours. Such conditions
are hereinafter referred to as "regeneration conditions" to produce a desulfurized
cobalt-containing sorbent. This sorbent was then subjected to reducing conditions
that included a temperature of 700°F, a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen
partial pressure of 15 psi for a time period of 0.5 hours. Such conditions are
hereinafter referred to as "reducing conditions".
In the next series of runs (2-6), after each run the sulfurized sorbent
was subjected to regeneration and reducing conditions as described above.
Runs 2 and 3 were essentially repeats of Run 1 indicating that the
sorbent can be regenerated to a fresh state where it can reduce the sulfur content of
cracked-gasoline to about 5 parts per million.

A composite of product gasoline from each of the Runs 1 and 2 was
subjected to a test to determine its research octane number (RON), using a method
as described in ASTM 2699 procedure entitled "Research Octane Number of
Sparked Ignition Engine Fuel". The RON for the products from Runs 1 and 2 was
91.4 as compared to the RON of 91.1 for the cracked-gasoline feed, indicating that
the octane of the cracked-gasoline was not affected by carrying out the inventive
desulfurization process.
In Runs 4-7, the effect of hydrogen partial pressure was studied. As
the hydrogen partial pressure is reduced (Run 4), the ability of the sorbent to
desulfurize cracked-gasoline diminished. When no hydrogen is used in the process
(Run 5), very little reduction in the sulfur content is effected.When the hydrogen
partial pressure was increased to 13.2, the sorbent essentially reduced the cracked-
gasoline to less than 5 parts per million.
Run 7 was a repeat of Runs 1-3 and indicates that even after repeated
cycles of desulfurization, regeneration and reduction or activation, the ability of the
sorbent to remove sulfur from cracked gasoline did not diminish, for example
compare Run 1 to Run 7.
The results of this series of runs is set forth in Table 1.

WE CLAIM:
1 • A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the
removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel stream which comprises:
(a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix thereof;
(b) particulating the resulting mix so as to form particles thereof;
(c) drying the particulate of step (b);
(d) calcining the dried particulate of step (c);
(e) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate of step (d) with cobalt or a
cobalt-containing compound;
(f) drying the impregnated particulate of step (e);
(g) calcining the dried particulate of step (f); and thereafter
(h) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (g) with a suitable
reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a composition wherein the valence ^f
essentially all of the cobalt therein is zero such that the reduced cobalt-containing
composition wil1 effect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline or diesti-
fuel when said stream is contacted with said reduced cobalt-containing composition,
wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 90
weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight
percent and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 30
weight percent,
wherein said particulate is impregnated with cobalt or a cobalt compound in an amount to
provide a cobalt content therein in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 50 weight
percent,
wherein said particulate is dried in steps (c) and (f) at a temperature in the range of about
65.5°C. to about 177°C. (about 150°F to about 350°F),
wherein said dried particulate is calcined in steps (d) and (g) at a temperature in the range of
about 240°C. to about 815,5°C. (about 400°F to about 1500°F),
2, A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said mix is in the form of one of a
wet mix, dough, paste or slurry.
3, A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said particles are in the
form of one of granules, extrudates, tablets, spheres, pellets or microspheres..

4. A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said zinc oxide is
present in an amount in the range of about 45 to 60 weight percent, said silica is present in an
amount in the range of about 15 to 60 weight percent, said alumina is present in an amount in
the range of about 5.0 to about 15 weight percent and said cobalt is present in an amount in
the range of about 15 to about 40 weight percent.
5. A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said calcined,
impregnated particulated mix is reduced in a reduction zone with a reducing agent under
suitable conditions to effect a substantial reduction of the valence of the cobalt content so as
to provide an amount of reduced valence cobalt metal such that the resulting composition will
effect the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when treated with same
under desulfurization conditions.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein said reduced valence cobalt is
present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total
weight of the sorbent composition.
7. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 5-6, wherein the
reduction of cobalt is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 37.7 °C. to about
815.5°C. (about 100°F to about 1500 °F) and at a pressure in the range of about 103 kPa to
about 10.3 MPa (about 15 to about 1500 psia) for a time sufficient to permit the formation of
the desired reduced valence cobalt component.
8. A process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or a
diesel fuel which comprises:

(a) contacting said stream with a sorbent composition when produced by a
process according to any one of claims 1-7, such that there is formed a desulfurized fluid
stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel and a sulfurized sorbent;
(b) separating the resulting desulfurized fluid stream from said sulfurized
sorbent;
(c) regenerating at least a portion of the separated sulfurized sorbent in a
regeneration zone so as to remove at least a portion of the sulfur absorbed
thereon;
(d) reducing the resulting desulfurized sorbent in an activation zone so as to
provide a reduced valence cobalt content therein which will effect the removal of sulfur from
a stream of a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel when contacted with same; and thereafter

(e) returning at least a portion of the resulting desulfurized, reduced sorbent to
said desulfurization zone.
9. A process as claimed in claim 8, wherein said desulfurization is carried out at
a temperature in the range of about 37.7°C. to about 537.7°C. (about 100°F to about
1000°F) arid a pressure in the range of about 103 kPa to about 10.3 MPa (about 15 psia to
about 1500 psia) for a time sufficient to effect the removal of sulfur from said stream.
10. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-9, wherein said
regeneration is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 37.7 °C. to about 815.5°C.
(about 100°F to about 1500°F) and a pressure in the range of about 68.9 kPa to about 10.3
MPa (about 10 to about 1500 psia) for a time sufficient to effect the removal of at least a
portion of sulfur from the sulfurized sorbent.
11. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-10, wherein air is
employed as a regeneration agent jn'.said regeneration zone
12. A process as claitndd in any one of.preceding claims 8-11, wherein said
regenerated sorbent is subjected to reduction with hydrogen in a hydrogenation zone which is
maintained at a temperature in the range of about ,37.7°C to about 815.5°C. (about 100°F to
about 1500°F) and at a pressure in the range of about 103.3 kPa to about 10.3 MPa (about 15
to about 1500 psia) and for a period of time to effect a substantial reduction of the valence of
the cobalt content of said sorbent.
13. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-12, wherein said
separated sulfurized sorbent is stripped prior to introduction to said regeneration zone.
14. A process as claimed in any one of preceding claims 8-13, wherein the
regenerated sorbent is stripped prior to introduction into said activation zone.
15. A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal
of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel stream substantially hererinbefore described
with reference to Example I or II.
16. A process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or a
diesel fuel substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Example II.

Particulate sorbent compositions comprising a mixture of zinc
oxide, silica, alumina and a substantially reduced valence cobalt are provided
for the desulfurization of a feedstream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuels in a
desulfurization zone by a process which comprises the contacting of such
feedstreams in a desulfurization zone followed by separation of the resulting
low sulfur-containing stream and sulfurized-sorbent and thereafter regenerating
and activating the separated sorbent before recycle of same to the
desulfurization zone.

Documents:

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-abstract.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-claims.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-correspondence.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-description (complete).pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-examination report.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-form 1.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-form 13.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-form 18.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-form 2.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-form 3.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-form 5.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-gpa.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-reply to examination report.pdf

in-pct-2000-123-kol-granted-specification.pdf

IN-PCT-2002-123-KOL-(07-10-2011)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

IN-PCT-2002-123-KOL-(07-10-2011)-OTHERS.pdf

IN-PCT-2002-123-KOL-FORM-27.pdf

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Patent Number

231427

Indian Patent Application Number

IN/PCT/2002/123/KOL

PG Journal Number

10/2009

Publication Date

06-Mar-2009

Grant Date

04-Mar-2009

Date of Filing

24-Jan-2002

Name of Patentee

CONOCOPHILLIPS COMPANY

Applicant Address

600 NORTH DAIRY ASHFORD, HOUSTON, TEXAS

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	KHARE GYANESH P	2657 WILLIAMBURG, BERTLESVILLE, OK 74006

PCT International Classification Number

C07D 11/00

PCT International Application Number

PCT/US2000/40608

PCT International Filing date

2000-08-09

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	09/382,502	1999-08-25	U.S.A.