Title of Invention	IONIC LIQUIDS HAVING URONIUM OR THIOURONIUM CATIONS
Abstract	The present invention relates to salts having thiouronium or uronium cations, to processes for the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof as ionic liquids.

Full Text

Ionic liquids having uranium or thiouronium cations The present invention relates to salts containing uranium or thiouronium cations and various anions, to processes for the preparation of these salts, and to the use thereof as ionic liquids. Ionic liquids or liquid salts are ionic species which consist of an organic cation and a generally inorganic anion. They do not contain neutral mole- cules and generally have melting points below 373 K. A multiplicity of com- pounds which are used as ionic liquids are known in the prior art. Thus, sol- vent-free ionic liquids were disclosed for the first time by Hurley and Wier in a series of US patents (US 2,446,331, US 2,446,339 and US 2,446,350). These "room temperature molten salts" were based on AICI3 and a multi- plicity of n-alkylpyridinium halides. In recent years, some review articles have been published on this topic (R. Sheldon "Catalytic reactions in ionic liquids", Chem. Commun., 2001, 2399-2407; M.J. Earle, K.R. Seddon "Ionic liquids. Green solvent for the future", Pure Appl. Chem., 72 (2000), 1391-1398; P. Wasserscheid, W. Keim "lonische Flüssigkeiten - neue Lösungen für die Übergangsmetall- katalyse" [Ionic Liquids - Novel Solutions for Transition-Metal Catalysis], Angew. Chem., 112 (2000), 3926-3945; T. Welton "Room temperature ionic liquids. Solvents for synthesis and catalysis", Chem. Rev., 92 (1999), 2071- 2083; R. Hagiwara, Ya. Ito "Room temperature ionic liquids of alkylimidazo- lium cations and fluoroanions", Journal of fluorine Chem., 105 (2000), 221- 227). The properties of ionic liquids, for example melting point, thermal and electrochemical stability, viscosity, are greatly influenced by the nature of the anion. By contrast, the polarity and hydrophilicity or lipophilicity can be varied through a suitable choice of the cation/anion pair. There is therefore a demand for novel ionic liquids having varied properties which facilitate additional possibilities with respect to their use. The object of the present invention is to provide novel stable salt-like com- pounds having valuable properties which can be used as ionic liquids, and a process for the preparation thereof. In particular, the object of the present invention is to provide ionic compounds having very stable cations. This object is achieved by the provision of salts having uranium or thio- uronium cations in which the positive charge is delocalised over a plurality of hetero atoms, according to the general formula (1) in which X denotes O or S, in which the substituents R and R° each, independently of one another, have the meaning of straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, and R may also denote hydrogen, where one or more substituents R or R° may be partially or fully substituted by halogen or partially by CN or NO2, but where halogenation in the a-position in R° is excluded, and halogen denotes F, CI, Br or I, where the substituents R and R° may be connected to one another in pairs by a single or double bond and where one carbon atom or two non-adjacent carbon atoms of one or more substituents R or R° which are not directly adjacent to the hetero atom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group -O-, -O(O)-, -O(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -SO3-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -PR'-, -P(O)R'-, -P(O)R'-O-, -O-P(O)R'-O-, and -P(R')2=N-, where R' is unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated alkyl having 1-6 C atoms, satu- rated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, and A- is selected from the group consisting of: [R1SO3] -, [RF'SO3]-, [(RFSO2)2N]-, [(RFSO2)3C] -, [(FSO2)3C]-, [R1CH2OSO3]-, [R1C(O)O]-, [RF'C(O)O]-, [CCI3C(O)O]-, [(CN)3C]- [(CN)2CR1]- [(R1O(O)C)2CR1]-. [P(CnF2n+1-mHm)yF6-y]-, [P(C6F5)yF6-y]-, [R12P(O)O]-, [R1P(O)O2]2- [(R1O)2P(O)O] -, [(R1O)P(O)O2]2-, [(R1O)(R1)P(O)O]-, [RF2P(O)O]-, [RFP(O)O2]2-, [BF2RF4-z]-, [BFZ(CN)4-Z]', [B(CN)4]-, B(C6F5)4]-, [B(OR1)4]-, [N(CF3)2]-, [N(CN)2]-, [AICI4]- or [SiF6] 2- where the substituents RF and RF each, independently of one another, the meaning of perfluorinated and straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, where the trifluoromethyl group is excluded for RF, perfluorinated and straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, perfluorinated phenyl and saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by perfluoroalkyl groups, where the substituents RF or RF may be connected to one another in pairs by a single or double bond and where one carbon atom or two non-adjacent carbon atoms of the substitu- ent RF or RF which are not in the a-position to the hetero atom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group -O-, -C(O)-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N=, -N=N-, -NR'-, -PR'- and -P(O)R'- or may have an end group R'-O-SO2- or R'-O-C(O)-, where R' denotes unfluorinated, par- tially or perfluorinated alkyl having 1-6 C atoms, saturated or partially un- saturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle and where the substituents R1 each, independently of one another, the meaning of hydrogen in the case where A- = [(CN)2CR1]- or [(R1O(O)C)2CR1]- and X = O or S, or hydrogen in the case where A- = [R1CH2OSO3]-, X = S or O and the sub- stituents R and R° = alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where the substituents R1 may be partially substituted by CN, NO2 or halo- gen and halogen denotes F, CI, Br or I, where the substituents R1 may be connected to one another in pairs by a single or double bond and where one carbon atom or two non-adjacent carbon atoms of the substitu- ent R1 which are not in the a-position to the hetero atom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -SO3-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -PR'- and -P(O)R'-, (P(O)R'O-, OP(O)R'O-, -PR'2=N-, -C(O)NH-, -C(O)NR'-, -SO2NH- or -SO2NR'-, where R' denotes unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated alkyl having 1-6 C atoms, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substi- tuted heterocycle and the variables n denotes 1 to 20, m denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, y denotes 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, z denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that for X = S and R and R° = alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, the anions A- = [BF4]-, CF3COO-, [B(C6H5)4]- or [CH3C6H4SO3]" are to be allowed and for X = O, the anions A- = CF3COO- and [B(C6H5)4]- are to be allowed and for X = O and R° = ethyl, the anion A- = CH3CH2OSO3- is to be excluded. For the purposes of the present invention, fully unsaturated substituents are also taken to mean aromatic substituents. The compounds according to the invention are distinguished, in particular, by very stable cations. The compounds according to the invention are accordingly salts which have optionally substituted thiouronium or uranium cations. Besides hydrogen, suitable substituents R are, in accordance with the invention: C1- to C20-, in particular C1- to C12-alkyl groups, C2- to C20-, in particular C2- to C12-, alkenyl or alkynyl groups and saturated or unsatu- rated, i.e. also aromatic, C3- to C7-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substi- tuted by C1- to C6-alkyl groups, in particular phenyl. The four substituents R of the salts according to the invention may be iden- tical or different. Suitable in accordance with the invention as substituent R° are: C1- to C20-, in particular C1- to C12-alkyl groups, C2- to C20-, in particular C2- to C12-, alkenyl or alkynyl groups and saturated or unsaturated, i.e. also aromatic, C3- to C7-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substituted by C1- to C6-alkyl groups, in particular phenyl. The C1-C12-alkyl group is, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, furthermore also pentyl, 1-, 2- or 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-, 1,2- or 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl or dodecyl. Optionally also partially or fully substituted by F, for example difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, pentafluoropropyl, heptafluoropropyl, heptafluorobutyl, nonafluorobutyl or nonafluorohexyl. Preferred alkyl groups as described above have 1 to 6 C atoms. Unsubstituted saturated or partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl groups having 3-7 C atoms are therefore cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexa-1,3-dienyl, cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl, phenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclo- hepta-1,3-dienyl, cyclohepta-1,4-dienyi or cyclohepta-1,5-dienyl, which may be substituted by C1- to C6-alkyl groups, where the cycloalkyl group or the cycloalkyl group substituted by C1- to C6-alkyl groups may in turn also be substituted by halogen atoms, such as F, CI, Br or I, in particular F or CI, CN or NO2. The substituents R and R° may be partially or fully substituted by halogen atoms, in particular by F and/or CI, or partially by CN or NO2, where halo- genation of the α-CH2 group of R° is excluded. Furthermore, the substitu- ents R or R° may contain one or two mutually non-adjacent hetero atoms or atom groups selected from the group -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -SO2O-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -PR'-, -P(O)R'-, -P(O)R'-O-, -O-P(O)R'-O-, -P(O)(NR'2)-NR'- and -PR'2=N-, where R' can be an unfluori- nated, partially or perfluorinated C1- to C6-alkyl, C3- to C7-cycloalkyl, unsub- stituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle. In R', C3- to C7-cycloalkyl is, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl. In R', substituted phenyl denotes phenyl which is substituted by C1- to C6- alkyl, C1- to C6-alkenyl, NO2, F, CI, Br, I, OH, C1-C6-alkoxy, CN, SCN, SCF3, SO2CF3, C(O)O-C1-C6-alkyl, NH2l C1-C6-alkylamino or C1-C6-dialkyl- amino, COOH, C(O)NR"2, SO2OR", SO2X', SO2NR"2, SO3H or NHC(O)R", where X' denotes F, CI or Br and R" denotes an unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated C1 to C6-alkyl or C3- to C7-cycloalkyl as defined for R', for example, o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethylphenyl, o-, m- or p- propylphenyl, o-, m- or p-isopropylphenyl, o-, m- or p-tert-butylphenyl, o-, m- or p-aminophenyl, o-, m- or p-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p- nitrophenyl, o-, m- or p-hydroxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-methoxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethoxyphenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluorometh- oxy)phenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-fluoro- phenyl, o-, m- or p-chlorophenyl, o-, m- or p-bromophenyl, o-, m- or p-iodo- phenyl, furthermore preferably 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dimethyl- phenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dichloro- phenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dibromophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl or 2,4,5-trimethylphenyl. In R', heterocycle is taken to mean a saturated or unsaturated mono- or bicyclic heterocyclic radical having 5 to 13 ring members, where 1, 2 or 3 N and/or 1 or 2 S or O atoms may be present and the heterocyclic radical may be mono- or polysubstituted by C1- to C6-alkyl, C1- to C6-alkenyl, NO2, F, CI, Br, I, OH, C1-C6-alkoxy, CN, SCN, SCF3, SO2CF3, C(O)O-C1-C6- alkyl, NH2, C1-C6-alkylamino or C1-C6-dialkylamino, COOH, C(O)NR"2, SO2OR", SO2X', SO2NR"2, SO3H or NHC(O)R", where X' and R" have a meaning indicated above. The heterocyclic radical is preferably substituted or unsubstituted 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-thienyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-imidazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-oxazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-thiazoiyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 4-, 5- or 6-pyrimidinyl, further- more preferably 1,2,3-triazol-1-, -4- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-1-, -4- or -5-yl, 1- or 5-tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazol-4- or-5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- or-5-yl, 1,3,4- thiadiazol-2- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-thiadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1,2,3-thiadiazol-4- or -5-yl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-2H-thiopyranyl, 2-, 3- or 4-4H-thiopyranyl, 3- or 4-pyridazi- nyl, pyrazinyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzofuryl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzo- thienyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-1H-indolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-benzimidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzopyrazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzoxazolyl, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzisoxazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzothiazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzisothiazolyl, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benz-2,1,3-oxadiazolyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-isoquinolinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 9-carbazolyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-acridinyl, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-cinnolinyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinazolinyl or 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl. Without restricting generality, examples of substituents R and R° of the thiouronium or uranium cation are: -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7, -CH(CH3)2, -C4H9, -C(CH3)3, -C5H11, -C6H13, -C7H15, -C8H17, -C9H19, -C10H21, -C12H25, -C20H41, -OCH3, -OCH(CH3)2, -CH2OCH3, -C2H4OCH(CH3)2, -C2H4SC2H5, -C2H4SCH(CH3)2, -S(O)CH3, -SO2CH3, -SO2C6H5, -SO2C3H7, -SO2CH(CH3)2, -SO2CH2CF3, -CH2SO2CH3, -CH2N(H)C2H5, -C2H4N(H)C2H5, -CH2N(CH3)CH3, -CN, -C2H4N(CH3)CH3, -CF3, -C2F5, -C3F7, -C4F9, -C(CF3)3, -CF2SO2CF3, -C2F4N(C2F5)C2F5, -CHF2, -CH2CF3, -C2F2H3, -C3FH6, -CH2C3F7, -C(CFH2)3, -CH2C(O)OH, -CH2C6H5, -CH2C(O)CH3, -CH2C(O)C2H5, -CH2C(O)OCH3, CH2C(O)OC2H5, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)C6H5, -C(O)OCH3, -C(O)OC2H5, P(O)(C2H5)2, P(O)[N(C2H5)2]2, Up to four substituents R may also be connected in pairs in such a way that mono-, bi- or polycyclic cations are formed. Without restricting generality, examples of such cations are: ing indicated above or a particularly preferred meaning. The carbocycles or heterocycles of the cations indicated above may optionally also be substi- tuted by C1- to C6-alkyl, C1 to C6-alkenyl, NO2, F, CI, Br, I, OH, C1-C6- alkoxy, CN, SCN, SCF3, SO2CF3, C(O)O-C1-C6-alkyl, NH2, C1-C6-alkyl- amino or C1-C6-dialkylamino, COOH, C(O)NR"2, SO2OR", SO2NR"2, SO2X', SO3H or NHC(O)R" or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or an unsubsti- tuted or substituted heterocycle, where X' and R" have a meaning indicated above. The anion A- of the salts according to the invention is selected from [R1SO3r, [RF'SO3]-, [(RFSO2)2N]-, [(RFSO2)3C]- [(FSO2)3C]-, [R1CH2OSO3]- [R1C(O)O]-, [RFC(O)O]-, [CCI3C(O)O]-, [(CN)3C]-f [(CN)2CR1n [(R1O(O)C)2CR1]-. [P(CnF2n+1mHm)yF6-y]-, [P(C6F5)yF6-y]-, [R12P(O)O]- [R1P(O)O2]2- [(R1O)2P(O)O]-, [(R1O)P(O)O2]2- [(R1O)(R1)P(O)O] -, [RF2P(O)O]-, [RFP(O)O2]2-, [BFzRF4-Z]-, [BFz(CN)4-z]-, [B(CN)4]-, [B(C6F5)4] -, [B(OR1)4]-, [N(CF3)2]-, [N(CN)2]-, [AICI4]- or [SiF6]2-, where the substituents RF and RF each, independently of one another, the meaning of perfluorinated and straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, where the trifluoromethyl group is excluded for RF, perfluorinated and straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, perfluorinated phenyl and saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by perfluoroalkyl groups, where the substituents RF or RF may be connected to one another in pairs by a single or double bond and where one carbon atom or two non-adjacent carbon atoms of the substitu- ent RF or RF which are not in the a-position to the hetero atom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group -O-, -C(O)-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N=, -N=N-, -NR'-, -PR'- and -P(O)R'- or may have an end group R'-O-SO2- or R'-O-C(O)-, where R' denotes unfluorinated, par- tially or perfluorinated alkyl having 1-6 C atoms, saturated or partially un- saturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle and where the substituents R1 each, independently of one another, the meaning of hydrogen in the case where A- = [(CN)2CR1]- or [(R1O(O)C)2CR1]- and X = O or S, or hydrogen in the case where A- = [R1CH2OSO3]-, X = S or O and the sub- stituents R and R° = alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where the substituents R1 may be partially substituted by CN, NO2 or halo- gen and halogen denotes F, CI, Br or I, where the substituents R1 may be connected to one another in pairs by a single or double bond and where one carbon atom or two non-adjacent carbon atoms of the substitu- ent R1 which are not in the a-position to the hetero atom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -SO3-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -PR'- and -P(O)R'-, (P(O)R'O-, OP(O)R'O-, -PR'2=N-, -C(O)NH-, -C(O)NR'-, -SO2NH- or -SO2NR'-, where R' denotes unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated alkyl having 1-6 C atoms, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substi- tuted heterocycle and the variables n denotes 1 to 20, m denotes 0,1, 2 or 3, y denotes 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, z denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that for X = S and R and R° = alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, the anions A- = [BF4]-, CF3COO-, [B(C6H5)4]- or [CH3C6H4SO3]" are to be allowed and for X = O, the anions A- = CF3COO- and [B(C6H5)4]- are to be allowed and for X = O and R° = ethyl, the anion A- = CH3CH2OSO3- is to be excluded. A straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2 to 20 C atoms, where a plu- rality of double bonds may also be present, is, for example, allyl, 2- or 3- butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, furthermore 4-pentenyl, isopentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, -C9H17, -C10H19 to -C20H39; preferably allyl, 2- or 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, preference is furthermore given to 4-pentenyl, isopentenyl or hexenyl. A straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2 to 20 C atoms, where a plu- rality of triple bonds may also be present, is, for example, ethynyl, 1- or 2- propynyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, furthermore 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, -C9H15, -C10H17 to -C20H37, preferably ethynyl, 1- or 2- propynyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl or hexynyl. In the case where a plurality of RF or RF are present in an anion, these may also be connected in pairs by single or double bonds in such a way that bi- or polycyclic anions are formed. Furthermore, the substituents RF or RF may contain one or two mutually non-adjacent atoms or atom groups which are not in the a-position to the hetero atom selected from the group -O-, -SO2- and -NR'- or the end group -SO2X', where R' can be = unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated C1- to C6-alkyl, C3- to C7-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, including -C6F5, or an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle and X' = F, CI or Br. Without restricting generality, examples of substituents RF and RF of the anion are: -CF3, -C2F5, -C3F7, -C4F9, -C(CF3)3, -CF2N(CF3)CF3, -CF2OCF3, -CF2S(O)CF3, -CF2SO2CF3, -C2F4N(C2F5)C2F5, CF=CF2, -C(CF3)=CFCF3, -CF2CF=CFCF3, -CF=CFN(CF3)CF3 or -CF2SO2F, -C(CF3)=CFCF3, -CF2CF=CFCF3 or-CF=CFN(CF3)CF3. RF is preferably pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl or rionafluorobutyl. RF is preferably trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl or nona- fluorobutyl. With the restriction of the disclaimer in Claim 1, some examples of anions according to the invention are indicated below: [CF3SO3] -, [CF3CF2SO3]-, [CH3CH2SO3]-, [(CF3SO2)2N]-, [(C2F5SO2)2N]- [(CF3SO2)3C]-, [(C2F5SO2)3C]-, [CH3CH2OSO3]-, [(FSO2)3C]-, [CF3C(O)O]-, [CF3CF2C(O)O]-, [CH3CH2C(O)O]-, [CH3C(O)O]-, [P(C2F5)3F3] -, [P(CF3)3F3]-, [P(C2F4H)(CF3)2F3]-,. [P(C2F3H2)3F3]-, [P(C2F5)(CF3)2F3]-, [P(C6F5)3F3]-, [P(C3F7)3F3]-, [P(C4F9)3F3]-, [P(C2F5)2F4] -, [(C2F5)2P(O)O]-, [(C2F5)P(O)O2]2-, [P(C6F5)2F4] -, [(CF3)2P(O)O] -, [(CH3)2P(O)O] -, [(C4F9)2P(O)O]-, [CF3P(O)O2]2-, [CH3P(O)O2]2-, [(CH3O)2P(O)O] -, [BF3(CF3)]-, [BF2(C2F5)2]-,. [BF3(C2F5)]-, [BF2(CF3)2] -, [B(C2F5)4] -, [BF3(CN)]-, [BF2CN)2]-, [B(CN)4]-, [B(CF3)4]-, [BF4]-, [B(OCH3)4]-, [B(OCH3)2(OC2H5)]-, [B(O2C2H4)2]-, [B(O2C2H2)2]-, [B(O2CH4)2]-, [N(CF3)2]-, [N(CN2)2]-, [C(CN)3]-, [AICl4]- or [SiF6]2-. Particularly preferred anions from this group taking into account the dis- claimers are [RFSO3]-, [P(CnF2n+1-mHm)yF6-y]-, [RF2P(O)O]-, [BFzRF4.z]- or [BFZ(CN)4-Z]-, where n, m, y and z have one of the above-mentioned meanings, for example [B(CN)4]-, [(C2F5)3PF3]-, [(C2F5)2PF4]-, [(C4F9)3PF3]-, [(C3F7)3PF3]-, [B(C2F5)F3]-,[(CF3)2P(O)O]-, [(C2F5)2P(O)O]- or [B(CF3)4]-, Very particularly preferred anions from this group taking into account the disclaimers are [BF4]-, [(C2F5)3PF3]-, [(C2F5)2P(O)O]- or [CF3SO3]-. Of the particularly preferred anions, the phosphates of the formula [P(CnF2n+1-mHm)yF6-y]_ have a particular meaning since the choice of this anion results in salts of the formula (1) of particularly low viscosity. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which the substituents R of the cation denote hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1-12 C atoms, in particular having 1-6 C atoms, and A" has a meaning indicated for the formula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particularly preferred. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which the substituents R of the cation are selected from the group methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, phenyl and cyclohexyl, and A" has a meaning indicated for the formula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particularly preferred. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which X denotes sulfur and A" has a meaning indicated for the formula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particularly pre- ferred. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which X denotes oxygen and A' has a meaning indicated for the formula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particularly pre- ferred. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which R° denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1-20 C atoms, which may be partially or fully fluorinated, but where fluorination of the a-CH2 group of R° is excluded, and X denotes sulfur or in which R° denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1-20 C atoms and X denotes oxygen, and A" has a meaning indicated for the for- mula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particularly preferred. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which R° denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1-20 C atoms, which may be partially or fully fluorinated, X = S, and the substituents R each, independently of one another, denote a straight- chain or branched alkyl group having 1-20 C atoms, and A" has a meaning indicated for the formula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particu- larly preferred. Preference is given in accordance with the invention to a group of salts of the formula (1) in which R° denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1-20 C atoms, X = O, and the substituents R each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1-20 C atoms, and A" has a meaning indicated for the formula (1) or a meaning indicated as preferred or particularly preferred. The present invention secondly relates to a process for the preparation of the salts having thiouronium or uranium cations of the general formula (1) according to the invention. To this end, a thiourea C(S)(NR2)2 or a urea C(O)(NR2)2 is alkylated using an ester AR° or using an oxonium salt (R°)3O+A- The groups and substituents R° and R here are defined like those of the general formula (1) or have a meaning indicated especially. A, in the case of the reaction with the ester, can be selected from the group [R1CH2OSO3], [R1SO3], [RFSO3], [RFC(O)O] and [CCI3C(O)O], and A-, in the case of the reaction with the oxonium salt, can be selected from the group [(FSO2)3C]- and[BF4]-. The reaction is is preferably carried out at a temperature at which at least one of the components is liquid. The reaction is particularly preferably car- ried out in a temperature range in which the reaction mixture is liquid. The reaction of the thiourea or urea with an ester or an oxonium salt can be carried out in polar organic solvents, for example 1,2-dichloroethane or dichloromethane, in nonpolar organic solvents, for example hexane or pentane, or without solvents, for example in the salt melt. In accordance with the invention, solvent mixtures can also be used instead of pure sol- vents. In accordance with the invention, the reagents can be reacted with a mixing ratio of up to a five-fold excess of one of the reactants. However, the reac- tants are preferably employed in equimolar amount. The salts according to the invention can be isolated with very good yields, generally above 80%, preferably above 90%. The present invention furthermore relates to an alternative process for the preparation of a salt according to the invention by means of salt exchange. In this, a salt having a thiouronium or uranium cation of the general formula (1) and an anion A- selected from the group [BF4]-, Br-, CI-, I- or [CIO4]- is reacted with a salt Kt+ A- or with an acid AH, where Kt is an alkali or alka- line earth metal and A is defined in accordance with the general formula (1). The reaction is is preferably carried out at a temperature at which at least one of the components is liquid. The reaction is particularly preferably car- ried out in a temperature range in which the reaction mixture is liquid. The salt exchange of the thiouronium or uranium salt can be carried out in polar solvents, for example water, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl- formamide, methanol or propionitrile, in nonpolar organic solvents, for example dichloromethane, or without solvents, for example in the salt melt. In accordance with the invention, solvent mixtures can also be used instead of pure solvents. In accordance with the invention, the reagents can be reacted with a mixing ratio of up to 10%'excess of one of the reactants. However, the reactants are preferably employed in equimolar amount. The salts of the formula (1) according to the invention in which the anion A- = [RF2P(O)O]- can alternatively be prepared by the reaction of a tris(per- fluoroalkyl)phosphine oxide with an alcohol and a thiourea C(S)(NR2)2 or a urea C(O)(NR2)2, where the radicals R are as defined above and are more strongly basic than the alcohol. The suitable alcohol is selected so that the desired cation is formed after the alkylation of the base used. The tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphine oxides used can be prepared by conven- tional methods known to the person skilled in the art. These compounds are preferably prepared by reaction with hexamethyldisiloxane (V.Ya Sememii et al, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Trans.) 55, No. 12 (1985), 2415-2417). All compounds according to the invention have a salt-like character, rela- tively low melting points (usually below 100°C) and can be used as ionic liquids. The salts according to the invention can be employed as solvents for many synthetic or catalytic reactions, for example Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, Diels-Alder cycloadditions, hydrogenation and oxidation reac- tions, Heck reactions. Furthermore, it is possible to synthesise, for example, fluorinated solvents for secondary and primary batteries. It is also possible to use the compounds according to the invention as non- aqueous electrolyte, if desired in combination with other electrolytes known to the person skilled in the art. In addition, the salts according to the invention can be used as non- aqueous polar substances in suitable reactions as phase-transfer catalyst, as surfactant (surface-active agent) or as medium for the heterogenisation of homogeneous catalysts. The complete disclosure content of all applications, patents and publica- tions mentioned above and below is incorporated into this application by way of reference. Even without further comments, it is assumed that a person skilled in the art will be able to utilise the above description in the broadest scope. The pre- ferred embodiments and examples should therefore merely be regarded as descriptive disclosure which is absolutely not limiting in any way. The NMR spectra were measured on solutions in deuterated solvents at 20°C on a Bruker Avance DRX spectrometer with a 5 mm 1H/BB broad- band head with deuterium lock. The measurement frequencies of the vari- ous nuclei are: 1H: 300.13 MHz, 11B: 96.92 MHz, 19F: 282.41 MHz and 31P: 121.49 MHz. The referencing method is indicated separately for each spectrum or each data set. Example 1: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-S-ethylisothiouronium triflate 15.0 g (113.4 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea are dissolved in 50 cm3 of dichloromethane, and 20.6 g (115.6 mmol) of ethyl triflate, CF3SO2OC2H5, are added slowly (dropwise) over the course of 30 min with cooling using an ice bath while the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 10 min. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is washed three times with 30 cm3 of pentane and dried for one hour at 40-50°C under a vacuum of 7.0 Pa, giving 35.0 g of a crystalline material which melts easily. The yield of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-N"-ethyl- isothiouronium triflate is 99.5%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -77.84 s (CF3). 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 1.301 (CH3); 3.02 q (CH2); 3.25 s (4CH3); 3JH,H = 7.4 Hz . Elemental analysis Found, %: C 30.82 H 5.49 N 9.07 Calculated for C8H17F3N2O3S2, %: C 30.96 H 5.52 N 9.03 Example 2: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-S-ethylisothiouronium tris(pentafluoro- ethyl)trifluorophosphate 17.1 g (55.1 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-S-ethylisothiouronium triflate are dissolved in 70 cm3 of water, and 31.0 g (57.8 mmol) of tris(pentafluoro- ethyl)trifluorophosphoric acid pentahydrate are added at room temperature while the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer. The lower liquid phase is separated and washed four times with 30 cm3 of water. The residue is dried for three hours at 60°C in an oil bath under a vacuum of 7.0 Pa, giving 30.0 g of a liquid material. The yield of N,N,N',N'- tetramethyl-S-ethylisothiouronium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate is 89.8%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-S-ethylisothiouronium triflate. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -43.56 dm (PF); -79.58 m (CF3); -81.27 m (2CF3); -86.92 dm (PF2); -114.93 m (CF2); -115.52 m (2CF2);1 JP,F = 890 Hz ;1 JP,F = 904 Hz ; 2JP,F = 86 Hz ; 2JP,F = 97 Hz. 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 1.34 t (CH3); 3.03 q (CH2); 3.25 s (4CH3); 3JH,H = 7.4 Hz . 31P NMR (reference: 85% H3PO4 ; solvent: CD3CN): -148.55 dtm ; 1JP,F = 890 Hz ; 1JP,F = 902 Hz . Elemental analysis Found, %: C 25.63 H 2.87 N 4.59 Calculated for C13H17F18N2PS, %: C 25.75 H 2.83 N 4.62 Example 3: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-S-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)isothiouronium triflate 1.0 g (7.56 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea are dissolved in 20 cm3 of hexane, and 1.84 g (7.93 mmol) of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl triflate, CF3SO2OCH2CF3, are added slowly (dropwise) at room temperature while the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer. The reac- tion mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 6 hours. The lower phase is separated from the hexane and washed twice with 10 cm3 of hex- ane. The residue is dried for two hours at 50°C under a vacuum of 1.3 Pa, giving 2.74 g of an oily material (m.p. 69-70°C). The yield of N,N,N',N'- tetramethyl-S-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)isothiouronium triflate is 99.4%, based on N,N,N\N'-tetramethylthiourea. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -65.98 t (CF3); -77.92 t (CF3); 3JH,F = 9.6 Hz. 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 3.30 s (4CH3); 3.75 q (CH2); 3JH,F = 9.6HZ. Example 4: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-S-ethylisothiouronium tetrafluoroborate 70 cm3 of a 1M solution of triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (69.6 mmol) in dichloromethane are added to 4.6 g (34.8 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- thiourea while the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer and with ice-bath cooling. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, and all volatile components are removed under reduced pressure.. The residue is washed three times with 40 cm3 of hot (60°C) hexane and dried for one hour at room temperature under a vacuum of 1.3 Pa, giving 6.8 g of a solid material. The yield of N,N,N',N'- tetra- methyl-S-ethylisothiouronium tetrafluoroborate is 78.8%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -150.34 s; 150.40 s(BF4-). 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 1.29 t (CH3); 2.99 q (CH2); 3.22 s (4CH3); 3JH,H = 7.4 Hz . Example 5: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-methylisouronium triflate 30.0 g (258.3 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea are dissolved in 150 cm3 of pentane, and 43.2 g (263.3 mmol) of methyl triflate, CF3SO2OCH3, are added slowly (dropwise) over the course of 30 minutes while the reaction mixture is cooled using an ice bath and stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 10 min. The lower liquid phase is separated and washed twice with 50 cm3 of pentane. The residue is dried for one hour at 60°C under a vacuum of 7.0 Pa, giving 71.0 g of a liquid material. The yield of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- O-methylisouronium triflate is 98.1%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -77.88 s (CF3). 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 3.05 s (4CH3); 4.04 s (CH3). Example 6: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-methylisouronium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate 31.5 g (112.4 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-methylisouronium triflate are dissolved in 300 cm3 of water, and 63.3 g (118.7 mmol) of tris(penta- fluoroethyl)trifluorophosphoric acid pentahydrate are added at room tempe- rature while the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously using a magnetic stir- rer. The precipitate is filtered off and washed three times with 30 cm3 of water. The residue is dried for three hours at 50-60°C in an oil bath under a vacuum of 7.0 Pa, giving 62.7 g of a solid white material (m.p. 69-70°C). The yield of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-methylisouronium tris(pentafluoro- ethyl)trifluorophosphate is 96.8%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O- methylisouronium triflate. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -43.51 dm (PF); -79.54 m (CF3); -81.23 m (2CF3); -86.90 dm (PF2); -114.90 m (CF2); -115.48 m (2CF2); 1 JP,F = 889 Hz ;1 JP,F = 901 Hz ; 2JP,F = 86 Hz ; 2JP,F = 98 Hz. 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 3.05 s (4CH3); 4.04 s (CH3). 31P NMR (reference: 85% H3PO4 ; solvent: CD3CN): -148.57 dtm ; 1JP,F = 890 Hz ; 1Jp,F = 902 Hz. Elemental analysis Found, %: C 24.94 H 2.64 N 4.89 Calculated for C12H15F18N2OP, %: C 25.01 H 2.62 N 4.86 Example 7: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-ethylisouronium triflate 15.0 g (129.1 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea are dissolved in 70 cm3 of pentane, and 23.5 g (131.9 mmol) of ethyl triflate, CF3SO2OC2H5, are added slowly (dropwise) over the course of 30 minutes while the reaction mixture is cooled using an ice bath and stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 10 min. The lower liquid phase is separated and washed three times with 30 cm3 of pentane. The residue is dried for one hour at 50°C under a vacuum of 7.0 Pa, giving 37.9 g of a liquid material. The yield of N,N,N',N'- tetramethyl-O-ethylisouronium triflate is 99.8%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetra- methylurea. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -77.86 s (CF3). 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 1.40 t (CH3); 3.05 s (4CH3); 4.38 q (CH2);3JH,H = 7.1 Hz. Example 8: N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-ethylisouronium tris(pentafluoroethyl)- trifluorophosphate 18.8 g (63.9 mmol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-ethylisouronium triflate are dissolved in 70 cm3 of water, and 36.0 g (67.2 mmol) of tris(pentafluoro- ethyl)trifluorophosphoric acid pentahydrate are added at room temperature while the reaction mixture is stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer. The precipitate is filtered off and washed four times with 30 cm3 of water. The residue is dried for three hours at 60°C in an oil bath under a vacuum of 7.0 Pa, giving 36.7 g of a solid white material (m.p. 32-34°C). The yield of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-ethylisouronium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophos- phate is 97.3%, based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-O-ethylisouronium triflate. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -43.50 dm (PF); -79.52 m (CF3); -81.21 m (2CF3); -86.88 dm (PF2); -114.90 m (CF2); -115.48 m (2CF2); 1JP,F = 889 Hz ; 1JP,F = 900 Hz ; 2JP,F = 84 Hz ; 2JP,F = 98 Hz. 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 1.42 t (CH3); 3.05 s (4CH3); 4.37 q (CH2); 3JH,H = 7.0 Hz. 31P NMR (reference: 85% H3PO4 ; solvent: CD3CN): -148.60 dtm ; 1JP,F = 888 Hz ; 1JP,F = 902 Hz. Elemental analysis Found, %: C 26.50 H 2.95 N 4.78 Calculated for C13H17F18N2OP, %: C 26.45 H 2.90 N 4.75 Example 9: 2-methyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisouronium bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinate 6.72 g (16.6 mmol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine oxide, (C2F5)3P=O, are mixed with 15 cm3 of dimethoxyethane and 1.93 g (16.6 mmol) of tetramethylurea in a 25 ml flask fitted with a reflux condenser. 0.532 g (16.6 mmol) of methanol are added to this mixture while the reaction mix- ture is stirred using a magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture is boiled for 5 hours, and all volatile products are removed at 50°C under a high vacuum (1.4 Pa), giving 6.59 g of a viscous liquid. The yield of 2-methyl-1,1,3,3- tetramethylisouronium bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinate is 91.9%. 19F NMR (reference: CCI3F - internal standard; solvent: CD3CN): -80.21 m (2CF3); -124.91 dm (2CF2); 2JP,F = 67 Hz. 1H NMR (reference: TMS ; solvent: CD3CN): 3.05 s (4CH3); 4.05 s (OCH3). 31P NMR (reference: 85% H3PO4; solvent: CD3CN): -2.12 quin.; 2JP,F=67HZ. WE CLAIM: 1. Thiouronium or uranium salts of the general formula (1) in which X denotes O or S, In which the substituents R and R° each, independently of one another, have the meaning of straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms.,and R may also denote hydrogen, where one or more substituents R or R° may be partially or fully substituted by halogen or partially by CN or NO2, but where halogenatlon in the α-positlon in R° is excluded, and halogen denotes F, CI, Br or 1, where the substituents R and R° may be connected to one another in pairs by a single or double bond and where one carbon atom or two non-adjacent carbon atoms of one or more substituents R or R° which are not directly adjacent to the hetero atom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group - O-, -C(O)-, C(O)-O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-,-SO3,-N=, -N=N-, -NH-, - NR'-,-PR'-, -P(O)R'- -P(O)R'-O-,-O-P(O)R'-O-,and -P(R')2=N- ,where R' is unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated alky! having 1-6 C atoms, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or a saturated or unsaturated mono- or bicyclic heterocyclic radical having 5 to 13 ring members, where 1, 2 or 3 N and/or 1 or 2 S or O atoms may be present and the heterocyclic radical may be mono- or polysubstituted by C1 - C6 alkyl,C1-C6-alkenyl, NO2, F, CI, Br, I. OH, C1-C6-alkoxy, CN, SCN, SCF3, SO2CF3, C(O) O-C1-C6-alkyl, NH2, C1- C6-alkylamino or C1-C6- dialkylamino, COOH, C(O)NR"2, SO2OR", SO2X', SO2NR"2, SO3H or NHC(O)R", X= F, CI or Br, R" denotes an unfluorinated, partially or perfluorinated C1- to C6- alkyl or C3- to C7-cycloalkyl as defined for R' and A- selected from the group consisting of: [B(CN)4]-, [(C2F5)3PF3]-, [(C2F5)2PF4]- [(C4F9)3PF3]- ,[(C3F7)3PF3]- [B(C2F5)F3]-,[(CF3)2P(O)O]-, [(C2F5)2P(O)O]- or [B(CF3)4]-. 2. Salt as claimed in claim 1 wherein R is hydrogen and/ or a straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms. 3. Salt as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein R is selected from the group methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, phenyl and cyclohexyl. 4. Salt as claimed in one of claim 1 or 2 wherein X = S. 5. Salt as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4 wherein R° denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, which may be partially or fully substituted by F, but where fluorination of the a- CH2 group of R° is excluded, and X = S. 6. Salt as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein X = O. 7. Salt as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 or 6, wherein R° denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms and X = 0. 8. Process for the preparation of a salt as claimed in one of claims 1 to 7 wherein a salt of the general formula (1) where the radicals R and R° are as defined in one of claims 1 to 7 and the anion A" is selected from the group [BF4]-, Br-, CI-, 1- or [CI O4]-, is reacted with a salt Kt+ A- or with an acid AH, where Kt is an alkali or alkaline earth metal and A is as defined in one of Claims 1 to 7. 9. A salt of the formula (1) as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 8 as ionic liquid. 10. A salt of the formula (1) as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 8 as non-aqueous electrolyte. 11. A salt of the formula (1) as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 8 as phase-transfer catalyst. 12. A salt of the formula (1) as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 8 as surface-active substance. The present invention relates to salts having thiouronium or uronium cations, to processes for the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof as ionic liquids.

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2504-KOLNP-2005-OTHERS.pdf

2504-KOLNP-2005-REPLY TO EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf

2504-KOLNP-2005-TRANSLATED COPY OF PRIORITY DOCUMENT.pdf