Indian Patents
Title of Invention

OPTICALLY ACTIVE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT HAVING AXIAL ASYMMETRY AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING α -AMINO ACID AND DERIVATIVE THEREOF WITH THE SAME
Abstract The invention discloses a compound represented by the formula (I): wherein R1IR2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R1,,R2,,R3,R4,,R5,,R6, and X are as defined in the specification. The invention is also for a method for producing the said compound and for producing α- amino acid and derivative thereof with the same.
Full Text DESCRIPTION
Optically active quaternary ammonium salt having axial asymmetry and
process for producing cramino acid and derivative thereof with the same
Technical Field
The present invention relates to an optically active quaternary
ammonium salt having axial asymmetry and a method for producing the
same. The present invention further relates to a method for producing
an optically active α-amino acid and derivatives thereof, by using this
optically active quaternary ammonium salt having axial asymmetry as a
phase-transfer catalyst.
Background Art
orAlkyl-α-amino acids represented by the formula
H2NCH(R)COOH are very important naturally occurring amino acids.
Most of the α-alkyl-α-amino acids exist in animals, plants,
microorganisms or the like in the L.form having a L-configuration at a
position carbon, and the L-form constitutes a polypeptide chain. On the
other hand, the D-form exists in plants, fungi or microorganisms as a
non-protein compound. Furthermore, a, α -dialkyl-α-amino acids
represented by a formula H2NC(R)(R')COOH are compounds that are
recently gaining attention because of their unique functions such as
being stereochemically stable and being not susceptible to enzymatic
hydrolysis by protease when the compound is incorporated into a peptide.
Regarding the above-described respects, see Bellier, B, et al., J. Med.
Chem., vol. 40, p. 3947, 1997; and Mossel, E. et al., Tetrahedron

Asymmetry, vol. 8, p. 1305, 1997. The compounds can be used, for
example, as peptides having an enhanced activity, effective enzyme
inhibitors, and chiral building blocks for synthesizing compounds having
various biological activities. Such a,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids have been
examined to be prepared by catalystic asymmetric reaction, but at
present, no effective method for preparing the same has been found out.
For example, the significance of chiral phase-transfer catalysts,
which allow stereoselective alkylation of glycine derivatives, is increased
in the field of process chemistry because of its easy application. A large
number of researches as to design of phase-transfer catalysts have been
conducted by using mainly cinchona alkaloid derivatives until now and
several useful methods have been reported (e.g., see Shioiri, T. et al.,
Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry, edited by Vogtle, F. et al.,
WILEY-VCH: Weinheim, p.123, 20001 and O'Donnell, M. J., Aldrichimica
Acta, vol. 34, p.3, 2001). However, when such phase-transfer catalysts
are used, various problems are caused such as use of a halogen-based
solvent, a long time reaction, or the necessity of low temperature
conditions. In particular, for synthesizing α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids as
described above, chiral phase-transfer catalysts derived from such
cinchona alkaloid are" hot very useful.
The present inventors have prepared an optically active
quaternary ammonium salt having axial asymmetry, and clarified that it
can be used as a phase-transfer catalyst for synthesizing
stereoselectively α-amino acids as described above (see Japanese
Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-48866; Japanese Laid-Open
Patent Publication No. 2003-81976; and Ooi, T. et al., J. Am. Chem. Sα,
vol. 122, p.5228, 2000). For example, a spiro-compound represented by

the following formula is very useful for asymmetric double alkylation of
glycine derivatives and asymmetric monoalkylation of α-alkyl-α-amino
acid derivatives (e.g., alanine derivatives):

(where PhF3 represents 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group). However, a large
number of processes are required in order to prepare such spiro catalysts,
and for example, when chiral binaphthol, which is easily available, is
used as the starting raw material, as many as eleven processes are
required only to prepare the structural portion on the left side of the
catalyst. Thus, preparation takes time and labor, and results in high
cost, which are large drawbacks.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a chiral
phase-transfer catalyst having a simplified structure that can be
produced by a fewer number of processes.
The present invention provides a compound represented by the
following formula (I) below:


wherein R1, R1', R2, R2 R3, R3, R4 R4 R5 R5 R6 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a hydrogen atom.;
(ii) -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group);
(iii) a cyano group;
(iv) a nitro group;
(v) a carbamoyl group;
(vi) an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group;
(vii) an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group;
(viii) -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched);
(ix) a C1 to C6 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(x) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(xi) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(xii) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl
group may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an

N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may he branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(xiii) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,

a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that

may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O(CH2)m"O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together; and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
R7 and R8 are groups independently selected from the group consisting
of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic

group;
(iii) a C2 to C12 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(iv) a C2 to C12 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(v) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with
at least one group selected from the group consisting of;
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vii) -(CH2)nOCON R10 R11 (where R10 and R11 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ;
(4) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ;
(5) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the

aralkyl group may be substituted with at least one group selected from
the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(6) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety,
wherein the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one
group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20

and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(7) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),

a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and
(8) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be

branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(viii) -(CH2)nCON R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and

(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(ix) -(CH2)nN R12CO R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,"
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be

substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of;
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl

group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(x) -(CH2)nN R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9

is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,

an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xi) -(CH2)nY-O R12 (where Y is a C1 to C4 divalent saturated
hydrocarbon group that may be branched, and R12 is a group selected
from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xii) -(CH2)n-O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group

consisting of;
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched:
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,

a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiii) -(CH2)n-S- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4

alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,

-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiv) -(CH2)n-SO- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),

a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom.;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); and
(xv) -(CH2)n-S02- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom.;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may

be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); or R7 and R8 are taken together to form
a divalent group selected from the group consisting of: "(CH2)m" (where m
is an integer from 2 to 8);

X" is an anion selected from the group consisting of a halide anion, SCN",

HSO4 and HF2
In one embodiment, R1, R1, R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5, R6, and
R6' of the compound represented by the formula (I) are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n_R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched);

or may be substituted with -O(CH2)m-O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together,' and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom.
In a further embodiment, R1, R1', R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5', R6,
and R6' of the compound represented by the formula (I) are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom; a
3,4,5'trifluorophenyl group, a 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a
3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a 3_cyanophenyl group,

a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a 3,5-difluorophenyl group, a
3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-d.ifluorophenyl group, a
3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl
group.
In a further embodiment, the compound represented by the
formula (I) is a compound represented by the following formula (I'):

(where R1 and R1' are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom; a 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a
3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a 3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl
group, a 3-cyanophenyl group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a
3,5-difluorophenyl group, a 3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a
2,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a
2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, and R7, R8 and X' are groups
independently as defined in claim 1).
In one embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented by
the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group; and
(xii) -(CH2)n-O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(l) a hydrogen atom;

(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4

alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer of 1 to 12).
In another embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an
isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.
In a further embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) are the same.
In another embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) are taken together to form a divalent group selected
from the group consisting of -(CH2)m- (where m is an integer from 2 to
8);


The present invention also provides a method for producing the
compound represented by the formula (I), the method comprises'
a step of reacting a compound represented by the following
formula (II)'
with a secondary amine represented by the following formula (III):

in an organic solvent in the presence of an acid scavenging agent,
wherein in the formula (II), R1, R1', R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5',
R6, and R6' are groups independently selected from the group consisting
of:
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group);
(iii) a cyano group,'
(iv) a nitro group,'
(v) a carbamoyl group,*

(vi) an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group!
(vii) an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,"
(viii) -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched);
(ix) a C1 to C6 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(x) a C2 to CG alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(xi) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group',
(xii) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl
group may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;*
(xiii) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of"
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom'
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of"

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
"S(O)n_R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O-(CH2)m_O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together; and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group

that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
Z is a halogen atom; and
in the formula (III), R7 and R8 are groups independently selected
from the group consisting of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(iii) a C2 to C12 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(iv) a C2 to C12 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(v) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with
at least one group selected from the group consisting of

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to

C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vii) -(CH2)nOCON R10 R11 (where R10 and R11 are each
independently a group selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) a C2 to CG alkenyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ;
(4) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ;
(5) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the
aralkyl group may be substituted with at least one group selected from
the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl

group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(6) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety,
wherein the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one
group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),

a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(7) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;

and
(8) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N"(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12).'
(viii) -(CH2)nCON R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched!

(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20

and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(ix) -(CH2)nN R12CO R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl

group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N*(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,

a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(x) -(CH2)nN R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom? and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xi) -(CH2)nY-O R12 (where Y is a C1 to C4 divalent saturated

hydrocarbon group that may be branched, and R12 is a group selected
from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,'
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xii) -(CH2)n-O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,"
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,

an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),

a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiii) -(CH2)irS- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a

hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be

branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiv) -(CH2)n-SO- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and

(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may-
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N_(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12)," and
(xv) -(CH2)n_S02- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched?*
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be

substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-dd(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atomJ and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl

group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); or R7 and R8 are taken together to form
a divalent group selected from the group consisting of: ■(CH2)m" (where m
is an integer from 2 to 8);
In one embodiment, R1, R1', R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5', R6, and
R6' of the compound represented by the formula (II) are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4

alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O-(CH2)m"O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together; and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl

group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom.
In a further embodiment, R1, R1', R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5', R6,
and R6' of the compound represented by the formula (II) are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom; a
3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a
3,4-difLuorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a 3-cyanophenyl group,
a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a 3,5-difLuorophenyl group, a
3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-difluorophenyl group, a
3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl
group.
In a further embodiment, the compound represented by the
formula (II) is a compound represented by the following formula (II'):

57

(where R1 and R1' are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom; a 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a
3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a 3,4-difLuorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl
group, a 3-cyanophenyl group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a
3,5-difluorophenyl group, a 3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a
2,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a
2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, and R7, R8 and Z are groups
independently as defined above).
In another embodiment, R7 and R8 of the secondary amine
represented by the formula (II) are groups independently selected from
the group consisting of
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group! and
(xii) -(CH2)n'O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),

a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer of 1 to 12.
In a further embodiment, R7 and R8 of the secondary amine
represented by the formula (II) are groups independently selected from
the group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group,
an isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.
In a still further embodiment, R7 and R8 of the secondary amine
represented by the formula (II) are the same.
In another embodiment, R7 and R8 of the secondary amine
represented by the formula (II) are taken together to form a divalent
group selected from the group consisting of: -(CH2)m" (where m is an
integer from 2 to 8)>'
The present invention further provides a method for
stereoselectively producing a compound represented by the formula (VI):

the method comprises^
alkylating a compound represented by the formula (IV)


with a compound of the formula (V):
R18-W (V)
using a compound represented by the formula (I) that is pure with
respect to axis symmetry as a phase-transfer catalyst:

in a medium in the presence of an inorganic base,
wherein in the formula (I), R1, R1', R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, W,
R6, and R6' are groups independently selected from the group consisting
of:
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group);
(iii) a cyano group;
(iv) a nitro group;
(v) a carbamoyl group;
(vi) an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group;
(vii) an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group;
(viii) -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched);
(ix) a C1 to C6 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,'
(x) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic

group;
(xi) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(xii) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl
group may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(xiii) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to

C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n'R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O(CH2)m"O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together; and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen

atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
R7 and R8 are each independently a monovalent organic group or are
taken together to form a divalent organic group,
X- is a halide anion,
in the formulae (IV) and (VI),
R14 and R15 are each independently
(i) a hydrogen atom; or
(ii) an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be
branched, or a halogen atom;
with the proviso the case where both R14 and R15 are hydrogen
atoms is excluded,
R16 is a group selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) a C1 to C10 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iii) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(iv) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;

(v) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl group of the aralkyl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group

that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vii) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen

atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(viii) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom;
R17 is a C1 to Cs alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group),
in the formulae (V) and (VI),
R18 is a group selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a C1 to C10 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(ii) a C3 to C9 allyl group or substituted allyl group that may be
branched or form a cyclic group,"
(iii) a C2 to CG alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group!
(iv) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(v) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of;
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),

a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom?
(vii) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting oft
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to GA alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;*
(viii) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are

each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(ix) a C3 to C9 propargyl group or substituted propargyl group
that may be branched, and
in the formula (V),
W is a functional group having a leaving ability, and
in the formula (VI),
* shows a newly produced asymmetric center.
In one embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented by
the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of
(i) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group and/or may be substituted with a halogen atom;
(ii) a C2 to C12 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group and/or may be substituted with a halogen atom;

(iii) a C2 to C12 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group and/or may be substituted with a halogen atom;
(iv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to d alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(v) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group

that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) -(CH2)nOCON R10 R11 (where R1o and R11 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,"
(3) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ',
(4) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ,*
(5) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the
aralkyl group may be substituted with at least one group selected from
the group consisting of:'
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,

a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(6) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety,
wherein the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one
group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9

is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(7) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to CA alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(8) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom>'
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(vii) -(CH2)nCON R12 R13 (where R12 and R" are groups

independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom>' and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of: a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,

an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N_(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 .are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(viii) -(CH2)nN R12CO R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20

and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a

hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(ix) -(CH2)nN R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of>
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,

a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;

and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(x) -(CH2)nY-O R12 (where Y is a C1 to C4 divalent saturated
hydrocarbon group that may be branched, and R12 is a group selected
from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may

be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom?
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xi) -(CH2)n"O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl

group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xii) -(CH2)n_S- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),

a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiii) -(CH2)n-SO- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be

branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); and
(xiv) -(CHaJn-SCV R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the
group consisting of:
(l) a hydrogen atom;

(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4

alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); or R7 and R8 are taken together to form
a divalent group selected from the group consisting of: -(0112)111" (where m
is an integer from 2 to 8);
In one embodiment, R1, R1', R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5', R6, and
R6' of the compound represented by the formula (I) are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,

a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O(CH2)nrO- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together? and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20

and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom.
In a further embodiment, R1, R1", R2, R2', Rs, Rs', R* R4-> R5( R5', R6,
and R6' of the compound represented by the formula (I) are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom; a
3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a
3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a 3-cyanophenyl group,
a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a 3,5-difluorophenyl group, a
3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-difl.uorophenyl group, a
3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl
group.
In a further embodiment, the compound represented by the
formula (I) is a compound represented by the following formula (I'):


(where R1 and R1' are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom; a 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a
3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a 3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl
group, a 3-cyanophenyl group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a
3,5-difLuorophenyl group, a 3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a
2,4-difLuorophenyl group, a 3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a
2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, and R7, R8 and X" are groups
independently as defined above).
In another embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of:
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,' and
(xii) -(CH2)n"O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4

alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,

-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer of 1 to 12.
In a further embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the group
consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an
isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.
In a still further embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are the same.
In another embodiment, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) are taken together to form a divalent group selected
from the group consisting of ■(CH2)m" (where m is an integer from 2 to
8);
In one embodiment, the compound represented by the formula (I)
is used in a ratio of 0.001 mol % to 0.1 mol % per 1 mol of the compound
represented by the formula (IV).
In one embodiment, the compound represented by the formula (I)
is used in a ratio of 0.005 mol % to 0.05 mol % per 1 mol of the compound

represented by the formula (IV).
The present invention also provides a method for producing an
optically active α-amino acid, the method comprises-
hydrolyzing an imino group ( R14 R15C=N-) and an ester group
(-CO2 R17) of the compound represented by the formula (VI) that is
obtained by the above method, under an acidic condition:

(where R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are the same groups as defined
above).
The present invention also provides a method for producing an
optically active α-amino acid, the method comprises^
hydrolyzing an imino group ( R14 R15C=N_) of the compound
represented by the formula (VI) that is obtained by the above method,
under an acidic condition^

(where R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are the same groups as defined
above), and
hydrolyzing an ester group (-CO2 R17) of the acid hydrolyzed
product under an acidic or basic condition.
The present invention also provides a method for producing an
optically active α-amino acid, the method comprises^
hydrolyzing an ester group (-CO2 R17) of the compound
represented by the formula (VI) that is obtained by the above method,

under a basic condition*

(where R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are the same groups as defined
above), and
hydrolyzing an imino group ( R14 R15C=N-) of the basic hydrolyzed
product under an acidic condition.
The present invention provides a chiral phase-transfer catalyst
having a more simplified structure. This phase-transfer catalyst can be
produced by a fewer number of processes than conventional compounds.
Thus, the phase-transfer catalyst of the present invention that can be
provided more easily can be utilized for synthesizing, for example,
α-alkyl-α-amino acid derivatives and a,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
Hereinafter, the terms used in the present invention will be
defined.
The phrase "C1 to Cn alkyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group" (where n is an integer) includes any linear alkyl group
having 1 to n carbon atoms, any branched alkyl group having 3 to n
carbon atoms, and any cyclic alkyl group having 3 to n carbon atoms.
Examples of linear alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include
methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl. Examples of
branched alkyl groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropyl,
isobutyl, tert-butyl, and isopentyl. Examples of cyclic alkyl groups
having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and

cyclohexyl. Furthermore, when "C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be
branched or form a cyclic group and/or may be substituted with a
halogen atom" is referred to, any linear alkyl group having 1 to 12
carbon atoms, any branched alkyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms,
and any cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms are included, and
a hydrogen atom at any position of these alkyl groups may be substituted
with a halogen atom. Examples of such an alkyl group include n-heptyl,
isoheptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, n-decyl, and n-dodecyl.
In N-(C1 to C4 alkyl) carbamoyl groups and N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)
carbamoyl groups, "C1 to C4 alkyl group" means C1 to C4 linear alkyl
groups or C3 to C4 branched alkyl groups.
The phrase "C2 to Cn alkenyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group" (where n is an integer) includes any linear alkenyl groups
having 2 to n carbon atoms, any branched alkenyl groups having 3 to n
carbon atoms, and any cyclic alkenyl groups having 3 to n carbon atoms.
Examples of linear alkenyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms include
ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl,
2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 1-hexenyl. Examples of
branched alkenyl groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include isopropenyl,
1-methyl-1-propenyl, l-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-l-propenyl,
2-methyl-2-propenyl, and l-methyl-2-butenyl. Examples of cyclic
alkenyl groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclobutenyl,
cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl. Furthermore, when "C2 to C12 alkenyl
group that may be branched or form a cyclic group and/or may be
substituted with a halogen atom" is referred to, any linear alkenyl
groups having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, any branched alkenyl groups having
3 to 12 carbon atoms, and any cyclic alkenyl groups having 3 to 12

carbon atoms are included, and a hydrogen atom at any position of these
alkenyl groups may be substituted with a halogen atom. Examples of
such an alkenyl group include 1-heptenyl, 2-heptenyl, 1-octenyl,
1-decenyl, and 1-dodecenyl.
The phrase "C2 to Cn alkynyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group" (where n is an integer) includes any linear alkynyl groups
having 2 to n carbon atoms, any branched alkynyl groups having 3 to n
carbon atoms, and any cyclic alkynyl groups having 3 to n carbon atoms.
Examples of linear alkynyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms include
ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, and
1-hexynyl. Examples of branched alkynyl groups having 3 to 6 carbon
atoms include l-methyl-2-propynyl. Examples of cyclic alkynyl groups
having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropylethynyl, and
cyclobutylethynyl. Furthermore, when "C2 to C12 alkynyl group that
may be branched or form a cyclic group and/or may be substituted with a
halogen atom" is referred to, any linear alkynyl groups having 1 to 12
carbon atoms, any branched alkynyl groups having 3 to 12 carbon atoms,
and any cyclic alkynyl groups having 3 to 12 carbon atoms are included,
and a hydrogen atom at any position of these alkynyl groups may be
substituted with a halogen atom. Examples of such an alkynyl group
include 1-heptynyl, 1-octynyl, 1-decynyl, and 1-dodecynyl.
The phrase "C1 to Gn alkoxy group that may be branched" (where
n is an integer) includes alkoxy groups having any linear alkyl groups
having 1 to n carbon atoms and alkoxy groups having any branched alkyl
groups having 3 to n carbon atoms. Examples thereof include methyloxy,
ethyloxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy, and tert-butyloxy.
Examples of "aralkyl group" in the present invention include

benzyl, phenethyl, and naphthylmethyl.
Examples of "heteroaralkyl group" in the present invention
include pyridylmethyl, indolylmethyl, furylmethyl, thienylmethyl, and
pyrrolylmethyl.
Examples of "aryl group" in the present invention include phenyl,
naphthyl, anthryl and phenanthryl.
Examples of "heteroaryl group" in the present invention include
pyridyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, furyl, indolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl,
benzothiophenyl-2-yl, thiazolyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl,
3,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl and tetrazolyl.
Examples of "halogen atom" in the present invention include a
chlorine atom; a bromine atom; an iodine atom; and a fluorine atom. In
the present invention, the term "halide anion" refers to halogen ions and
examples thereof include a chloride ion, a bromide ion, an iodide ion and
a fluoride ion.
The phrase "C3 to Cn allyl group or substituted allyl group that
may be branched or form a cyclic group" (where n is an integer) refers to
allyl groups or any substituted allyl groups having a substituent(s) at
position 1 and/or 2 and/or 3 and having 4 to n carbon atoms in total, and
for example, includes 2-butenyl, 1-cyclopentenylmethyl, and
3-methyl-2-butenyl.
The phrase "C3 to Cn propargyl group or substituted propargyl
group that may be branched" (where n is an integer) refers to propargyl
groups or any substituted propargyl groups having a substituent(s) at
position 1 and/or 3 and having 4 to n carbon atoms in total, and for
example, includes 2-butynyl, and 3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynyl.
In the present invention, the term "functional group having a

leaving ability" means an atom or an atom group that leaves from a
substrate in a substitution reaction or an elimination reaction, that is, a
leaving group, and for example, includes a halogen atom; and a
sulfonyloxy group.
In the present specification, for convenience, the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom may be referred to as "group (Q)".
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more
specifically.

A quaternary ammonium salt of the present invention is pure
with respect to axial asymmetry, and is a compound represented by the
following formula (I):
(where R1, R1\ R2, R2', R3, R3\ R4, R*', R5, R5', R6; and Re« are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of'
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group);
(iii) a cyano group;
(iv) a nitro group;
(v) a carbamoyl group,'
(vi) an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group;
(vii) an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group;
(viii) -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched);
(ix) a C1 to CG alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(x) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(xi) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;

(xii) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl
group may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
(Q) consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(xiii) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group (Q),'
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group (Q) or may be substituted
with -O(CH2)m-O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions 3 and 4 that are taken

together! and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q);
R7 and R8 are each independently a monovalent organic group or taken
together to form a divalent organic group, and
X" is a halide anion, SCN-, HSO4' or HF2"). The compound represented
by the formula (I) may have a configuration of either (S) or (R).
The compound represented by formula (I) above usefully
functions as a phase-transfer catalyst for producing an optically active
α-amino acid or derivative thereof, in particular, an a,α-dialkyl-α-amino
acid or derivative thereof. More specifically, when the compound
represented by formula (I) above is used as a phase-transfer catalyst to
produce an optically active α-amino acid or derivative thereof
represented by formula (VI) by alkylating a compound represented by
formula (IV) with a compound represented by formula (V), the
ammonium moiety constituting a cation of this compound:

contributes to the reactivity in the alkylation, and the binaphthyl
moiety^

contributes to the stereoselectivity in the alkylation reaction. Therefore,
in one embodiment, R7 and R8 in the compound represented by formula
(I) are groups that can retain the reactivity and selectivity derived from
the ammonium moiety and the binaphthyl moiety of the cation, (or does
not inhibit the reactivity and selectivity). For example, they can be
monovalent organic groups or divalent organic groups that are more
inactive than the ammonium moiety and the binaphthyl moiety. In
other words, R7 and R8 are not groups that are highly reactive
themselves (or itself), but groups that do not affect the reaction in the
production of the amino acid or derivative thereof that is described later.
Alternatively, in the formula (I) above, R7 and R8 are (monovalent
organic) groups independently selected from the group consisting of:
(i) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group and/or may be substituted with a halogen atom;
(ii) a C2 to C12 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group and/or may be substituted with a halogen atom;
(iii) a C2 to C12 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group and/or may be substituted with a halogen atom;
(iv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group (Q);
(v) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q);
(vi) -(CH2)aOCON R10 R11 (where R10 and R11 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form

a cyclic group ,'
(4) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form
a cyclic group ',
(5) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the
aralkyl group may be substituted with at least one group selected from
the group (Q);
(6) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety,
wherein the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one
group selected from the group (Q);
(7) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(8) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12).'
(vii) -(CH2)nCON R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12);
(viii) -(CH2)nN R12CO R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;

(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12);
(ix) -(CH2)nN R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
. (l) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12);
(x) -(CH2)nY-O R12 (where Y is a C1 to C4 divalent saturated
hydrocarbon group that may be branched, and R12 is a group selected
from the group consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may. be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xi) -(CH2)n-O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(l) a hydrogen atom;

(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xii) -(CH2)n"S- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom.'
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiii) -(CH2)n"SO- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12); and
(xiv) -(CH2)n_S02- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the
group consisting of:
(l) a hydrogen atom;

(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q), and n
is an integer from 1 to 12); or
R7 and R8 are taken together to form a (divalent organic) group selected
from the group consisting of: -(CH2)m" (where m is an integer from 2 to
8);
In the present invention, in the formula (I) above, R1, R1', R2, R2',
R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5', R6, and R6' are preferably groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(xiv) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a

hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O(CH2)m"O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions
3 and 4 taken together? and
(xv) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,

an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
more preferably, they are selected from the group consisting of a
hydrogen atom; a 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a 3,4,5'trichlorophenyl
group, a 3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a
3-cyanophenyl group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a 3,5-difl.uorophenyl
group, a 3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-difluorophenyl group, a
3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(tri£Luoromethyl)phenyl
group. In particular, of the compounds represented by the formula (I)
above, a compound represented by the following formula (F) is
preferable^
(where, R1 and R1' are groups selected independently from the group
consisting of a hydrogen atom; a 3,4,5-trifl.uorophenyl group, a
3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, a 3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl
group, a 3-cyanophenyl group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a
3,5-difluorophenyl group, a 3-trifluoromethylphenyl group, a
2,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a
2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, and R7, R8 and X' are each
independently the above-defined groups).

Furthermore, preferably, R7 and R8 of the compound represented
by the formula (I) above are groups independently selected from the
group consisting of:
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group," and
(xii) -(CH2)n_O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be

branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may
be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting
of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4
alkyl group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20
and R21 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl
group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9
is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a
hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and n is an integer of 1 to 12,
more preferably, they are selected from the group consisting of a methyl
group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an n-decyl
group, and a cyclohexyl group. Furthermore, R7 and R8 are preferably
the same, or a compound in which R7 and R8 are taken together to form a

divalent group selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m" (where m
is an integer from 2 to 8);
The quaternary ammonium salt represented by the formula (I)
can be produced by reacting a compound represented by the following
formula (II):
(where R1, R1', R2, R2',R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5", R6, and R6' are the same as
defined in the formula (I), and Z is a halogen atom) with a secondary
amine represented by the following formula (III):
H%8 (III)
(where R7 and R8 are the same as defined in the formula (I)) in an
organic solvent in the presence of an acid scavenging agent.
The compound of the formula (II) can be prepared easily from, for
example, easily available l,l'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid (see Seki,
M. et al., Synthesis, 2000, p. 1677) in a known process as described in the
following Scheme 1 (see Ooi, T. et al., J. Org. Chem., vol.68, p.4577,
2003). The l,l'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid may be either the
(S)-form or (R)-form.


The following is a more specific explanation based on Scheme 1
above. First, dicarboxylic acid (l) is converted to a corresponding
diisopropylester (2) using isopropyl bromide, a catalyst BxuN-HSCU and
KF2H2O. The obtained compound (2) is treated with magnesium
bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperamide) (hereinafter, referred to as
Mg(TMP)2), and then BR2 is added thereto to give
3,3'-dibromo-l,l'-dinaphthyl-2,2'-dicarboxilyc acid ester (3). Then, the
obtained compound (3) and 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl boronic acid are
subjected to the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in the presence
of palladium acetate, triphenylphosphine and potassium carbonate to
give 3,3'-bis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-l,l'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid
ester (4). Furthermore, this (4) is reduced with LiAlEU to obtain alcohol
(5) and the obtained alcohol (5) is treated with PBR3 so that dibromide (6),
which corresponds to the formula (II) above, can be obtained.
On the other hand, a large number of the secondary amines of the
formula (III) above are commercially available, and therefore can be

obtained easily, so that they can be selected as appropriate.
Examples of an organic solvent used in the process for producing
the compound of the formula (I) by reacting the compound of the formula
(II) with the formula (III) include nitrile solvents (e.g., acetonitrile,
propionitrile), ether solvents (e.g., dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, isopropyl
ether, diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane, 2-methoxyethyl ether), alcohol
solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol,
tert-butanol). In the present invention, acetonitrile is particularly
preferable. Examples of an acid scavenging agent include inorganic
bases such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium
hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate).
In the reaction, the secondary amine of the formula (III) is
preferably used in 1 to 4 equivalents, more preferably 2 to 3 equivalents
to the compound of the formula (II). The acid scavenging agent is
preferably used in 1 to 4 equivalents, more preferably about 1 to 2
equivalents to the compound of the formula (II). The compound of the
formula (II) and the secondary amine of the formula (III) are reacted
with each other in the presence of the acid scavenging agent in an
appropriate organic solvent with stirring. The reaction temperature is
preferably from room temperature to the boiling point of the organic
solvent, and more preferably the reaction is performed under heating
reflux. The reaction time is preferably 30 minutes to 24 hours, more
preferably 6 to 12 hours. In this case, the organic solvent is preferably
used 5 to 50 times, more preferably 5 to 30 times the amount of the
compound of the formula (II) in the ratio of volume (mL)/weight (g).
After the reaction is finished, the reaction mixture is extracted with
dichloromethane, dichloroethane, or carbon tetrachloride, and isolated

and purified by silica gel column chromatography, so that the compound
of the formula (I) can be obtained. Alternatively, the reaction mixture
may be used, as it is, as a phase-transfer catalyst in the method for
producing α-amino acid derivatives, which will be more specifically
described later.
Thus obtained compound of the formula (I) in which X" is a halide
anion has a pure form with respect to axial asymmetry, and can be used
as a phase-transfer catalyst. Here, "pure with respect to axial
asymmetry" means that among the stereoisomers based on axial
asymmetry, the rate of the presence of one specific isomer is higher than
that of other isomers. Preferably, the rate of the presence of the one
specific isomer is 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, and even
more preferably 98% or more.
Furthermore, the compound of the formula (I) in which X" is a
halide anion can be made into a compound in which the halide anion is
converted to SCN", HSO4" or HF2", for example, through the following
process.
First, a method for producing the compound of the formula (I) in
which X" is SCN" or HSO4" will be described.
The compound of the formula (I) obtained in the above-described
manner in which X" is a halide anion is dissolved in, for example, a
suitable second organic solvent according to the method described in
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-173492 and mixed with
a saturated aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of thiocyanic acid so
that the halide anion of X" is converted to SCN".
Examples of the second organic solvent that can be used for this
exchange include dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane,

tetrahydrofuran, methyl t-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and ethyl
acetate. Examples of the alkali metal salt of thiocyanic acid include
potassium thiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate.
For example, by mixing the compound of the formula (I) in which
X" is a halide anion with an alkali metal salt of thiocyanic acid in a
solution under a relatively mild condition such as under room
temperature so as to come into contact, the reaction thereof can proceed
easily, and the reaction product (e.g., the compound of the formula (I) in
which X" is SCN") can be obtained in a quantitative yield.
Furthermore, by reacting the compound of the formula (I) in
which X" is SCN" with a concentrated nitric acid solution, X" can be
converted easily from SCN" to HSO4'.
By further reacting thus obtained compound of the formula (I) in
which X' is HSO4" with an alkali metal fluoride (e.g., potassium fluoride,
sodium fluoride or lithium fluoride), a compound represented by the
formula (la):
(where R1, R1', R2, R2',R3, R3', R4> R4-; R5> R^ R6> an(i RG- are t^e same as
defined in the formula (I)) can be obtained, which can be used as a
catalyst, for example, in a reaction of a silyl enol ether and a carbonyl
compound (aldol reaction).
Examples of silyl enol ether used in the aldol reaction include a
trialkylsilyl enol ether. A trialkylsilyl enol ether can be prepared in

advance by reacting a chlorosilane such as trimethylsilyl chloride and
triethylsilyl chloride with a carbonyl compound (e.g., ketone derivatives
such as 2-butanone, 4-penten-2-one, diethyl ketone, acetophenone,
propiophenone, butyronaphtone, cyclohexanone, 1-oxoindan, 1-tetralone
or 2-tetralone) in the presence of a base.
In addition to the carbonyl compound (the above-described ketone
derivatives), which is a precursor of a silyl enol ether, examples of the
carbonyl compound that can be reacted with a silyl enol ether used in the
aldol reaction, include aldehyde compounds such as acetylaldehyde,
propionaldehyde, butylaldehyde, isobutylaldehyde, isovaler aldehyde,
capronaldehyde, dodecylaldehyde, palmitinaldehyde, stearinaldehyde,
acrolein, crotonaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, benzaldehyde,
anisaldehyde, nicotinaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, oc-naphthaldehyde, and
P - naphthaldehy de.
With respect to such a silyl enol ether and such a carbonyl
compound, the compound represented by the formula (la) is used as a
catalyst in the aldol reaction so that the stereoselectivity in the reaction
can be controlled.
Next, a method for producing the compound of the formula (I) in
which X' is HF2" will be described.
The compound of the formula (I) obtained in the above-de scribed
manner in which X' is a halide anion is first brought in contact with an
ion-exchange resin so that a first intermediate is produced.
As the ion-exchange resin, any ion-exchange resin can be selected
by those skilled in the art. Specific examples of the ion-exchange resin
that can be used include Amberlyst A26 (OH) (manufactured by
ORGANO CORPORATION).

The compound of the formula (I) in which X' is a halide anion can
be brought in contact with an ion-exchange resin by dissolving the
compound of the formula (I) in which X" is a halide anion in a suitable
third solvent and passing this solution through a column filled with the
ion-exchange resin. As the third solvent that can be used for such a
contact, alcohol solvents are preferable. Specific examples of alcohol
solvents include methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and
normal propyl alcohol, although not limited thereto.
There is no limitation regarding the amounts of the compound of
the formula (I) in which X" is a halide anion and the third solvent that
are used in this contact, and they can be set as appropriate by the those
skilled in the art.
Thus, the first intermediate is produced.
Then, the obtained first intermediate is neutralized with a
hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution preferably without removing the
solvent.
There is no limitation regarding the amount of the hydrogen
fluoride aqueous solution used in the present invention. In view of
increasing the productivity, preferably, the amount is selected so that
hydrogen fluoride is reacted in an amount at least equivalent to that of
the compound of the formula (I) in which X" is a halide anion. Thus, the
first intermediate is neutralized, and a compound represented by the
formula (lb):

in which X" is further converted from the halide anion to HF2" can be
precipitated in the solution.
Thereafter, the compound of this formula (lb) can be easily
isolated by removing the solvent using means usually used by those
skilled in the art.
Thus obtained compound of the formula (lb) can be utilized as a
catalyst for producing a nitroalcohol that is diastereoselectively and
enantioselectively controlled.
Next, a method for producing α-amino acid derivatives using the
quaternary ammonium compound of the present invention represented
by the formula (I) as a phase-transfer catalyst will be described.
An α-amino acid derivative represented by the following formula
(VI) can be produced stereoselectively by a process for alkylating a
compound represented by the following formula (IV) with a compound of
a formula (V), using the compound represented by the formula (I) as a
phase-transfer in a medium in the presence of an inorganic base:

(where R14 and R15 are each independently
(i) a hydrogen atom; or
(ii) an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be
branched, or a halogen atom; with the proviso that the case where both
R14 and R15 are hydrogen atoms is excluded,
R16 is a group selected from the group consisting of:

(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) a C1 to C10 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iii) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(iv) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(v) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q)
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro
group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an
N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to
C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group (Q);
(vii) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(viii) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q);
R17 is a C1 to Cs alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
R18 is a group selected from the group consisting of
(i) a C1 to C10 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,'
(ii) a C3 to C allyl group or substituted allyl group that may be
branched or form a cyclic group,"
(iii) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group!
(iv) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group;
(v) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q);
(vi) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein
the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group (Q);
(vii) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group (Q);
(viii) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be

substituted with at least one group selected from the group (Q); and
(ix) a C3 to C9 propargyl group or substituted propargyl group
that may be branched; and
* shows a newly generated asymmetric center!

(where R14, R15, R16 and R17 are the same as defined in the formula (VI));
and
R18-W (V)
(where R18 is the same as defined in the formula (VI), and W is a
functional group having a leaving ability).
Examples of the medium used in this process include benzene,
toluene, xylene, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and
dioxane. Alternatively, the medium may be a two-phase medium
containing water and a medium of these which is immiscible with water.
The medium may be used in a volume (mL)/weight (g) ratio of a factor,
preferably of 5 to 30, more preferably 8 to 25 to the compound of the
formula (IV).
Examples of the inorganic base used in this process include
lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide. The inorganic
base may be used preferably in 2 to 10 equivalents, more preferably 3 to
7 equivalents to the compound of the formula (IV). The inorganic base
may be used in the form of a 10 to 60 w/v% alkali aqueous solution, and
the volume in this case may be preferably a factor of 4 to 20, more
preferably 8 to 15 in volume (mL)/weight (g) ratio to the compound of the

formula (IV).
In the alkylation process, the compound of the formula (V) is used
preferably in 1 to 1.5 equivalents, more preferably 1.1 to 1.3 equivalents,
and even more preferably 1.2 to 1.25 equivalents to the compound of the
formula (IV). The compound of the formula (I) is used, as a
phase-transfer catalyst, preferably in 0.001 mol % to 0.1 mol %, more
preferably 0.005 mol % to 0.05 mol % to 1 mol of the compound of the
formula (IV). Thus, the phase-transfer catalyst used in the present
invention has a high activity, and therefore by using the catalyst at only
a small amount to 1 mole of the compound of the formula (IV), a desired
optically active oc-amino acid and derivatives thereof can be produced.
In the present invention, in addition to such a phase-transfer
catalyst, achiral quaternary ammonium salts such as tetrabutyl
ammonium bromide (TBAB) may be also used in the reaction system
simultaneously. For example, TBAB functions as a cocatalyst in the
reaction system in the present invention to improve the yield of an
cramino acid and its derivatives obtained, and also can further reduce
the amount of the phase-transfer catalyst represented by the formula (I)
used in the present invention. The amount of TBAB that can be used in
the present invention is preferably 0.005 mol % to 0.1 mol %, and more
preferably 0.01 to 0.06 mol % to 1 mol of the compound of the formula
(IV).
The alkylation process is performed at a suitable temperature
between -30°C to room temperature, preferably -20°C to 0°C, in air,
preferably in an argon atmosphere. This process is performed with
stirring over a suitable period until an alkylation reaction proceeds to a
sufficient extent. The reaction time is preferably 30 min to 48 hours,

more preferably 1 hour to 24 hours.
According to the method of the present invention using the
compound of the formula (I) of the present invention as described above,
an optically active compound of the formula (VI) can be obtained in a
high yield and high optical purity. Here, "high optical purity" refers to
at least 80% ee, preferably at least 85% ee, more preferably 90% ee, and
even more preferably at least 95% ee.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method for
producing an optically active α-amino acid is provided.
In the present invention, an optically active α-amino acid can be
produced by performing, for example, either one of the following
procedures, using the optically active compound of the formula (VI)
(optically active α-amino acid derivative) that is obtained by the
above-described method.
In a first method, the imino group ( R14 R15C=N-) moiety of the
optically active compound of the formula (VI) (optically active α-amino
acid derivative) that is obtained by the above-described method is
hydrolyzed under an acidic condition (imine acidic hydrolysis process).
Examples of the acid used in the imine acidic hydrolysis process include
inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid) and organic
acids containing tribasic acid (e.g., acetic acid, citric acid). More
specifically, the imine acidic hydrolysis process proceeds by treating the
compound of the formula (VI) in a suitable medium (e.g.,
tetrahydrofuran or toluene) at a suitable temperature (e.g., room
temperature) using an aqueous solution of the acid as described above.
As a result, an ester derivative of amino acid in which the terminal
amino group is liberated can be obtained as an acidic hydrolysis product.

Then, the ester derivative of amino acid (acidic hydrolysis
product) obtained by the above-described process is subjected to a
hydrolysis reaction, if necessary, under acidic conditions stronger than
the inline acidic hydrolysis or under basic conditions. Thus, a desired
amino acid in which the terminal of the acidic hydrolysis product (i.e., an
ester group (-CO2 R17) in the acidic hydrolysis product) becomes
carboxylic acid can be obtained.
Alternatively, in a second method, the process opposite to the
method described above is adopted. That is to say, the ester group
(-CO2 R17) in the optically active compound of the formula (VI) (optically
active α-amino acid derivative) obtained in the above-described
alkylation reaction is first hydrolyzed under basic conditions (ester basic
hydrolysis process). In this ester basic hydrolysis process, an alkali
aqueous solution such as sodium hydroxide aqueous solution can be used.
By such hydrolysis, a basic hydrolysis product in which the terminal of
the compound of the formula (VI) (i.e., an ester group (-CO2 R17) in the
compound of the formula (VI)) becomes carboxylic acid can be obtained.
Then, the imino group ( R14 R15C=N-) moiety of the above-obtained
basic hydrolysis product is hydrolyzed under an acidic condition (imine
acidic hydrolysis process). Examples of the acid used in the imine acidic
hydrolysis process include inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid,
phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid) and organic acids including tribasic acid
(e.g., acetic acid, citric acid). More specifically, the imine acidic
hydrolysis process proceeds by treating the basis hydrolysis product in a
suitable medium (e.g., tetrahydrofuran or toluene) at a suitable
temperature (e.g., room temperature) using an aqueous solution of the
acid as described above. As a result, a desired amino acid in which the

terminal amino acid is liberated can be obtained.
In the present invention, in the case where an amino acid is
produced from the compound of the formula (VI), either the first method
or the second method may be used, and either can be selected arbitrarily
by those skilled in the art, according to the specific structure of the
amino acid to be actually produced and other production conditions.
In this manner, a desired optically active α-amino acid can be
produced efficiently and optionally without limitations on its structure.
Examples
Hereinafter, the present invention will be more specifically
described by way of examples, but is not limited thereby.
In the following examples, 1H NMR spectrum was measured on a
JEOL JNM-FX400 (400 MHz) spectrometer and a JMTO400/54/SS (400
MHz) spectrometer. The optical purity of a reaction product was
measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an
apparatus Shimadzu 10 using 4.6 mm x 25 cm Daicel Chiralcel OD,
OD-H, AD or AD-H. The reaction progress was monitored with a Merck
precoated TLC plate (silica gel 60 GF254, 0.25 mm) for thin film
chromatography (TLC).
synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>


A compound 1 (S-form), isopropyl bromide in 10 equivalents with
respect to the compound 1, 20 mol % of a catalyst BU4N-HSO4, and 10
equivalents of potassium fluoride dihydrate were allowed to react for 24
hours under reflex in tetrahydrofuran to give a compound 2 in a 95%
yield. Then, 4 equivalents of Mg(TMP)2 that was newly prepared in
tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise to the compound 2 at 0°C, and
subsequently 8 equivalents of bromine was added dropwise at -78°C.
Thereafter, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one
hour to give a compound 3 in a 91% yield. The compound 3 and 2.4
equivalents of 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl boronic acid were subjected to the
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in the presence of 5 mol % of
palladium acetate, 15 mol % of PPI13 and 3 equivalents of potassium
carbonate in dimethylformamide at 90°C for 8 hours to give a compound
4 in a 94% yield. Then, the compound 4 was reduced with 3 equivalents
of LiAlEU in tetrahydrofuran at 0°C to room temperature. Then, the
obtained compound 5 was stirred with 0.5 equivalents of PBR3 in
tetrahydrofuran at 0°C for one hour to give a compound 6 (S-form) in a

90% yield. The R-form was prepared in the same manner.


A mixture of the compound 6 (S-form) (280 mg, 0.4 mmol),
dibutylamine (140 uL, 0.8 mmol), and potassium carbonate (82 mg, 0.6
mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was heated and refluxed for 10 hours with
stirring. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with
dichloromethane. The organic layer extract was dried over sodium
sulfate, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column
chromatography (eluent- methanol/dichloromethane = 1^20) for
purification to give a compound 7 (S-form) (247mg, 0.33 mmol) in a 83%
yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound 7 (S-form) was as
follows:XH NMR (400MHz, CDCls) 5 7.97-7.95 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.55-7.51
(2H, m, Ar-H), 7.27-7.23 (8H m, Ar-H), 4.99 (2H, d, ^14.2Hz, Ar-CH2),
3.74 (2H, d, ^=13.9Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.32 (2H, t, e/=12.5Hz, N-CH2-CH2), 2.56
(2H, t, c7=12.3Hz, N-CH2-CH2), 1.06.O..97 (6H, m, CH2), 0.71 (6H, t,
^6.9Hz, CH3), 0.23 (2H, bs, CH2); 13C NMR (100MHz, CDCls) 5 150.95
(d, Jb-F=253Hz), 139.61 (ddd, JC-F=253, 15, 15Hz), 138.31, 136.86, 134.64
(d, efc-F=4Hz), 133.44, 131.13, 130.85, 128.31, 128.28, 127.66, 127.37,

123.34, 115.31-113.76 (m), 57.58, 57.37, 24.60, 19.32, 13.24.
For the R-form of the compound 6, the same procedure was
performed to give the compound 7 (R-form).


To a mixture of alanine (t)-butyl ester-p-chlorobenzyl Schiff base
(compound 8) (134 mg, 0.5 mmol), 1 mol % of the compound 7 (S-form),
and benzyl bromide (1.2 equivalents) in 2 mL of toluene, cesium
hydroxide • monohydrate (5 equivalents) was added at 0°C, and stirred
under an argon atmosphere at 0°C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture
was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane, and the
solvent was removed, and then the residue was dissolved in 5 mL of
tetrahydrofuran. Then, 5 mL of 0.5 M citric acid aqueous solution was
added thereto and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for one
hour. The aqueous layer was washed with ether and alkalized with
sodium hydrogencarbonate, and then was extracted with
dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and
concentrated to give an oily product. The obtained oily product was
subjected to silica gel column chromatography (eluent- ethyl
acetate/hexane = 2/1) to give a benzylated product of alanine (compound
9) in 97%ee and a 82% yield. The optical purity of the obtained product
was analyzed by HPLC [Daicel Chiralcel AD; eluent: hexane/isopropanol
= 30 : 1, 0.5 mL /min,' retention time: (R)-form = 12.9 min, (S)-form = 20.5

min].
When the process under an argon atmosphere was performed at
-20°C, a compound 9 having substantially complete enantioselectivity
(99%ee) was obtained in a 85% yield.


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the R-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
dicyclohexylamine was used instead of dibutylamine. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 10
(R-form) (96 mg, 0.12 mmol) in a 60% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: *H
NMR (400MHz, CDCla) 8 8.05 (4H, bs, Ar-H), 7.65 (2H, t, J^7.7Hz,
Ar-H), 7.49 (4H, bs, Ar-H), 7.38 (2H, t, ^7.5Hz, Ar-H), 7.27-7.24 (2H, m,
Ar-H), 5.15 (2H, d, ^=13.9Hz, Ar-CH2), 4.20 (2H, d, c£=13.5Hz, Ar-CH2),
3.18 (2H, bs, CH2), 3.05 (1H, bs, N-CH), 2.34 (2H, d, ^9.9Hz, CH2), 2.16
(2H, d, ^8.7Hz, CH2), 1.82.O..88 (15H, m, CH and CH^; "C NMR
(100MHz, CDCla) 5 151.08 (d, C/C-F=249HZ), 139.56 (d, Jfc-p=254Hz),
138.43, 136.76, 134.80 (d, JC-F=3.3HZ), 133.34, 131.61, 131.05, 128.33,
127:78, 127.44, 123.58, 115.05-114.82 (m), 73.95, 54.89, 53.37, 52.99,

30.36, 28.69, 28.39, 26.62, 26.45, 24.88, 24.76.


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the R-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
l-azα-4,7,10,13-tetraoxacyclopentadecane was used instead of
dibutylamine. The product was purified by silica gel column
chromatography to give a compound 11 (59 mg, 0.07 mmol) in a 35%
yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows" 1H
NMR (400MHz, CDCls) 5 8.05-8.03 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.68-7.64 (2H, m,
Ar-H), 7.43-7.35 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.26-7.16 (4H, m, Ar-H), 4.89 (2H, d,
c£=13.9Hz, Ar-CH2), 4.08 (2H, bs), 4.03 (2H, d, e/=13.5Hz, Ar-CH2),
3.77-3.74 (2H, m, CH2), 3.58-3.54 (2H, m, CH2), 3.5O-3.45 (10H, m, CH2),
3.38-3.35 (2H, m, CH2), 3.07-3.03 (2H, m, CH2).



The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the R-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
diethylamine was used instead of dibutylamine. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 12
(R-form) (120 mg, 0.17 mmol) in a 87% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: XH
NMR (400MHz, CDCls) 5 8.02 (4H, bs, Ar-H), 7.67 (2H, t, «£=7.5Hz,
Ar-H), 7.41 (2H, t, c^7.7Hz, Ar-H), 7.35-7.27 (6H, m, Ar-H), 5.04 (2H, d,
^=13.9Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.64 (2H, d, e/=14.2Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.55-3.47 (2H, m,
N-CH2-CH3), 2.73 (2H, q, ^6.9Hz, N-CH2-CH3), 0.64 (6H, t, ^6.9Hz,
CHs).



The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the It-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline was used instead of dibutylamine. The
product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a
compound 13 (117 mg, 0.16 mmol) in a 78% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: iH
NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 8 8.08-8.02 (4H, m, ArH), 7.71-7.63 (2H, m,
Ar-H), 7.47-7.35 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.26-7.14 (3H, m, Ar-H), 7.07 (2H, dd,
^7.5, 7.5Hz, Ar-H), 6.99 (2H, d, e/=7.5Hz, Ar-H), 6.63 (lH, d, ^=7.5Hz,
Ar-H), 5.45 (IH, d, ^15.0Hz, N-CH2), 5.42 (lH, d, ^=13.9Hz, N-CH2),
4.83 (IH, d, ^12.7Hz, N-CH2), 4.12 (IH, d, ^=13.9Hz, N-CH2), 3.94-3.86
(2H, m, N-CH2), 3.66 (IH, dd, J^ll.7, 6.1Hz), 3.36 (IH, dt, ^12.4, 5.3Hz),
3.15-3.06 (IH, m), 2.83 (lH, dd, ^18.2, 4.7Hz, CH3).


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the S-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
dimethylamine was used instead of dibutylamine. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 14 (117

mg, 0.18 mmol) in a 88% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows^ XH
NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 5 8.03-8.01 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.64 (2H, t, e/=7.3Hz,
Ar-H), 7.41-7.35 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.12 (4H, bs, Ar-H), 4.92 (2H, d, ^13.5Hz,
Ar-CH2), 3.76 (2H, d, ^=13.9Hz, Ar- CH2), 2.96 (6H, s, N-CHs).


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the S-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
diisobutylamine was used instead of dibutylamine. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 15 (137
mg, 0.18 mmol) in a 91% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: XH
NMR (400MHz, CDCI3) 5 8.0O-7.96 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.58-7.54 (2H, m,
Ar-H), 7.34-7.21 (8H, m, Ar-H), 4.54 (2H, d, ^13.1Hz, Ar-CH2), 4.11 (2H,
d, c/=13.4Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.08 (2H, dd, ^=13.3, 4.9Hz, N-CH^-CH), 2.39 (2H,
dd, ^13.4, 4.9Hz, N-C&rCH), 2.0O-1.93 (2H, m, CH), 0.86 (2H, d,
e£=6.3Hz, CH3), 0.76(2H, d, ^6.7Hz, CHa).



The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the S-form of the compound 6 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
di-n-decylamine was used instead of dibutylamine. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 16 (117
mg, 0.13 mmol) in a 64% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: XH
NMR (400MHz, CDCls) 5 7.98-7.97 (4H, m, Ar-H), 7.57-7.53 (2H, m,
Ar-H), 7.32-7.27 (8H, m, Ar-H), 4.96 (2H, d, e£=13.9Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.76 (2H,
d, J=14.2Rz, Ar-CH2), 3.22 (2H, t, e£=12.7Hz, Ar-CH2), 2.78 (1H, t,
^=8.1Hz, Ar-CH2), 2.60 (2H, t, ^=ll.lHz, CH2), 1.80 (1H, bs), 1.29.O..85
(34H, m), 0.34 (2H, m).
synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>


To a mixture of a compound 17 (R-form) and pyridine in 4
equivalents to the compound 17, 3 equivalents of trifluoromethane
sulfonic acid anhydride (Tf20) in toluene was added dropwise over 40
min under a nitrogen atmosphere at 2 to 9°C with stirring. After the
dropping of TfizO, the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature
for 3 hours. To this mixture, pyridine, water and 35% hydrochloric acid
were added, then the organic layer was collected to give a trifurylated
product quantitatively. Then, Mel (3 equivalents) was added dropwise
to a Mg (3 equivalents) solution in tert-butyl methyl ester (MTBE), and
NiCb (dppp) (0.05 equivalents) was added thereto, and the trifurylated
product was further added dropwise thereto. The reaction mixture was
stirred at 55°C under heating and reflux for 30 min, and toluene was
added thereto. The resulting mixture was poured into cool water, and
then hydrochloric acid was added thereto. Thereafter, the organic layer
was collected to give a dimethylated product in a 96.1% yield. Then,
N-bromosuccinimide (NBS; 2.5 equivalents) and
2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN; 0.05 equivalents) were added to the

dimethylated product in cyclohexane at room temperature, and the
reaction mixture was heated and refluxed for 2 hours with stirring.
After the mixture was cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate was
added thereto and the mixture was stirred and poured into water. The
two-layered mixture was stirred until no precipitate developed, and the
precipitate was collected to give a compound 18 (R-form) in a 54.3%
yield.


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the compound 18 (R-form) (88 mg, 0.2 mmol) was used and
dicyclohexylamine was used instead of dibutylamine. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 19 (54
mg, 0.10 mmol) in a 50% yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: XH
NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 8 8.12 (2H, d, e£=8.3Hz, Ar-H), 8.02 (2H, d,
^8.7Hz, Ar-H), 7.90 (2H, d, e/=8.3Hz, Ar-H), 7.59 (2H, dd, J=1.6, 8.3Hz,
Ar-H), 7.42 (2H, d, J^8.7Hz, Ar-H), 7.36 (2H, dd, J=1.Q, 8.3Hz, Ar-H),
5.40 (2H, d, ^12.7Hz, Ar-CHa), 3.61 (2H, d, ^=13.5Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.36 (2H,
t, e/=11.9Hz, CH2), 3.17 (2H, bs, CH2), 3.03 (2H, d, ^10.3Hz, CH2), 2.47
(2H, d, e^ll.lHz, CH2), 2.25-1.07 (14H, m).



Glycine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base (compound 20)
(14.8 mg, 0.5 mmol), phase-transfer catalysts in amounts as described in
Table 1 below to the compound 20, 50% potassium hydroxide aqueous
solution (1.0 mL), and toluene (3.0 mL) were mixed, and benzyl bromide
(72.8 p.g, 0.5 mmol) was added dropwise thereto at 0°C. After each was
stirred at 0°C for a period as described in Table 1 below, the reaction
mixture was poured into water, and extracted with ether. The ether
extract was washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate and
concentrated under reduced pressure. The oily residue was subjected to
silica gel column chromatography (eluted with ether/hexane = 1/10) to
give (S)-phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base
(compound 21). The optical purity of the obtained product was analyzed
by HPLC [Daicel Chiralcel OD; eluent: hexane/2-propanol = 100 : 1, 0.5
mL /mini retention time: (R)-form = 14.8 min, (S)-form = 28.2 min].




According to Example 11, orbenzylation was performed at 0°C or
room temperature, using 3 mol % of a phase-transfer catalyst (compound
7 (R) or compound 16 (S)). The results are shown in Table 2.

There is a tendency that when the temperature is high, the
reaction time is short and the yield is good, but the optical purity is good
when the temperature is low.
compound 25) for synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>

The compound 22 (S-form) and 4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid in 2
equivalents to the compound 22 (S-form) were subjected to a Suzuki
coupling reaction to give a compound 23 in a good yield. The compound
23 was heated and refluxed together with 2.2 equivalents of
N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and 0.1 equivalents of
2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in benzene to give a compound 24 in a
good yield. Then, the compound 24 was treated with 2.4 equivalents of
BBR3 to give a compound 25 in a good yield. The R-form can be prepared
in the same procedure.


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the compound 24 (S-form) was used and di-n-decylamine was used
instead of dibutylamine. The product was purified by silica gel column
chromatography to give a compound 26 in a good yield.



The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the compound 25 (S-form) was used and di-n-decylamine was used
instead of dibutylamine. The product was purified by silica gel column
chromatography to give a compound 27 in a good yield.
The NMR spectrum of the obtained compound was as follows: 1H
NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 5 8.04 (2H, s, Ar-H), 7.99 (2H, d, e£=8.3Hz, Ar-H),
7.62-7.59 (2H, m, Ar-H), 7.37-7.22 (12H, m, Ar-H), 4.92 (2H, d, J=13.1Rz,
Ar-CH2), 3.43 (2H, d, ^=13.1Hz, Ar-CH2), 3.17 (2H, brs, -CH2-), 2.74-2.68
(2H, m, -CH2-), 1.25.O..82 (36H, m, -CH2-, -CHs), 0.34 (2H, brs, -CH2O.
synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>
The compound 22 (S-form) and 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl boronic
acid in 2 equivalents to the compound 22 were subjected to a Suzuki
coupling reaction in barium hydroxide hexahydrate in 3 equivalents to
the compound 22, 5 mol % of palladium acetate and 1.2 mol % of
triphenylphosphine in water and dimethyl ether for 7 hours under reflux.
The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, and a saturated
ammonium chloride solution was added thereto, and the mixture was
extracted with ethyl ether to give a compound 28 in a 88% yield. Then,
the compound 28 was refluxed together with 2 equivalents of NBS and

0.1 equivalents of AIBN in benzene for one hour and concentrated, and
then subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give a compound
29 in a 77% yield. The R-form can be prepared in the same procedure.


The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the compound 29 (S-form) was used and di-n-decylamine was used
instead of dibutylamine. The product was purified by silica gel column
chromatography to give a compound 30 in a good yield.
for synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>

(where R" is p-fluoro, m-fluoro, 3,4-difluoro, 3,4,5-trifl.uoro, p-chloro,
nrchloro, 3,4,5-trichloro, 3,5-trifluoromethyl, 3,5-di-tert-butyl, p-methoxy,
p-trifluoromethoxy, p-hydroxy, 3,5-diphenyl, p-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl),

p-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl), rrrcyano, or nrnitro, and two R" may be
the same or different).
The compound 22 (S-form) and an aryl boronic acid derivative in
2 equivalents to the compound 22 were subjected to a Suzuki coupling
reaction in 3 equivalents of potassium hydroxide or potassium phosphate,
5 mol % of palladium acetate and 1.2 mol % of triphenylphosphine in
tetrahydrofuran for 7 hours under reflux. The resulting mixture was
cooled to room temperature, and a saturated ammonium chloride
solution was added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl
ether to give a compound 31 in a 87% yield. Then, the compound 31 was
refluxed with 2 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide and 0.1 equivalents
of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile in benzene for one hour and concentrated,
and then was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give a
compound 32 in a 97% yield. The R-form can be prepared in the same
procedure.
33)>
The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the compound 32 (S-form) was used and dibutylamine as used in
Example 1 or diamine R7-NH-R8 (where R7 and R8 are the same and are

methyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, n-decyl,
cyclohexyl, or 1-propynyl, or R7 and R8 are taken together to form:

was used instead of dibutylamine used in Example 1. The product was
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a compound 33 in a
good yield. The R-form can be prepared in the same procedure.
The structural formulae and the NMR spectrum data of the
obtained specific compounds are shown in Tables 3 to 7.











for synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>


and the two R'" may be the same or different).
The compound 22 (S-form) and an aryl boronic acid derivative in
2 equivalents to the compound 22 were subjected to a Suzuki coupling
reaction in 3 equivalents of potassium hydroxide or potassium phosphate,
5 mol % of palladium acetate and 1.2 mol % of triphenylphosphine in
tetrahydrofuran for 7 hours under reflux. The resulting mixture was
cooled to room temperature, and a saturated ammonium chloride
solution was added thereto, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl
ether to give compounds 31' in yields below. Then, the compound 31
was refluxed with 2 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide and 0.1
equivalents of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile in benzene for one hour and
concentrated, and then was purified by silica gel column chromatography
to give compounds 32' in yields below. The specific structural formulae,
the yields and the NMR spectrum data of the obtained compounds 31'
and 32' are shown in Tables 8 to 15. The R-form can be prepared in the
same procedure.

















33') for synthesizing quaternary ammonium salt>

The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that
the compounds 32' (S-form) obtained in Reference Example 6 were used
and dibutylamine as used in Example 1 was used. The product were
purified by silica gel column chromatography to give compounds 33'
respectively in good yields. The R-form can be prepared in the same
procedure.
The specific structural formulae and the NMR spectrum data of
the obtained compounds 33' are shown in Tables 16 to 19.









catalyst>

According to Example 11, crbenzylation was performed at 0°C,
using 3 mol % of phase-transfer catalysts described Tables 20 to 22 below.
The results are shown in Tables 20 to 22.







catalyst>

According to Example 11, oc-benzylation was performed at 0°C,
using 3 mol % of phase-transfer catalysts described Tables 23 to 26 below.
The results are shown in Tables 23 to 26.











According to Example 11, benzylation was performed at 0°C for
one hour, by using 3 mol % of the compound 16 (S-form) as a
phase-transfer catalyst under stirring with a stronger stirrer. In spite
of only one hour reaction, the yield based on the HPLC analysis of the
reaction mixture was 78% and after purification on a silica gel column
the yield was 72%, and the optical purity was 99%ee. The reaction time
is much shorter and the yields are higher than the results shown in
Table 1, which indicates that stronger stirring provides much better
reaction efficiency.


To a mixture of alanine tert-butyl ester-p-chlorobenzyl Schiff base
(compound 8) (134 mg, 0.5 mmol), phase-transfer catalysts described in
Table 27 below (3 mol %), and benzyl bromide (1.2 equivalents) in 2 mL
of toluene, cesium hydroxide • monohydrate (5 equivalents) was added at
0°C, and the mixture was stirred under an air atmosphere at 0°C for 30

min (first process). The reaction mixture was poured into water and
extracted with dichloromethane, and the solvent was removed, and the
residue was dissolved in 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran. Then, 5 mL of 0.5 M
citric acid aqueous solution was added thereto and the mixture was
stirred at room temperature for one hour (second process). The aqueous
layer was washed with ether and alkalized with sodium
hydrogencarbonate, and then extracted with dichloromethane. The
organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give an
oily product. The obtained oily product was subjected to silica gel
column chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate/hexane = 2/1) to give a
benzylated product of alanine (compound 9). The optical purity of the
obtained product was analyzed by HPLC [Daicel Chiralcel AD; eluent:
hexane/isopropanol = 30 : 1, 0.5 mL /min; retention time: (R)-form = 12.9
min, (S)-form = 20.5 min]. The yield and the optical purity are shown in
Table 27.





Alanine was benzylated in the same manner as in Example 21,
except that the phase-transfer catalyst was used in 1 mol %, the
phase-transfer catalysts described in Table 28 below were used, and the
reaction condition was changed to -20 °C under an argon atmosphere in
the first process. The results are shown in Table 28.




To a mixture of phenylalanine tert-butyl ester-p-chlorobenzyl
Schiff base (compound 34) (172 mg, 0.5 mmol), phase-transfer catalysts
described in Table 29 below (l mol %), and allyl bromide (1.2
equivalents) in 2 mL of toluene, cesium hydroxide • monohydrate (5
equivalents) was added at 0°C, and the mixture was stirred under an
argon atmosphere at -20°C for 30 min (first process). The reaction
mixture was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane, and
the solvent was removed, and the residue was dissolved in 5 mL of
tetrahydrofuran. Then, 5 mL of 0.5 M citric acid aqueous solution was
added thereto and stirred at room temperature for one hour (second
process). The aqueous layer was washed with ether and alkalized with
sodium hydrogencarbonate, and then extracted with dichloromethane.
The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give
an oily product. The obtained oily product was subjected to silica gel
column chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate/hexane = 1/2) to give an
allylated product of phenylalanine (compound 35). The optical purity of
the obtained product was analyzed by HPLC [Daicel Chiralpak AD;
eluent: hexane/isopropanol = 100 : 1, 0.5 mL /min; retention time:
(R)-form = 14.9 min, (S)-form = 20.2 min]. The results are shown in
Table 29.


A cinnamylated product of phenylalanine (compound 36) was
obtained in the same manner as in Example 23, except that cinnamyl

bromide was used instead of allyl bromide and the compound 7 was used
as the phase-transfer catalyst in the first process. The optical purity of
the obtained product was analyzed by HPLC. The yield was 69%, and
the optical purity was 92%ee.


A propargylated product of phenylalanine (compound 37) was
obtained in the same manner as in Example 23, except that propargyl
bromide was used instead of allyl bromide in the first process. The
optical purity of the obtained product was analyzed by HPLC. The
results are shown in Table 30.


A compound 38 was obtained in the same manner as in Example
23, except that α-bromoacetic acid tert-butyl ester was used instead of

allyl bromide and the compound 7 was used as the phase-transfer
catalyst in the first process. The optical purity of the obtained product
was analyzed by HPLC. The yield was 66%, and the optical purity was
94%ee.
vessel>

The compound 39 (S-form) described in Table 31 below (3 mol %),
secondary amine described in Table 10 below (6 mol %) and potassium
carbonate (4.5 mol %) were mixed in dioxane (5 mL), and stirred for 10
hours with heating and reflux. Then, to this reaction mixture, glycine
tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base (compound 20) (1 equivalent,
0.5 mmol), 50% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (1.0 mL), and
toluene (3.0 mL) were added, and benzyl bromide (1.2 equivalents) was
added dropwise at 0°C. After stirring at 0°C respectively for a period as
described in Table 31 below, the reaction mixture was poured into water,
and extracted with ether. The ether extract was washed with saturated
brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced

pressure. The oily residue was subjected to silica gel column
chromatography (eluted with ether/hexane = 1/10) to give
(S)-phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base (compound
21). The optical purity of the obtained product was analyzed by HPLC
[Daicel Chiralcel OD; eluent: hexane/2-propanol = 100 : 1, 0.5 mL /mini
retention time: (R)-form = 14.8 min, (S)-form = 28.2 min]. The results
are shown all together in Table 31.

I
)
)
The values in the table show the optical purity (%ee).
5 The parenthesized values in the table show the yield (%) and the reaction time.
In the optical purity, the values with - show that a product having the opposite configuration
was obtained.
The n.t shows that no experiment was performed.

Thus, it was found that the phase "transfer catalyst can be used
for alkylation of crammo acid derivatives without isolation.
phase-transfer catalyst used is reduced>

Glycine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base (compound 20)
(88.6 mg, 0.3 mmol), the phase-transfer catalyst (compound 7) obtained
in Example 1 in 0.05 mol % to the compound 20, 50% potassium
hydroxide aqueous solution (1.0 mL), and toluene (3.0 mL) were mixed,
and benzyl bromide (43 jig, 0.36 mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C.
After stirring vigorously at 0°C over 4 hours, the reaction mixture was
poured into water, and extracted with ether. The ether extract was
washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated
under reduced pressure. The oily residue was subjected to silica gel
column chromatography (eluted with ether/hexane = 1/10) to give
(R)-phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base (compound
21). The optical purity of the obtained product was analyzed by HPLC
[Daicel Chiralcel OD; eluent- hexane/2-propanol = 100 : 1, flow rate: 0.5
mL /min,' retention time: (R)-form = 14.8 min, (S)-form = 28.2 min].
The yield and the optical purity of the obtained compound 21 are
shown in Table 32.

phase-transfer catalyst used is reduced>
(R)-Phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base
(compound 21) was obtained by performing a reaction in the same
manner as in Example 28, except that the amount of the phase-transfer
catalyst (compound 7) obtained in Example 1 was 0.01 mol % to the
compound 20, and that the reaction time was 26 hours. The yield and
the optical purity of the obtained compound 21 are shown in Table 32.
phase-transfer catalyst used is reduced>
(R)-Phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base
(compound 21) was obtained by performing a reaction in the same
manner as in Example 28, except that the amount of the phase-transfer
catalyst (compound 7) obtained in Example 1 was 0.005 mol % to the
compound 20, and that the reaction time was 26 hours. The yield and
the optical purity of the obtained compound 21 are shown in Table 32.
phase-transfer catalyst used is reduced>
(R)-Phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base
(compound 21) was obtained by performing a reaction in the same
manner as in Example 28, except that, in addition to the phase-transfer
catalyst (compound 7) obtained in Example 1, tetrabutyl ammonium
bromide (TBAB) in 0.05 mol % to the compound 20 was added as
cocatalyst, and that the reaction time was 1.5 hours. The yield and the
optical purity of the obtained compound 21 are shown in Table 32.

phase-transfer catalyst used is reduced>
(R)-Phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base
(compound 21) was obtained by performing a reaction in the same
manner as in Example 28, except that, in addition to the phase-transfer
catalyst (compound 7) obtained in Example 1, tetrabutyl ammonium
bromide (TBAB) in 0.025 mol % to the compound 20 was added as
cocatalyst, and that the reaction time was 1.5 hours. The yield and the
optical purity of the obtained compound 21 are shown in Table 32.
phase-transfer catalyst used is reduced>
(R)-Phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone Schiff base
(compound 21) was obtained by performing a reaction in the same
manner as in Example 28, except that, in addition to the phase-transfer
catalyst (compound 7) obtained in Example 1, tetrabutyl ammonium
bromide (TBAB) in 0.0167 mol % to the compound 20 was added as
cocatalyst, and that the reaction time was 2 hours. The yield and the
optical purity of the obtained compound 21 are shown in Table 32.


As shown in Table 32, according to the methods described in
Examples 28 to 33, (R)-phenylalanine tert-butyl ester benzophenone
Schiff base (compound 21) can be produced in an even better optical
purity. Furthermore, when TBAB is used in combination as a cocatalyst
(Examples 31 to 33), the yield of the optically active compound 21 can be
improved, and the reaction time up to achieving this can be also reduced
at the same time.


To the benzylated product (compound 9) obtained by either one of
Example 2, 21 or 22, a 5N potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (an
excessive amount with respect to the compound 9) is added, and the

mixture is stirred for one hour until the solution becomes uniform on a
water bath at 40°C to 50°C. After cooling to room temperature, 2N
hydrochloric acid is added until the pH reaches 6.0. After confirming
the production of precipitate, the solution is stirred under ice cooling for
30 min. The precipitate is filtered and washed with ethanol
(appropriate amount). The crystals are dried at 50°C overnight to give
the compound 40 in a good yield and optical purity.


The compound 41 is obtained in a good yield and optical purity in
the same manner as in Example 34, except that the allylated product
(compound 35) obtained in Example 23 is used instead of the benzylated
product (compound 9) obtained by either one of Example 2, 21 or 22.


The compound 42 is obtained in a good yield and optical purity in
the same manner as in Example 34, except that the cinnamylated

product (compound 36) obtained in Example 24 is used instead of the
benzylated product (compound 9) obtained by either one of Example 2, 21
or 22.


The compound 43 is obtained in a good yield and optical purity in
the same manner as in Example 34, except that the propargylated
product (compound 37) obtained in Example 25 is used instead of the
benzylated product (compound 9) obtained by either one of Example 2, 21
or 22.


The compound 44 is obtained in a good yield and optical purity in
the same manner as in Example 34, except that the
tert-butoxycarbonylmethylated product (compound 38) obtained in
Example 26 is used instead of the benzylated product (compound 9)

obtained by either one of Example 2, 21 or 22.
Industrial Applicability
The present invention provides a chiral phase-transfer catalyst
having a simpler configuration. This phase-transfer catalyst can be
produced by a fewer number of processes than for a conventional
compound, which reduces the cost. Such a phase-transfer catalyst is
very useful for synthesis of oc-alkyl-cramino acid and derivatives thereof
and a,α-dialkyl-α-amino acid and derivatives thereof. The amino acid
and derivatives thereof play a special role in the design of a peptide
having enhanced characteristics as an effective enzyme inhibitor and as
a chiral structure block for synthesis of compounds having various
biological activities. Therefore, the present invention is useful for
development of novel foods or pharmaceuticals.

WE CLAIM:
1. A compound represented by the following formula (I) below:

wherein R1 and R1 are independently an aryl group, wherein the aryl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an
N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl
group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched);
or may be substituted with .O.(CH2)m.O. (where m is 1 or 2) at positions 3
and 4 taken together,'
wherein R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R3', R6, and R6' are hydrogen atoms,'
wherein R7 and R8 are independently
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,'
(iii) a C2 to C12 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iv) a C2 to C12 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(vii) -(CH^OCON R10 R11 (where R10 and R11 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:'
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group ;
(4) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group ;
(5) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl
group may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,

an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom.;
(6) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety,
wherein the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),

a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(7) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and
(8) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently-a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(viii) -(CH2)nCON R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of:

(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are

each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(ix) -(CH2)nN R12CO R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that

may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(x) -(CH2)nN R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N_di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C\ to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xi) -(CH2)nY-O R12 (where Y is a C1 to C4 divalent saturated
hydrocarbon group that may be branched, and R12 is a group selected from
the group consisting of:
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted

with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to Co alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4

alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xii) -(CH2)n-O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R2O-and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,

NR20R21 (where R20 and. R21 are each independently a a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R2O-and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be

branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiii) -(CH2VS- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R2O-and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be

substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiv) -(CH2)n-SO- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,

an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,

-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); and
(xv) -(CH2)n-SO2- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C\ to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,

a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); or are taken together to form a divalent

group selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m- (where m is an integer
from 2 to 8);

wherein X' is an anion selected from the group consisting of a halide anion,
SCN", HSO4 and HF2
2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are independently a C1 to C12 alkyl group that
may be branched or form a cyclic group or taken together to form a divalent
group selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m- (where m is an integer
from 2 to 8);

3. The compound as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 and R1 of the
compound represented by the formula (I) are groups independently selected
from the group consisting of a 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a 3,4,5-
trichlorophenyl group, a 3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a
3-cyanophenyl group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a 3,5-difluorophenyl
group, a 3'trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-
methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.

4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound represented by
the formula (I) are independently a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group
5. The compound as claimed in claim 4, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound represented by
the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the group consisting of a methyl
group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a
cyclohexyl group.
6. The compound as claimed in claim 5, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound represented by
the formula (I) are the same.
7. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound represented by
the formula (I) are taken together to form a divalent group selected from the group
consisting of: -(CH2)m- (where m is an integer from 2 to 8);

8. A method for producing the compound represented by the formula (I) of claim 1, which
comprises:
reacting a compound represented by the following formula (II):


with a secondary amine represented by the following formula (III):

in an organic solvent in the presence of an acid scavenging agent,
wherein in the formula (II), R1 and R1 are independently an aryl
group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an
N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl
group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O-(CH2)mO- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions 3
and 4 taken together;
R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R3', R6, and R6' are all hydrogen atoms; and
Z is a halogen atom; and
wherein in the formula (III), R7 and R8 are independently
(ii) a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iii) a C2 to C12 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iv) a C2 to C12 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,"
(v) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with
at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an
N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),

a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl
group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an
N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl
group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vii) -(CH2)nOCON R10Rn (where R10 and R11 are each independently
a group selected from the group consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group ,'
(4) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a
cyclic group ;
(5) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl
group may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(6) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety,
wherein the heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(7) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and
(8) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of'
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C3 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4

alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(viii) -(CH2)nCON R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups
independently selected from the group consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:'
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C3 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to

C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(ix) -(CH2)nN R12CO R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N_di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:

a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(x) -(CH2)nN R12 R13 (where R12 and R13 are groups independently
selected from the group consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl

group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to

C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group.
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom.;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xi) -(CH2)nY-O R12 (where Y is a C1 to C4 divalent saturated
hydrocarbon group that may be branched, and R12 is a group selected from
the group consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4

alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, or
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xii) -(CH2)n-O R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of:'
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),

a cyano group.
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N_(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of'
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,

NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12),'
(xiii) -(CH^n'S- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R2O-and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C3 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12);
(xiv) -(CH2)N-SO- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,

a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R2O-and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),

a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to
C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); and
(xv) -(CH2)n-S02- R12 (where R12 is a group selected from the group
consisting of
(1) a hydrogen atom;
(2) a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched;
(3) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted
with at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to

C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(4) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are
each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl
group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and

a halogen atom;
and n is an integer from 1 to 12); or are taken together to form a divalent
group selected from the group consisting of: -(CH2)m- (where m is an integer
from 2 to 8);

9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein R7 and R8 of the secondary
amine represented by the formula (III) are independently a C1 to C12 alkyl
group that may be branched or form a cyclic group or taken together to form
a divalent group selected from the group consisting of: -(CH2)m (where m is
an integer from 2 to 8);

10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein R1 and R1 of the compound
represented by the formula (II) are groups independently selected from the
group consisting of a 3,4,5-trifluoro -phenyl group, a 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl
group, a 3,4-difLuorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a 3-cyanophenyl
group, a benzothiophenyl'2-yl group, a 3,5-difluorophenyl group, a 3"
trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-
methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.

11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein R7 and R8 of the secondary
amine represented by the formula (III) are independently a C1 to C12 alkyl
group that may be branched or form a cyclic group.
12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein R7 and R8 of the secondary
amine represented by the formula (III) are groups independently selected
from the group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl
group, an isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.

13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein R7 and R8 of the secondary
amine represented by the formula (III) are the same.
14. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein R7 and R8 of the secondary
amine represented by the formula (III) are taken together to form a divalent
group selected from the group consisting of' -(CH2)m- (where m is an integer
from 2 to 8),

15. A method for stereoselectively producing a compound represented by the
formula (VI):

which comprises:
alkylating a compound represented by the formula (IV)

with a compound of the formula (V):
R18-W (V)
using a compound represented by the formula (I) that is pure with respect to
axis symmetry as a phase-transfer catalyst:

in a medium in the presence of an inorganic base,
wherein in the formula (I), R1 and R1 are independently an aryl
group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with at least one group
selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,

a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a halogen atom; and
-S(O)n-R (where n is 0, 1 or 2, and R is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched);
or may be substituted with -O(CH2)m-O- (where m is 1 or 2) at positions 3
and 4 taken together;
R2, R2', R3, R3', R4, R4', R5, R5', R6, and R6' are all hydrogen atoms;
R7 and R8 are independently a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be branched or
form a cyclic group, or are taken together to form a divalent organic group
selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m" (where m is an integer from 2
to 8);


X- is a halide anion,
wherein in the formulae (IV) and (VI),
R and Rl5 are each independently
(i) a hydrogen atom; or
(ii) an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl
group that may be branched, a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
or a halogen atom;
with the proviso the case where both R14 and Rl0 are hydrogen
atoms is excluded,
R16 is a group selected from the group consisting of
(i) a hydrogen atom;
(ii) a C1 to C10 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iii) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group!
(iv) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(v) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl group of the aralkyl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group

that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N*(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vi) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein the
heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group selected from
the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,

-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vii) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with
at least one group selected from the group consisting of:
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be

branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(viii) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl
group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
R17 is a C1 to C8 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic group),
wherein in the formulae (V) and (VI),
R18 is a group selected from the group consisting of
(i) a C1 to C10 alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,'

(ii) a C3 to C9 allyl group or substituted allyl group that may be
branched or form a cyclic group,'
(iii) a C2 to C6 alkenyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group;
(iv) a C2 to C6 alkynyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic
group,'
(v) an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety of the aralkyl group
may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group
consisting of;
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a carbamoyl group, an
N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl
group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a C1 to C4 alkyl
group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;

(vi) a heteroaralkyl group having a heteroaryl moiety, wherein the
heteroaryl moiety may be substituted with at least one group selected from
the group
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
-NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom;
(vii) an aryl group, wherein the aryl group may be substituted with
at least one group selected from the group consisting of;
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C3 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each

independently a hydrogen atom or a Cx to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),
a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom.;
(viii) a heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group may be
substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of
a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be branched,
a C1 to C5 alkoxy group that may be branched,
an aryl group that may be substituted with a C1 to C4 alkyl group
that may be branched, a cyano group, -NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each
independently a hydrogen atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group), a nitro group, a
carbamoyl group, an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group, an N,N-di(C1 to C4
alkyl)carbamoyl group, or -NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that
may be branched),
a cyano group,
-NR20R21 (where R20 and R21 are each independently a hydrogen
atom or a C1 to C4 alkyl group),

a nitro group,
a carbamoyl group,
an N-(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
an N,N-di(C1 to C4 alkyl)carbamoyl group,
NHCOR9 (where R9 is a C1 to C4 alkyl group that may be
branched), and
a halogen atom; and
(ix) a C3 to C9 propargyl group or substituted propargyl group that
may be branched, and
wherein in the formula (V),
W is a functional group having a leaving ability, and
wherein in the formula (VI),
* shows a newly produced asymmetric center.
16. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein R1-and R1 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the
group consisting of a 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, a 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl
group, a 3,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a 3-cyanophenyl
group, a benzothiophenyl-2-yl group, a 3,5-difluorophenyl group, a 3-
trifluoromethylphenyl group, a 2,4-difluorophenyl group, a 3'
methylsulfonylphenyl group, and a 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.
17. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are a C1 to C12 alkyl group that may be
branched or form a cyclic group.
18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are groups independently selected from the

group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an
isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.
19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are the same.
20. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein R7 and R8 of the compound
represented by the formula (I) are taken together to form a divalent group
selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m" (where m is an integer from 2
to 8);

21. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the compound represented
by the formula (I) is used in a ratio of 0.001 mol % to 0.1 mol % per 1 mol of
the compound represented by the formula (IV).
22. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the compound represented
by the formula (I) is used in a ratio of 0.005 mol % to 0.05 mol % per 1 mol of
the compound represented by the formula (IV).
23. The compound as claimed in claim 4, wherein either one of R7 and R8 of
the compound represented by the formula (I) is a C1 to C12 alkyl group that
may be branched or form a cyclic group and the other of R7 and R8 of the
compound represented by the formula (I) is a C2 to C12 alkyl group that may
be branched or form a cyclic group.

24. The compound as claimed in claim 5, wherein either one of R7 and R8 of
the compound represented by the formula (I) is a group selected from the
group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an
isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group and the other of R7
and R8 of the compound represented by the formula (I) is selected from the
group consisting of an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an
n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.
25. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein either one of R7 and R8 of
the secondary amine represented by the formula (III) is a C1 to C12 alkyl
group that may be branched or form a cyclic group and the other of R7 and
R8 of the secondary amine represented by the formula (III) is a C2 to C12
alkyl group that may be branched or form a cyclic group.
26. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein either one of R7 and R8 of
the secondary amine represented by the formula (III) is a group selected
from the group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl
group, an isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group and the
other of R7 and R8 of the secondary amine represented by the formula (III) is
selected from the group consisting of an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an
isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.
27. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein either one of R7 and R8 of
the compound represented by the formula (I) is a C1 to C12 alkyl group that
may be branched or form a cyclic group and the other of R7 and R8 of the
compound represented by the formula (I) is a C2 to C12 alkyl group that may

be branched or form a cyclic group.
28. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein either one of R7 and R8 of
the compound represented by the formula (I) is a group selected from the
group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an
isobutyl group, an n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group and the other of R7
and R8 of the compound represented by the formula (I) is selected from the
group consisting of an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an
n-decyl group, and a cyclohexyl group.


ABSTRACT
OPTICALLY ACTIVE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT
HAVING AXIAL ASYMMETRY AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING
α-AMINO ACID AND DERIVATIVE THEREOF WITH THE SAME
The invention discloses a compound represented by the formula (I):

wherein R1IR2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8, R1,,R2,,R3,R4,,R5,,R6, and X are as defined in the
specification.
The invention is also for a method for producing the said compound and for producing α-
amino acid and derivative thereof with the same.

The invention discloses a compound represented by the formula (I):

wherein R1IR2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R1,,R2,,R3,R4,,R5,,R6, and X are as defined in the
specification.
The invention is also for a method for producing the said compound and for producing α-
amino acid and derivative thereof with the same.

Documents:

01887-kolnp-2006-abstract.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-assignment.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-claims.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-correspondence others-1.1.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-correspondence others.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-correspondence-1.2.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-description(complete).pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-form-1.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-form-18.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-form-3.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-form-5.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-gpa.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-international publication.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-international search authority report.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-pct form.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-priority document-1.1.pdf

01887-kolnp-2006-priority document.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-(28-10-2011)-AMANDED CLAIMS.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-(28-10-2011)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-ASSIGNMENT.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-FORM 18.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-FORM 3.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-FORM 5.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GPA.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GRANTED-ABSTRACT.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GRANTED-CLAIMS.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GRANTED-DESCRIPTION (COMPLETE).pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GRANTED-FORM 1.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GRANTED-FORM 2.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-GRANTED-SPECIFICATION.pdf

1887-KOLNP-2006-REPLY TO EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf

abstract-01887-kolnp-2006.jpg


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Patent Number 252017
Indian Patent Application Number 1887/KOLNP/2006
PG Journal Number 17/2012
Publication Date 27-Apr-2012
Grant Date 23-Apr-2012
Date of Filing 06-Jul-2006
Name of Patentee NAGASE & CO., LTD.
Applicant Address 1-17, SHINMACHI, 1-CHOME, NISHI-KU, OSAKA-SHI, OSAKA 550-8668
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 MARUOKA, KEIJI C/O DEPERTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, KYOTO UNIVERSITY, KITASHIRAKAWA-OIWAKE-CHO, SAKYO-KU, KYOTO-SHI, KYOTO 606-8502
PCT International Classification Number C07D 223/14
PCT International Application Number PCT/JP2005/001623
PCT International Filing date 2005-01-27
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 2004-023317 2004-01-30 Japan
2 2004-056659 2004-03-01 Japan