Title of Invention

"THE SYNERGISTIC MINERAL MIXTURE FOR INCREASING MILK YIELD IN CATTLE."

Abstract

The newly formulated mixture is a cost effective and can easily be used by the farmers and feed compounding industries. The formulation is based on proper evaluation in improvement of various Haematobiochemcial parameters viz. Haematobiochemical, Hormone and Vitamins in lactating cows and buffaloes and in growing calves and heifers of cattle and buffaloes. The supplementation of the mineral mixture is a simple and cheap way to increase the productivity of the animals where mineral need is not fulfilled through feeds and fodders. It has been observed that with newly formulated supplementation, there was approximately 37% increase in milk yield of cattle, and about 37.7 % in Buffaloes. Similarly in the body weight of cattle calves there was 40% increase after supplementation, where as in Heifers this was 30%. Regarding body weight of Buffalo calves and Heifer the increase was 44% and 36% respectively. This formulation, is cheap, simple to use and prepare, contains no hazardous or toxic level of any constituent and shall be very beneficial to the farmers economically. This mineral mixture can be packed into various size of packing and easily transportable. We claim that "An Area specific mineral mixture increases productivity of animals i.e. milk yield and Body weight in Tarai and Hill region of Uttaranchal" suffering from different levels of complex mineral deficiency.

Full Text

Nutritional deficiency associated disorders and decreased productivity of farm animals is prevalent in many parts of India including the large area of Uttaranchal and at many occasions even during the flush wet season production performances of bovines remain much less than the inherent potential for the types of animals. The reasons for such disorders have been found to be various dietary essential minerals and it has been found to be mostly area specific. There appears to be no area specific mineral mixture in the market and common formulations are being used which might not be producing desired beneficial effects in many areas. In view of this situation an area specific mineral mixture was formulated and assessed. Prior art:- The area specificity of minerals deficiency particularly in the tropical countries has already been defined by McDowell et al., (1983) and Abdelrahman et at. (1998). Deficiency associated problems have already been observed in the cattle and buffaloes of different regions and in most cases it differs from one region to another region due to different soil composition, intensity of cropping, precipitation pattern and soil erosion pattern etc Therefore, there is ample scope of the utilization of area specific mineral mixture for balancing the deficiency essential for the exploitation of optimum production potential of farm animals which has a significant bearing on the economy of the farmers With this background in view of the prevalent mineral deficiencies observed in various parts of Uttaranchal, a complex mineral mixture was formulated. Such an effective mineral mixture at reasonable cost will have high demand in the region. 3 Detailed specification of the invention 3.1 Methodology /Technotogy In an extensive survey of Uttaranchal 3424 samples of soil, 3324 samples of fodders and serum samples of 2465 cattle and 2025 buffaloes were collected from the Tarai, Bhabar and Hilly regions, and mineral content of these samples was estimated and profile was prepared This profile was used for the formulation of a composite mineral mixture for balancing the dietary deficiency of bovines. The newly formulated mineral mixture contained higher level of P, Fe, Mg, Cu, Co, Zn and 1 beside adequate amount of Se, Vitamin A and E and also a probiotic i.e. Brewers yeast. This mineral mixture was tested for its efficacy on the performances of lactating cows and Buffaloes, growing calves and growing heifers of both species on as far as possible large number of Bovines. 3.2 Experimentation The following mineral supplementation studies were carried for 90 days at the farmers door 1 Effect on milk production of (a) Crossbred cows and (b) buffaloes 2. Effect on body weight gain of (a) Growing Cattle calves of 6 to 12 months of age (b) Growing buffalo calves of same age (b) Growing crossbred heifers of 12-24 months of age and (d) Growing buffalo heifer of similar age. Experiment 1. Effect on milk production la. In Crossbred Cows Total 105 crossbred lactating cows in their 3rd to 5th lactation were selected on the basis of blood mineral profile. These included 15 clinically healthy cows (group A) and 90 show ing various degree of mineral deficiency. The latter were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 30 each and assigned to group B,C, and D in which common mineral supplements of local market and new formulations 1 and 2 v.ere supplemented to provide 50 g mineral mixture per head daily for 90 days. Daily milk yield during the experimental period of group A, showed a little improvement probably due to special care during the trial. In group B, increase was marginal, but much higher increase in group D. The effect was conspicuous within 60 days of mineral supplementation in group D and it was to the extent of 37% of the initial against 13 and 2% only in groups C and B respectively. (Table -1, Fig. 1) Ib. In Buffaloes This experiment was conducted on 105 h.ctating buffaloes in same design followed for crossbred cattle. The changes in milk yield pattern was almost on the line of crossbred cows and percentage increase over initial milk yield due to new mineral supplement feeding in group D was 37.5% against 21% and 15% in group C and B respectively. (Table-2, Fig.2) Experiment 2. Effect on body weight gain 2a. In cross bred cattle Total 60 crossbred calves of 6-12 months of age and equal number of heifers of 12-24 months of age were used in 4 groups of 15 each including the 15 clinically healthy animals in group A. There was no change in the feed and feeding of group A, but those in Group B , C and D received mineral mixture of local market and newly formulated mineral mixture I and 2 respectively. Feeding trial lasted for 90 days and body weight gain was assessed every 15 days as per GBPUAT equations. The animals in group A maintained growth whereas those in group D showed maximum improvement. The increase in daily gain was 39% in group D against 33 and 21% in calves of group C and B respectively. (Table-3, Fig.3) The increase in growth rate of heifers of group D was 30% against 26% anu 21% in the heifers of group C and B, respectively. (Table-3, Fig-4) 2.b. In growing buffaloes: - The number of animals, criteria of grouping and design of experiment were similar to that followed for crossbred cattle. The highest increase in body weight gain of calves of group D was 43% against 35% and 17% in-group C and B respectively. (Table-4 Fig.5) Similarly increase in growth of buffalo heifers of group D was 36% against 30% and 18% only in group C and B respectively. (Table-4, Fig-6) 3. Alterations in haematobiochemical, mineral, vitamin and enzyme profile. Haematobiochemical profile including important minerals, Vitamin A and E, Hormones viz. T3 and T4 were recorded from the same animals on which data on milk yield was recorded. These parameters were recorded from the start of the experimentation and then at 30 days intervals for 90 days Hb and TEC were estimated immediately while for rest of the parameters serum was harvested. The results of the serum minerals are given in Table 5 while the rest of the Haematobiochemical profile is given in table 6. The animals of Group A showed the normal level of mineral status and the haematobiochemical profile. The animals of Group B showed a marginal improvement. On the other hand there was a significant change in the haematobiochemical profile and serum mineral status in Group C and D animals. In Group C animals the trends reached towards normalcy during the 90lh day of treatment, whereas in Group D animals it reached normalcy within 60th day of the therapy, thus showing the efficacy of the present formulation-2 The result of these experiments clearly showed the ability of newly formulated mineral mixture (Supplement 2) for balancing the ration of lactating and growing animals in respect of mineral content. 3.3. Economic assessment of mineral mixture supplementation 3.3 la. Effect of mineral supplementation on lactating crossbred cows: Initial difference in the milk yield of healthy cows of Group A and deficient cows of Group D was 3.245 Litre (L) equivalent to 43.261%. After feeding of the mineral supplement for 90 days milk yield was 7.58 L in Group A and 5.85 L in Group D. The difference in milk yield of cows from initial 3.245 L decreased to 1.73 L only, which in terms of percentage worked out to be 22.823% against the initial 43.261% i.e. an improvement of 20.428%. This increase of 1.73 L was due to feeding of proposed mineral mixture (o)50g/cow/day. The cost of mineral mixture is about Rs 16/K.g, ie mineral supplementation expenditure per cow per day was 80 paise and increase in milk yield was 1.73 L, of the value of I 73 X 14 =Rs 24.22. Hence the net profit works out to be Rs. 23.42/cow/day. Average lactation yield of a cross bred cow is about 2100 L in 305 days The value of this milk ( This effect was observed in deficient cows, but if supplementation will start during the last trimester of the pregnancy the milk yield is expected to be standard 2100 L. A gain of 802 L at a value of Rs 11,228/- at the additional cost of Rs 72/- only. 3.31 b Effect of mineral supplementation on Body Weight of Cattle calves: The average body weight of healthy animals of Group A at about 270 days of age was 135 kg and average daily body weight gain during the 90 days period was about 0.4 Kg. Thus these calves were expected to attain 300 Kg body weight at about 683 days of age. In Group D average body weight of deficient calves was about 115 Kg and body weight gain was about 293 g/day initially which improved to 411g/day after supplement of mineral mixture (a) 30g/day and these calves could have taken 887 days which is expected to reduce to 733days resulting in saving of 154 days of feeding and management practices in rearing at the cost of 13.89 kg mineral mixture costing Rs 222/-. Had there not been supplementation of mineral mixture the calves were expected to attain 254 kg against 300-kg body wt. in a feeding period of 463 days resulting in a deficit gain of 46 kg The cost of 46 kg @ Rs 20/kg live weight is Rs 920/- resulting into profit of (920-222) Rs 698,'-. 3.3 Ic Body Weight of Cattle Heifers: The average body weight of healthy heifers was 205 kg at 540 days which worked out to be 0.33 kg daily gain in body weight. At this rate these heifers may take another 285 days to attain 300 kg body weight fit for breeding the cross bred heifers. Thus, the total age will be 825 days. In Group D during 540 days, daily gain in body weight was only 0.23 kg which improved to more than 0.33 kg /day during the experimental period of mineral supplement feeding. With this rate these heifers will attain 300 kg body weight at 990 days of age Had there been no supplementation the heifers will require 1192 days for attaining 300 kg body weight. Thus saving 197 days of feeding and management practices. 3.32a. Effect of mineral supplementation on lac tat ing buffaloes: Initial difference in the milk yield of healthy buffaloes of Group A and deficient buffaloes of Group D was 2.285 L equivalent to 32.60%. After feeding of the mineral supplement for 90 days the difference in milk yield of buffaloes decreased to 0.644 L only, which in terms of percentage worked out to be 9.025% against the initial difference of 32.60% i.e. an improvement of 23.575%. This increase of 0.644 L was due to feeding of proposed mineral mixture )50g/buffalo/day. The cost of mineral mixture is about Rs 16/Kg, i.e. mineral supplementation expenditure per Buffalo per day was 80 paise and increase in milk yield was 0.644 L, of the value of 0.644 X 16 =Rs 10:30 . Hence the net profit works out to be Rs. 9.50 per day. Average lactation yield of a buffalo is about 1525 kg in 305 days The value of this milk (w Rs 16/kg is Rs 24,400. In the case of deficient buffalo of Group D it was expected to be 1441 L of the value of Rs 23,056/- against the potential of 1525 L equivalent to Rs 24,400. Thus, a gain of Rs. 1344/- on an expenditure of Rs 305/-. Hence a net gain of Rs I039/-. 3.32b Effect of mineral supplementation on Body Weight of Buffalo calves: The average body weight of healthy animals of Group A at about 270 days of age was 140 kg and average daily body weight gain during the 90 days period was about 0.4 Kg. Thus these calves were expected to attain 300 Kg body weight at about 670 days of age. In Group D average body weight of deficient calf was about 109 Kg and body weight gain was about 302 g/day initially which improved to 436 g/day after supplementation of mineral mixture @ 30g/day and these calves could have taken 907 days which is expected to reduce to 748 days resulting in saving of 159 days of feeding and management practices in rearing at the cost of 14.34 kg mineral mixture costing Rs 229/-. Had there not been supplementation of mineral mixture the calves were expected to attain 252 kg against 300 kg body wt. In a feeding period of 478 days resulting in a deficit gain of 48 kg. The cost of 48 kg @ Rs 20/kg live weight is Rs 960/- resulting into profit of (960-229) Rs 73 1 -. 3.32c Body Weight of Buffalo Heifers: The average body weight of healthy heifers was 226 kg at 540 days which worked out to be 0.4 kg daily gain in body weight. At this rate these heifers may take another 185 days to attain 300 kg body weight fit for breeding the buffalo heifers. Thus the total age will be 725 days. In-Group D during 540 day daily gain in body weight was only 0 27 kg which improved to more than 0.35 kg /day during the experimental period of mineral supplement feeding With this rate these heifers will attain 300 kg body weight at 897 days of age. Had there been no supplementation the heifers will require 1003 days for attaining 300 kg body weight Thus saving 106 days of feeding and management practices. 3.4. Procedure: - For preparation of One Quintal of mineral mixture all the ingredients were fine ground individually and mixing was done on a thick polyethylene sheet of 3mX2m size Ground salts of Dicalcium phosphate, Common salt and Calcium carbonate were mixed thoroughly on a plastic sheet to make homogeneous mixture A. Salts of Magnesium sulphate, Copper Sulphate, Manganese Oxide and Zinc Oxide were mixed thoroughly in a plastic basin to make homogeneous mixture B. Ground salts of Ferrous Sulphate, Cobalt Sulphate, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selinete along with Vitamin A and E were mixed thoroughly in a plastic basin to make homogeneous mixture C. Mixture B and C were thoroughly mixed in a plastic basin to make homogenous mixture D. Now this mixture D was thoroughly mixed with Five Kg of mixture A and then with the remaining part of mixture A to make the entire lot of homogeneous mixture of different elements Final mineral mixture was packed in water proof polythene bags of Five kg which was used for feeding animals under test. NOTE: (For the preparation of bulk mixture same procedure will be followed but suitable machine will be used for the preparation of the homogenous mineral mixture.) 3.5. Advantages: - *J* Ingredients easily available •t* Method of preparation simple •J* Long self life * Can be packed in various packing •t* Can be used by unskilled or illiterate farmer * No harmful or side effects at recommended level. •J* More effective, as it caters to the area specific deficiency References Abdelrahaman, M.M., Kincad, P.L. and Elzubejr, E.A. (1998). Mineral deficiencies in grazing dairy cattle in kordofan and darfur regions in lalestern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production 30: 123-135. McDowell, L.R., Conrad, J.H. Ellis, G.L. and 1 oosli, J.K. (1983). "Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions" bull, Univ. Fl. Coop. Ext. Serv. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. TABLE-1 SHOWING MEAN GAIN IN MILK YIELD AFTER TREATMENT (CATTLE) (Table Removed) Group A- Normal Healthy animals Group B- Animal provided with mixture available in market Group C- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 1 Group D- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 11 (X = Number of animals taken) TABLE-2 SHOWING MEAN GAIN IN MILK MELD AFTER TREATMENT (BUFFALO) (Table Removed) Group A- Normal Healthy animals Group B- Animal provided with mixture available in market Group C- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 1 Group D- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 11 (X = Number of animals taken) TABLE-3 SHOWING MEAN CAIN IN BODY WEIGHT AFTER TREATMENT (CATTLE) (Table Removed) Group A- Normal Healthy animals Group B- Animal provided with mixture available in market Group C- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 1 Group D- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 11 (X = Number of animals taken) TABLE-4 SHOWING MEAN DAILY GAIN IN BODY WEIGHT AFTER TREATMENT (BI II ALOES (Table Removed) Group A- Normal Healthy animals Group B- Animal provided with mixture available in market Group C- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 1 Group D- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 11 (X = Number of animals taken) TABLE 5 SHOWING EFFICACY OF VARIOUS SUPPLEMENTS ON SERIM MINERAL PROFILE. (Table Removed) Group A- Normal Healthy animals Group B- Animal pro\ided \\ilh mixture available in market Group C- Animals provide \\ith nc\vly formulated Supplementation 1 Group D- Animals provide \\itli nc\\ly formulated Supplementation 11 (X = Number of animals taken) T ABLE 6 SHONVIM, EH K ACY Ol VARIOUS SUPPLEMENTS ON SERUM HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PROFILE (Table Removed) Group A- Normal Healthy animals Group B- Animal provided with mixture available in market Group C- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 1 Group D- Animals provide with newly formulated Supplementation 1 I/We Claim that: (1).The synergistic mineral mixture for increasing milk yield in cattle which comprises mixing of dicalcium phosphate 60%, calcium carbonate 20%, Magnesium oxide 8%, Ferrous sulphate 0.10%, copper sulphate 0.60%, cobalt sulphate 0.10%, Zinc oxide 1.35%, Mangenese oxide 0.15%, Potassium iodate 0.2%, Sodium selinite 0.01%, Brewer's yeast 1.0%, salt 8.39% and Vitamin A 200000 I.U., Vitamin D3 40000 I.U. and Vitamin E 30 I.U.

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1399-del-2003-abstract.pdf

1399-del-2003-claims.pdf

1399-DEL-2003-Correspondence-Others-(01-11-2010).pdf

1399-DEL-2003-Correspondence-Others-(30-06-2009).pdf

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1399-del-2003-form-1.pdf

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