Title of Invention	MODULATORS OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
Abstract	The present invention relates to modulators of muscarinic receptors. The present invention also provides compositions comprising such modulators, and methods therewith for treating muscarinic receptor mediated diseases.

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MODULATORS OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS CLAIM OF PRIORITY [001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application no. 60/602,731, filed on August 19,2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [002] The present invention relates to modulators of muscarinic receptors. The present invention also provides compositions comprising such modulators, and methods therewith for treating muscarinic receptor mediated diseases. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [003] The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to two types of cholinergic receptors: the ionotropic family of nicotinic receptors and the metabotropic family of muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors belong to the large superfamily of plasma membrane-bound G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). To date, five subtypes of muscarinic receptors (M1-M5) have been cloned and sequenced from a variety of species, and show a remarkably high degree of homology across species and receptor subtype. These M1-M5 muscarinic receptors are predominantly expressed within the parasympathetic nervous system which exerts excitatory and inhibitory control over the central and peripheral tissues and participate in a number of physiologic functions, including heart rate, arousal, cognition, sensory processing, and motor control. [004] Muscarinic agonists such as muscarine and pilocarpine, and antagonists, such as atropine have been known for over a century, but little progress has been made in the discovery of receptor subtype-selective compounds, thereby making it difficult to assign specific functions to the individual receptors. See, e.g., DeLapp, N. et ah, "Therapeutic Opportunities for Muscarinic Receptors in the Central Nervous System," J. Med. Chem., 43(23), pp. 4333-4353 (2000); Hulme, E. C. etal., "Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes," Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 30, pp. 633-673 (1990); Caulfield, M. P. et ah, "Muscarinic Receptors-Characterization, Coupling, and Function," Pharmacol. Ther., 58, pp. 319-379 (1993); Caulfield, M. P. et al, International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors," Pharmacol. Rev., 50, pp. 279-290 (1998), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. [005] The Muscarinic family of receptors is the target of a large number of pharmacological agents used for various diseases, including leading drugs for COPD, asthma, urinary incontinence, glaucoma, Alzheimer's (AchE inhibitors). Despite the large therapeutic value of this family, cholinergic drugs are limited by the lack of selectivity of these agents, with significant activation of the parasympathetic autonomous system and elevated incidence of adverse effects. The molecular cloning of the muscarinic receptors and the identification of the physiological role of specific isoforms using knock-out mice, nas recently delineated novel opportunities for selective muscarinic ligands, and has helped to define the selectivity profile that is required for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. [006] There is a need for modulators of muscarinic receptors M1-M5. There is also a need for methods for treating muscarinic receptor-mediated diseases. [007] There is also a need for modulators of muscarinic receptors that are selective as to subtypes M1-M5. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [008] The present invention provides methods of modulating activity of a muscarinic receptor using compounds of formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [009] Each of R1, R2, R3 is independently Q1 or Q2, or R2 and R3 together form oxo. [010] Z, is -C(Q1)2-, -C(H)(Q1)-, -C(H)(Q5)-, -C(O)-, -CH2-, -N(Q1)-, -N(Q2)-, or O. [011] Z2 is N. [012] L is a bond, an aliphatic group, C3-C6 cycloaliphatic, -O-, -S(O)z-, -S(O)z-(Cl-C4)alkyl-, -C(O)N(Q2), or -S(O)Z N(Q2)-, in which the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [013] G is a monocycloaliphatic group, a monocycloheteroaliphatic group, adamantyl, or a bicyclic or a tricyclic group of the formula (III) in which the monocycloaliphatic group, the monocycloheteroalipahtic group, the adamantyl, and the bicyclic or tricyclic group are connected to L via any ring atom including those in X1 and ring B, and monocycloaliphatic the monocycloheteroaliphatic, the bicyclic, and the tricyclic groups are optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, =N-OQ4, fluorine, Q2, -C(O)-X2-aliphatic in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; bond r is a single or double bond and when ring B is present, bond r is fused with B; ring B, when present, is a 5-6 membered cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic ring; and ring B is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [014] X1 is -(CH2)i-, -O-, -S-, -N(Q2)-, -N(C(O)-X2-aliphatic)- in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; [015] Each Q1 is independently halo, -CN, -NO2, -OQ2, -S(O)zQ2, -S(O)zN(Q2)2, -N(Q2)2, -C(O)OQ2, -C(O)-Q2, -C(O)N(Q2)2, -C(O)N(Q2)(OQ2), -N(Q2)C(O)-Q2, -N(Q2)C(O)N(Q2)2, -N(Q2)C(O)O-Q2, -N(Q2)S(O)z-Q2 or aliphatic optionally including 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q2 or Q3. [016] Each Q2 is independently H, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring, each optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [017] Each Q3 is halo,, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, -S(O)zQ4, -N(Q4)2, -COOQ4, -C(O)Q4, - OQ4,or Cl-C4alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, oxo, -CN, -NO2, -CF3, -OCF3, -OH, -SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or -COOH. [018] Each Q4 is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaralky, or heteroaryl, each optionally including 1-3 substituents selected from halo, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or COOH. [019] Each Q5 is a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, Cl-C4alkyl, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SH, -S(O)2H, -NH2) COOH; and each i is independently 1,2, or 3; each m and n is independently 1,2, 3, or 4 provided that m + n is at least 4; each p is 0 or 1; each y is independently 0 or 1; t is 1 to 4; and each z is independently 0,1, or 2. [020] Additional aspects of the present invention provide compounds of formula (II), pharmaceutical compositions that are useful modulators of muscarinic receptors, and methods of treating muscarinic receptor mediated diseases using compounds of formulae (I and II). [021] Advantageously, the compounds of the invention are generally selective for M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors. Unexpectedly, the compounds of the invention exhibit increased activity and/or efficacy for M1 and/or M4 muscarinic receptors relative to other muscarinic receptors. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [022] As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. I. DEFINITIONS [023] As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated, for purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in "Organic Chemistry", Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausolito: 1999, and "March's Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. [024] The term "muscarinic receptor," without a prefix specifylng the receptor subtype, refers to one or more of the five receptor subtypes M1-M5. [025] The term "modulating" as used herein mean's increasing or decreasing, e.g. activity, by a measurable amount. Compounds that modulate muscarinic activity by increasing the activity of the muscarinic receptors are called agonists. Compounds that modulate muscarinic activity by decreasing the activity of the muscarinic receptors are called antagonists. An agonist interacts with a muscarinic receptor to increase the ability of the receptor to transduce an intracellular signal in response to endogenous ligand binding. An antagonist interacts with a muscarinic receptor and competes with the endogenous ligand(s) or substrate(s) for binding site(s) on the receptor to decrease the ability of the receptor to transduce an intracellular signal in response to endogenous ligand binding. [026] The phrase "treating or reducing the severity of a muscarinic receptor mediated disease" refers both to treatments for diseases that are directly caused by muscarinic activities and alleviation of symptoms of diseases not directly caused by muscarinic activities. Examples of diseases whose symptoms may be affected by muscarinic activity include, but are not limited to, CNS derived pathologies including cognitive disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), obesity, Alzheimer's disease, various dementias such as vascular dementia, psychosis including schizophrenia, mania, bipolar disorders, pain conditions including acute and chronic syndromes, Huntington's Chorea, Friederich's ataxia, Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome, Downs Syndrome, Pick disease, clinical depression, Parkinson's disease, peripheral disorders such as 'reduction of intra ocular pressure in Glaucoma and treatment of dry eyes and dry mouth including Sjogren's Syndrome, bradhycardia, gastric acid secretion, asthma, GI disturbances and wound healing. [027] As used herein the term "aliphatic' encompasses the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl. [028] As used herein, an "alkyl" group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-8 (e.g., 1-6 or 1-4) carbon atoms. An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, lsobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,n-pentyl, n-hep1yl, or 2-ethylhexyl. An alkyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, nitro, cyano, amino, acyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carbamoyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, or hydroxyl. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkyls include alkylcarbonylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, carbonylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, oxoalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxyaralkyl, (alkylsulfonylamino)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl, carbonylaminoalkyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, cycloaliphaticalkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, oxoalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, (alkoxycarbonylheterocycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkyl)alklyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, or haloalkyl. [029] As used herein, an "alkenyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-6 or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl. An alkenyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, nitro, cyano, amino, acyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carbamoyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, or hydroxyl. [030] As used herein, an "alkynyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-6 or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one triple bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkynyl group can be straight or branched. An alkynyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, nitro, cyano, amino, acyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carbamoyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, or hydroxyl. [031] As used herein, an "amino" group refers to -NRXRY wherein each of Rx and RY is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, heteroaryl, or carbonyl each of which are defined herein and are optionally substituted. Examples of amino groups include alkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, (azacycloalkylcarbonyl)amino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino. When the term amino is not the terminal group (e.g., alkylcarbonylamino), it is represented by -NR"-. R" nas the same meaning as defined above. A nonexhaustive list of possible Rx and RY includes sulfonylamino, alkylamino, carbonylamino, carboxy, oxo, hydroxyl, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, or heteroaralkylcarbonyl. [032] As used herein, a "carbonyl" group, when used alone or as part of another structure refers to -(CO)Rx, where Rx is defined above. When the term "carbonyl" is not the terminal group (e.g., arylaminoalkylcarbonyl) it is represented by -C(O)Rx. Without limitation, carbonyl groups can include optionally substituted aminocarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl (e.g., haloarylcarbonyl), heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkenylcarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl (e.g., haloarylaminocarbonyl), cyanoalkylarylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, heterobicycloarylcarbonyl, alkylheteroarylaminocarbonyl, alkoxyarylcarbonyl (e.g., haloalkoxyarylcarbonyl), (alkylheterocyclo)alkenylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl (e.g., haloalkoxycarbonyl), alkylarylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, alkylheteroarylcarbonyl, arylsulfonylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, sulfonylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, or the like. A nonexhaustive list of possible Rx and RY includes sulfonylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, carbonylamino, carboxy, oxo, hydroxyl, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, or heteroaralkylcarbonyl. [033] As used herein, an "aryl" group used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in "aralkyl", "aralkoxy", or "aryloxyalkyl" refers to monocyclic (e.g., phenyl); bicyclic (e.g., indenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl); tricyclic (e.g., fluorenyl, tetrahydrofluorenyl, anthracenyl, or tetrahydroanthracenyl); or a benzofused group having 3 rings. For example, a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with two or more C4-8 carbocyclic moieties. An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents including aliphatic (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl); cycloalkyl; (cycloalkyl)alkyl; heterocycloalkyl; (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; cycloalkyloxy; heterocycloalkyloxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; aralkyloxy; heteroaralkyloxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; aminoalkyl; nitro; carboxy; carbonyl (e.g., alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, (alkylamino)alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, heteroarylaminocarbonyl,; or sulfonylcarbonyl); aryalkylcarbonyloxy; sulfonyl (e.g., alkylsulfonyl or aminosuIfonyl) sulfinyl"(e.g:, alkylsuffinyl); sultanyl (e.g., alkylsullanyl); cyano; halo; hydroxyl; acyl; mercapto; sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl. Alternatively, an aryl may be unsubstituted. [034] Examples of substituted aryls include haloaryl, alkoxycarbonylaryl, alkylaminoalkylaminocarbonylaryl, p, m-dihaloaryl, p-amino-p-alkoxycarbonylaryl, m-amino-m- cyanoaryl, aminoaryl, alkylcarbonylaminoaryl, cyanoalkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, aminosulfonylaryl, alkylsulfonylaryl, aminoaryl, p-halo-m-aminoaryl, cyanoaryl, hydroxyalkylaryl, alkoxyalkylaryl, hydroxyaryl, carboxyalkylaryl, dialkylaminoalkylaryl, m-heterocycloaliphatic-o-alkylaryl, heteroarylaminocarbonylaryl, nitroalkylaryl, alkylsulfonylaminoalkylaryl, heterocycloaliphaticcarbonylaryl, alkylsulfonylalkylaryl, cyanoalkylaryl, heterocycloaliphaticcarbonylaryl, alkylcarbonylaminoaryl, hydroxyalkylaryl, alkylcarbonylaryl, aminocarbonylaryl, alkylsulfonylaminoaryl, dialkylaminoaryl, alkylaryl, and trihaloalkylaryl. [035] As used herein, an "aralkyl" group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a Cl-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. Both "alkyl" and "aryl" are defined herein. An example of an aralkyl group is benzyl. A "heteroaralkyl" group refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with a heteroaryl. Both "alkyl" and "heteroaryl" are defined herein. [036] As used herein, a "bicyclic ring system" includes 8-12 (e.g., 9,10, or 11) membered structures that form two rings, wherein the two rings have at least one atom in common (e.g., 2 atoms in common). Bicyclic ring structures include bicycloaliphatics (e.g., bicycloalkyl or bicycloalkenyl), bicycloheteroaliphatics (e.g., bicycloheteroalkyl or bicycloheteroalkenyl), bicyclic aryls, and bicyclic heteroaryls. [037] The term "cycloaliphatic" means a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Cycloaliphatic rings are 3-8 membered monocyclic rings (e.g., 3-6 membered rings). Cycloaliphatic rings also include 8-12 membered bicyclic hydrocarbon rings, (e.g., 10 membered bicyclic hydrocarbon rings). A cycloaliphatic group encompasses a "cycloalkyl" group and a "cycloalkenyl" group. [038] As used herein, a "cycloalkyl" group refers to a saturated carbocyclic mono-, bi-, or tri-, or multicyclic (fused or bridged) ring of 3-10 (e.g., 5-10) carbon atoms. Without limitation, examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or the like. Without limitation, examples of bicyclic cycloalkyl groups include octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2.]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicycle[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicycle[3.1.1]heptanyl, or the like. Without limitation, multicyclic groups include adamantyl, cubyl/norbomyl or the like. Cycloalkyl rings can be optionally substituted at any chemically viable ring position. [039] A "cycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms having one or more double bonds. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl. Cycloalkenyl ring structures can be optionally substituted at any chemically viable position on the ring or rings. [040] A cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl), cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, acyl, mercapto, sulfonyl (e.g., alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl), sulfinyl (e.g., alkylsulfinyl), sulfanyl (e.g., alkylsulfanyl), sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carbamoyl, or the like. [041] Without limitation, examples of substituted cycloaliphatics include alkylcycloalkyl (e.g., propylcyclohexyl), alkylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, or the like. [042] As used herein, the term "heterocycloaliphatic" and "heterocyclic" encompasses a heterocycloalkyl group and a heterocycloalkenyl group. [043] As used herein, a "heterocycloalkyl" group refers to a 3-10 membered mono or bicyclic (fused or bridged) (e.g., 5 to 10 membered mono or bicyclic) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof). Examples of a heterocycloalkyl group include optionally substituted piperidyl, piperazyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, 1,4-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolidyl, isoxazolidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholyl, octahydro-benzofuryl, octahydro-chromenyl, octahydro- thiochromenyl, octahydro-indolyl, octahydro-pyrindinyl, decahydro-quinolinyl, octahydro- benzo[b]thiopheneyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, l-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza- bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonyl, tropane. A monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group may be fused with a phenyl moiety such as tetrahydroisoquinoline. Heterocycloalkyl ring structures can be optionally substituted at any chemically viable position on the ring or rings. [044] A hetercycloalkenyl group, as used herein, refers to a mono- or bicylic (e.g., 5- to 10- membered mono- or bicyclic) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S). Examples of heterocycloalkenyls include 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-imidazolyl, or 2-pyrazolyl. Monocyclic heteroaliphatics are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature. For instance: [045] A heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl (such as a benzimidazolidinyl), (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy (two alkoxy groups on the same atom or adjacent atoms may form a ring together with the atom(s) to which they are bound), cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, acyl, mercapto, sulfonyl (such as alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl), sulfinyl (such as alkylsulfinyl), sulfanyl (such as alkylsulfanyl), sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl. [046] Without limitation, examples of substituted heterocycloaliphatics include alkoxycarbonylheterocycloalkyl (e.g., ethoxycarbonyltropane), alkoxycarbonylheterocycloalkyl (e.g., ethoxycarbonylpiperidyl), or the like. [047] A "heteroaryl" group, as used herein, refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring structure having 4 to 15 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof) and wherein one or more rings of the bicyclic or tricyclic ring structure is aromatic. A heteroaryl group includes a benzofused ring system having 2 to 3 rings. For example, a benzofused group includes benzo fused with one or two C4-8 heterocyclic moieties (e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl). Some examples of heteroaryl are azetidinyl, pyridyl, 1H-indazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, isoquinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, xanthene, thioxanthene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, benzo[l,3]dioxole, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, puryl, cinnolyl, quinolyl,quinazolyl, cinnolyl,phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, isoquinolyl, 4H-qumotizyl, benzo-l,2,5-thiadiazolyl, or 1,8-naphthyridyl. [048] Without limitation, monocyclic heteroaryls include furyl, thiophenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4- H-pranyl, pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazyl, or 1,3,5-triazyl. Monocyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature. For instance: [049] Without limitation, bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]ruryl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolizyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, or pteridyl. Bicyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature. For instance: [050] A heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substiruents such as aliphatic including alkyls (e.g., alkoxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, oxoalkyl, aralkyl, (alkylsulfonylamino)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl, cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, oxoalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl aralkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl; cycloaliphatic including cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl); heterocycloaliphatic including heterocylcoalkyl (e.g., thiomorpholyl, piperazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, 1,3- dioxolanyl, pyrazolidyl, or piperidinyl); aryl, heteroaryl (e.g., quinolyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]-4H-pyranyl, cinnolyl, quinoxylyl, benzimidazyl, benzo-l,2,5-thiadiazolyl, benzo-l,2,5-oxadiazolyl, or benzthiophenyl); alkoxy; cycloalkyloxy; heterocycloalkyloxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; aralkyloxy; heteroaralkyloxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino (e.g., carbonylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, sulfanylamino, and (heterocycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino); nitro; carboxy carbonyl' (e.g; alkylbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, thiazoleaminocarbonyl, thiomorpholinecarbonyl, aminoalkylaminocarbonyl); alkylcarbonyloxy; cyano; halo; hydroxyl; acyl; mercapto; sulfonyl (e.g., aminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, morpholinesulfonyl, or arylsulfonyl); sulfinyl (e.g., alkylsulfinyl); sulfanyl (e.g., alkylsulfanyl); sulfoxy; urea; thiourea; sulfamoyl; sulfamide; oxo; or carbamoyl. [051] Examples of substituted heteroaryls include haloheteroaryl, alkoxycarbonylheteroaryl, alkylaminoalkylaminocarbonylheteroaryl, dihaloheteroaryl, cyanoheteroaryl, aminoheteroaryl, alkylcarbonylaminoheteroaryl, cyanoalkylheteroaryl, alkoxyheteroaryl, aminosulfonylheteroaryl, alkylsulfonylheteroaryl, aminoheteroaryl, aminoheteroaryl, hydroxyalkylheteroaryl, alkoxyalkylheteroaryl, hydroxyheteroaryl, carboxyalkylheteroaryl, dialkylaminoalkylheteroaryl, heterocycloaliphaticheteroaryl, heteroarylaminocarbonylheteroaryl, nitroalkylheteroaryl, alkylsulfonylaminoalkylheteroaryl, heterocycloaliphaticcarbonylheteroaryl, alkylsulfonylalkylheteroaryl, cyanoalkylheteroaryl, heterocycloaliphaticcarbonylheteroaryl, alkylcarbonylaminoheteroaryl, hydroxyalkylheteroaryl, alkylcarbonylheteroaryl, aminocarbonylheteroaryl, alkylsulfonylaminoheteroaryl, dialkylaminoheteroaryl, alkylheteroaryl, and trihaloalkylheteroaryl. [052] A "heteroaralkyl" group, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a Cl-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Both "alkyl" and "heteroaryl" have been defined above. [053] As used herein, "cyclic moiety" includes cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which has been defined previously. [054] As used herein, an "acyl" group refers to a formyl group or alkyl-C(=O)- (also referred to as "alkylcarbonyl") where "alkyl" has been defined previously. Acetyl and pivaloyl are examples of acyl groups. [055] As used herein, a "carbamoyl" group refers to a group having the structure -O-CO~NRxRy or -NRx-CO-O-Rz wherein Rx and Ry have been defined above and Rz can be alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl. [056] As used herein, a "carboxy" and a "sulfo" group refer to -COOH or -COORx and -SO3H or -SO3RX, respectively. [057] As used herein, an "alkoxy" group refers to an alkyl-O- group where "alkyl" has been defined previously. Moreover an alkoxy group includes structures comprising two alkoxy groups on the same atom or adjacent atoms that form a ring together with the atom(s) to which they are bound. [058] As used herein, a "sulfoxy" group refers to -O-SO-Rx or -SO-O-Rx, where Rx has been defined above. [059] AS usea herein, a mercapto group refers to -SH. [060] As used herein, a "sulfonyl" group refers to -S(O)2-Rx, wherein Rx has been defined above. Examples of sulfonyls include optionally substituted alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl (e.g., haloarylsulfonyl), heteroarylsulfonyl (e.g., alkylheteroarylsulfonyl), or the like. [061] As used herein a "sulfinyl" group refers to -S(O)-Rx, wherein RX has been defined above. Examples of sulfinyls include alkylsulfinyl. [062] As used herein a "sulfanyl" group refers to -S-Rx, wherein Rx has been defined above. Examples of sulfanyls include alkylsulfanyl. [063] As used herein, a "halogen" or "halo" group refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. [064] As used herein, a "haloaliphatic" group refers to an aliphatic group substituted with 1-3 halogen. For instance, the term haloalkyl includes the group -CF3. [065] As used herein, a "sulfamoyl" group refers to the structure -S(O)2-NRxRy or -NRx -S(O)2-Rz wherein Rx, Ry, and Rz have been defined above. [066] As used herein, a "sulfamide" group refers to the structure -NRX -S(O)2-NRYRZ wherein Rx, RY, and Rz have been defined above. [067] As used herein, a "carbonylamino" group used alone or in connection with another group refers to an amido group such as Rx-C(O)-NRx-. For instance an alkylcarbonylamino includes alkyl-C(O)-NRx-, wherein Rx has been defined above. [068] As used herein, a "aminocarbonyl" group used alone or in connection with another group refers to an amido group such as N(Rx)2-C(O)-. [069] As used herein, an "alkoxycarbonyl" used alone or in connection with another group refers to a carbonyl group such as alkyl-O-C(O)-. [070] As used herein, an "alkoxyalkyl" refers to an alkyl group such as alkyl-O-alkyl-, wherein alkyl has been defined above. [071] As used herein, an "aminocarbonyl" refers to an amido group such as -NRx-C(O)-, wherein Rx has been defined above. [072] As used herein, an "aminosulfonyl" refers to the structure -N(RX)2-S(O)2-, wherein Rx has been defined above. [073] As used herein, an "oxo" refers to =O. [074] As used herein, an "aminoalkyl" refers to the structure N(Rx)2-alkyl-. [075] As used herein, a "cyanoalkyl" refers to the structure (CN)-alkyl-. [076] As used herein, an "alkylsulfonyl' group refers to the structure alkyl-S(O)2-. [077] As used herein, a "sulfonylamino" group refers to the structure Rx-S(O)2-N(RX)2-, wherein Rx has been defined above. [078] ,As used herein, a urea group refers to the structure -NR-CO-NR-R- and a - uuourea group refers to the structure -NRX-CS-NRYRZ. Rx, RY, and Rz have been defined above. [079] In general, the term "substituted," whether preceded by the term "optionally" or not, refers to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. Specific substituents are described above in the definitions and below in the description of compounds and examples thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. A ring substituent, such as a heterocycloalkyl, may be bound to another ring, such as a cycloalkyl, to form a spiro-bicyclic ring system, e.g., both rings share one common atom. As one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are those combinations that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. [080] The phrase "stable or chemically feasible," as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and preferably their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40 °C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week. [081] As used herein, an effective amount is defined as the amount required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient, and is typically determined based on age, surface area, weight, and condition of the patient. The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep., 50: 219 (1966). Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, New York, 537 (1970). As used herein, "patient" refers to a mammal, including a human. [082] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in tne presence or one or more isotopically enriched atoms, For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13C- or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays. II. COMPOUNDS [083] The present invention provides methods of modulating muscarinic receptor activity using compounds of formulae (I and II), described above, that are useful in modulating activity of a muscarinic receptor. [084] Methods of modulating muscarinic receptors according to one aspect of the present invention involve compounds of formula (I): or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [085] Each of R1, R2, R3 is independently Q1 or Q2, or R2 and R3 together form oxo. [086] Z1 is -C(Q1)2-, -C(H)(Q1)-, -C(H)(Q5)-, -C(O)-, -CH2-, -N(Q1)-, -N(Q2)-, or O. [087] Z2 is N. [088] L is a bond, an aliphatic group, C3-C6 cycloaliphatic, -O-, -S(O)z-, -S(O)z-(Cl-C4)alkyl-, -C(O)N(Q2)-, or -S(O)z N(Q2)-, in which the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [089] G is a monocycloaliphatic group, a monocycloheteroaliphatic group, adamantyl, or a bicyclic or a tricyclic group of the formula (III) in which the monocycloaliphatic group, the monocycloheteroalipahtic group, the adamantyl, and the bicyclic or tricyclic group are connected to L via any ring atom including those in X1 and ring B,and the monocycloaliphatic,the monocycloheteroaliphatic, the bicyclic, and the tricyclic groups are optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, =N-OQ4, fluorine, Q2> -C(O)-X2-aliphatic in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; bond r is a single or double bond and when ring B is present, bond r is fused with B; ring B, when present, is a 5-6 membered cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic ring; and ring B is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [090] X1 is -(CH2)i-, -O-, -S-, -N(Q2)-, -N(C(O)-X2-alipharic)- in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [091] Each Q1 is independently halo, -CN, -NO2, -OQ2, -S(O)zQ2, -S(O)zN(Q2)2, -N(Q2)2, -C(O)OQ2, -C(O)-Q2> -C(O)N(Q2)2, -C(O)N(Q2)(OQ2), -N(Q2)C(O)-Q2, -N(Q2)C(O)N(Q2)2 -N(Q2)C(O)O-Q2, -N(Q2)S(O)z-Q2 or aliphatic optionally including 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q2 or Q3. [092] Each Q2 is independently H, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring, each optionally including 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [093] Each Q3 is halo, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, -S(O)zQ4, -N(Q4)2, -COOQ4, -C(O)Q4, -OQ4,or Cl-C4alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo, oxo, -CN, -NO2, -CF3, -OCF3, -OH, -SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or -COOH. [094] Each Q4 is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaralyl, or heteroaryl ring, each optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, - OCF3, -OH, -SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2) -COOH. [095] Each Q5 is a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, Cl-C4 alkyl, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, COOH; and each i is independently 1, 2, or 3. [096] Each m and n is independently 1,2, 3, or 4 provided that m + n is at least 4. [097] Each p is O or l. [098] Each y is independently 0 or 1; each t is 1 to 4; and each z is independently 0,1, or 2. [099] Another aspect of the invention provides compounds of formula (IT) including: or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0100] Each of R1, R2, R3 is independently Q1 or Q2, or R2 and R3 together form oxo. [0101] Z1 is -C(Q1)r, -C(H)(Q1)-, -C(H)(Q5)-, -C(O)-, -CH2-, -N(Q1)-, -N(Q2)-, or O. [0102]Z2 is N. [0103] L is a bond, an aliphatic group, C3-C6 cycloaliphatic, -O-, -S(O)z-, -S(O)z-(Cl-C4)alkyl-, -C(O)N(Q2)-, or -S(O)Z N(Q2)-, in which the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [0104] G is a monocycloaliphatic group, a monocycloheteroaliphatic group, adamantyl, or a bicyclic or a tricyclic group of formula (III) in which the monocycloaliphatic group, the monocycloheteroaliphatic group, the adamantyl, and the bicyclic or tricyclic group are connected to L via any ring atom including those in X1 and ring B, and the monocycloaliphatic, the monocycloheteroaliphatic, the bicyclic, and the tricyclic groups are optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, =N-OQ4, fluorine, Q2, -C(O)-X2-aliphatic in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; bond r is a single or double bond and when ring B is present, bond r is fused with B; ring B, when present, is a 5-6 membered cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic ring, and is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [0105] X1 is -(CH2)i-, -O-, -S-, -N(Q2)-, -N(C(O)-X2-aliphatic)- in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [0106] Each Q[ is independently halo, -CN, -NO2, -OQ2, -S(O)zQ2, -S(O)zN(Q2)2, -N(Q2)2, -C(O)OQ2, -C(O)-Q2, -C(O)N(Q2)2, -C(O)N(Q2)(OQ2), -N(Q2)C(O)-Q2, -N(Q2)C(O)N(Q2)2, -N(Q2)C(O)O-Q2, -N(Q2)S(O)z-Q2 or aliphatic optionally including 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q2 or Q3. [0107] Each Q2 is independently H, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring, each optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [0108]-Each Q3 is halo,oxo -CN-NO2, -CF3, -OCF3, -OH, -S(O)zQ4, -N(Q4)2, -COOQ4, -C(O)Q4, -OQ4,or Cl-C4alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, oxo, -CN, -NO2, -CF3, -OCF3, -OH, -SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or -COOH. [0109] Each Q4 is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaralky, or heteroaryl, each optionally including 1-3 substituents selected from halo, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or COOH. [OHO] Each Qs is a heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, oxo, Cl-C4alkyl, -CN, -NO2, -CF3, -OCF3) -OH, -SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, and -COOH. [0111] Each i is independently 1,2, or 3. [0112] Each p is O or l. [0113] Each y is independently 0 or 1. [0114] Each z is independently 0,1, or 2. III. SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS a. Substituent G [0115] G is a monocycloaliphatic group, a monocycloheteroaliphatic group, adamantyl, or a bicyclic or a tricyclic group of formula (III) in which the monocycloaliphatic group, the monocycloheteroaliphatic group, the adamantyl, and the bicyclic or tricyclic group are connected to L via any ring atom including those in X1 and ring B, and the monocycloaliphatic, the monocycloheteroaliphatic, the bicyclic, and the tricyclic groups are optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, =N-OQ4, fluorine, Q2, -C(O)-X2-aliphatic in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)2- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; bond r is a single or double bond and when ring B is present, bond r is fused with B; ring B, when present, is a 5-6 membered cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic ring, and is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. [0116] In certain embodiments, G is an optionally substituted monocycloaliphatic group. [0117] Ir several embodiements,G" is an optionally substituted cycloalipnatic. In examples of this embodiment, G is an optionally substituted monocycloaliphatic. Specific examples of G include, but are not limited to, 5 to 8 membered monocycloalkyls or a 5 to 8 membered monocycloalkenyls. In other examples, G can be an optionally substituted cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl. [0118] In several embodiments, G is optionally substituted with Q2, or -C(O)-X2-aliphatic, where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. In examples of these embodiments, G can be substituted with carbonyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, combinations thereof, or the like. [0119] In several embodiments, G is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of carbonyl, sulfonyl, or combinations thereof. Examples of G include, but are not limited to, alkoxycarbonyl, aliphaticcarbonyl (e.g., alkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, or alkynylcarbonyl), aliphatic, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, aminoaliphatic, aliphaticamino, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted. [0120] In several embodiments, G is substituted with alkyl, aryl, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxyamino. [0121] In several embodiments, G is selected from [0122] In several embodiments, G is an optionally substituted monoheterocycloaliphatic group. Examples of G include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted 5 to 7 membered monoheterocycloaliphatic groups. [0123] In several embodiments, G includes at least 1 nitrogen atom. G can be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from Q2, and -C(O)-X2-aliphatic, where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [0124] In several embodiments, G is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from alkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, and cycloalkoxycarbonyl. [0125] In other embodiments, G is one selected from [0126] In several embodiments, G includes at least one O atom. In several examples, G is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from independently selected from alkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, and cycloalkoxycarbonyl. In other examples, G is unsubstituted. [0127] In several embodiments, G is one selected from [0128] In other embodiments, G is an optionally substituted bicyclic group of formula (III). In one group of examples, ring B is absent from the bicyclic group of formula (III). [0129] In several embodiments, X1 is -(CH)2i-. [0130] In several alternative embodiments, the bicyclic group of formula (III) includes 7 to 9 ring atoms. In specific examples, G is an optionally substituted bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl. In yet another group of the examples, G can be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from Q2, and -C(O)-X2-aliphatic, where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [0131] In several embodiments, G is one selected from [0132] In other embodiments, G is optionally substituted adamantly. [0133] In several embodiments, X1 is -N(Q2)- or -N(C(0)-X2-aliphatic), where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. In one group of examples, G is an optionally substituted tropane. [0134] In other examples, G is substituted with Q2, and -C(O)-X2-aliphatic, where X2 is absent, - O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. [0135] In several embodiments, G is substituted with alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyaryloxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, or heterocycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl. [0136] In several embodiments, G is one selected from [0137] Z, is -C(Q1)2-, "C(H)(Q1)-, -C(H)(Q5)-, -C(O)-, -CH2-, -N(Q1)-, -N(Q2)-, or O. [0138] In several embodiments, Z1 is optionally substituted carbon or nitrogen atom. In one group of examples, Z1 is substituted with amino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, haloarylcarbonyl, haloarylsulfonyl, alkylheteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, haloarylaminocarbonyl, alkylheteroarylsulfonyl, cyanoalkylarylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, heterobicycloarylcarbonyl, alkylheteroarylarninocarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxyarylcarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, alkylarylcarbonyl, haloalkoxyarylcarbonyl, or arylaminocarbonyl. [0139] In several embodiments, Z1 is one selected from [0140] Each of R1, R2, R3 is independently Q1 or Q2, or R2 and R3 together form oxo. [0141] In several embodiments, R1 is hydrogen, halo, or optionally substituted alkyl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cyanoalkylaryl, alkylaryl, alkylsulfonylaryl, alkylcarbonylaryl, aryl, aminocarbonylaryl, alkylcarbonylaminoaryl, cycloalkenyl, or alkoxyaryl. R1 groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from amino, carbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aryl, aliphatic, alkoxy, and sulfonyl. [0142] In other embodiments, R1 is one selected from hydrogen, halo, methyl, -OCH3 [0143] In several embodiments, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, or R2 and R3 together form an oxo or amino. [0144] In still other embodiments, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or R2 and R3 together form an oxo. d. L Groups [0145] L is a bond, an aliphatic group, C3-C6 cycloaliphatic, -O-, -S(O)z-, -S(O)z-(Cl-C4)alkyl-, -C(O)N(Q2)-, or -S(O)z N(Q2)-, in which the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. In some embodiments, L is a bond or an aliphatic group in which the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. In other embodiments, L is a bond. In still further embodiments, L is an aliphatic group optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2. L is CH2. e. Combinations of Embodiments [0146] Other embodiments include any combination of the aforementioned substituents G, Z1, L, R1, R2, and R3. f. Excluded Compounds [0147] In several embodiments, when Z1 is -CH2- or -N(CH3)-, L is a bond, and G is an optionally substituted monocycloaliphatic, an optionally substituted monocycloheteroalipahtic group, or a norbornanyl group, then the R1 substituent on the indane or indole is other than H. [0148] In several embodiments, when L is -C(O)-CH2- and Z1 is -N(Q1)-, and Q1 on Z1 is - S(O)2-optionally substituted phenyl, then the R1 substituent on the indole is other than H. [0149] In several embodiments, when L is -S(O)2-(Cl-C4)alkyl-, Z1 is -CH2-, then the R1 substituent on the indane or tetrahydronaphthyl is other than H. [0150] In several embodiments, when L is -S(O)2-(Cl-C4)alkyl-, R2 and R3 form =O, Z1 is - N(Q1)-, and Q1 is aliphatic or -S(O)2-aliphatic, then the R1 substituent on the indole is other than H. [0151] In several embodiments, when L is aliphatic, and R2 and R3 form =O, and Z] is -N(Q1)-, Q1 is aliphatic, G is a substituted monocycloheteroaliphatic group, then the R1 substituent on the indole is other than H. [0152] In certain embodiments, L is not -S(O)2-(Cl-C4)alkyl-. g. Specific Embodiments [0153] Specific compounds of formulae (I or II) are shown below. Compounds 1-120 and 122- 430 share the core structure of formula II. IV. SYNTHETIC SCHEMES [0154] The compounds of formulae (I and II) may be readily synthesized from commercially available starting materials using methods known in the art. Exemplary synthetic routes to produce compounds of formulae (I and II), are provided below in Preparations A-F and Schemes 1-10. For simplicity of illustration, schemes 1-10 depict only a single R1 substituent on the fused phenyl ring of formulae I and II, the compounds of this invention may include 1 to 4 R1 substituents on the fused phenyl ring. [0155] Scheme 1 below depicts general conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula (I)- [0156] The reaction of amine (A) with an appropriate aldehyde or ketone under reductive amination conditions (step a), typically using NaBH(OAc)3 in DCE/AcOH/TEA at room temperature, may be used to provide the desired compounds of formula I. For less reactive ketones, more forcing conditions may be used. For example, the treatment of the amine (A) and the ketone in a neat solution of Ti(OiPr)4, followed by treatment with NaBH4 in MeOH, may be used to provide the desired compounds of formula I. See Abdel-Magid, A.F. et al., "Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride. Studies on Direct and Indirect Reductive Amination Procedures," J. Org. Chem., 61, pp. 3849-3862 (1996) and the references sited therein. [0157] Alternatively, the of spiroamine of type A may be alkylated with an alkyl halide in the presence of an appropriate base to provide the desired compounds of formula I. Typically, the amine (A) is reacted with an alkyl iodide, bromide, or chloride in the presence of an appropriate base to yleld compounds of formula I. Bases may be organic such as triethylamine, or inorganic such as Na2CO3 or Cs2CO3. Typical reaction solvents include but are not limited to DMF, acetone, and acetonitrile. [0158] Scheme 2 illustrates alternative conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Z1 is -C(H)2- and R2 and R3 are hydrogen (Synthetic route A), or in which Z1 is -C(O)- (Synthetic route B). Scheme 2: [0159] Compounds of type i in Scheme 2 may be prepared using procedures as described in Evans, B.E, et al., J. Med. Chem. 1992,35,3919 and M.S. Chambers J. Med. Chem. 1992,35, 2033. Intermediate compounds may be produced from compound of type i using the following conditions: (a) KMn04 oxidation, TBAB, aqueous KOH (b) NaH, X-R2 and/or X-R3, THF (c) Ammonium formate, MeOH, Pd/C, room temperature or heat; or Pd/C, MeOH, H2; or if PG = Boc, then TFA, CH2Cl2, -10°C; (d) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBH*, MeOH; or the appropriate alkyl halide, Cs2CO3, acetonitrile, heat. [0160] Scheme 3 illustrates alternative conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Z1 is -O- and R2 and R3 are hydrogen. [0161] Amines of type iv in Scheme 3 were prepared using procedures analogous to those found in the following references: WO 96/11934 "Tricyclic spiro compounds process for their preparation" and USO06013652A "Spiro-substituted azacyclics as neurokinin antagonists". Conditions: (a) Ph3P/DEAD (b) Bu3SnH, AIBN (c) Ammonium formate, MeOH, Pd/C, room temperature or heat, or Pd/C, MeOH, H2; or if PG - Boc, then TFA, CH2Cl2, -10°C; (d) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBH4 MeOH; or the appropriate alkyl halide, Cs2CO3, acetonitrile, heat. [0162] Scheme 4 illustrates alternative conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Z1 is -N(Q1)- and R2 and R3 are hydrogen. [0163] Amines of type i in Scheme 4 may be prepared from methods known in the art and by using procedures analogous to those found in the following references: WO 03/106457 "Spiroindolinepiperidine Derivatives"; Maligres, P.E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1997,53,10983- 10992; Cheng, Y. and Chapman, K.T., Tet. Lett. 1997,38,1497-1500; USO06013652A "Spiro- substituted azacyclics as neurokinin antagonists". Conditions: (a) amine protection orthoganol to PG1; (b) amine deprotection of PG1 (e.g. PG1 = Boc: TFA, CH2Cl2, -10°C); (c) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBH4, MeOH; or the appropriate alkyl halide, Cs2CO3, acetonitrile, heat; (d) Q2X (Q2 may be, for example, H and aliphatic, X is halogen), K2CO3, DMF/THF, RT to 60 °C; or electrophile (e.g. RSO2CI, RCOCl, ROC(=O)Cl, where R is H or Q2, TEA, CH3CN. [0164] Reaction of i with intermediate under palladium cross coupling conditions (step a) Pd(dppf)Cl2 or (Ph3P)4Pd, 2M K2CO3, and acetonitrile under microwave irradiation at 150°C for 10-20 minutes ylelds compound ii. Unsaturated compounds of type ii may be further elaborated (e.g. reduction; oxidation) to provide additional compounds of formula (I). [0165] Scheme 6 illustrates alternative conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Z1 is -N(Q1)- or -N(Q2)-, R2 and R3 together form oxo, and p=1. [0166] Compound i may be produced by methods disclosed above and by those known in the art. Intermediate compounds may be produced from compounds of type i using the following conditions: (a) NH2OH.HCl; (b) 2,4,6-trichloro-l,3,5-triazine; (c) PG = Bn or Cbz; Ammonium formate, MeOH, Pd/C, room temperature; or Pd/C, MeOH, H2; (d) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBH4, MeOH; or the appropriate alkyl halide, Cs2CO3, acetonitrile, heat; (e) optional alkylation, NaH, THF, appropriate alkyl halide. [0167] Scheme 7 illustrates alternative conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Z1 is -CH(Q1)- and R2 and R3 are hydrogen. [0168] Compound i may be produced by methods disclosed above and by those known in the art. Compounds ii through ix may be produced from compound i using the following conditions: (a) ZnCl2 or other Lewis acid, (R)- or (S)-l-phenylethanamine, PI1CH3 reflux, Dean- Stark; (b) N21BH4, MeOH, -30 °C; (c) Q2'X (Q2' may be, for example, H and aliphatic, X is halogen), K2CO3, DMF/THF, RT to 60 °C (d) Ammonium formate, MeOH, Pd/C, room temperature; or Pd/C, MeOH, H2; (e) electrophile (e.g. RSO2Cl, RCOCl, ROC(=O)Cl, where R is H or alkyl, and Q2" is RSO2-, RC(O)-, ROC(O)-, TEA, CH3CN; (f) PG = Boc: TFA, CH2Cl2, -10°C; (g) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBBU, MeOH; or the appropriate alkyl halide, Cs2CO3, acetonitrile, heat. [0169] Scheme 8 illustrates alternative conditions as example for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Ring G contains or is substituted with a protected functionality which may be either be retained, deprotected and retained, or deprotected and further elaborated to produce additional compounds of formula I. [0170] Compound i may be produced by methods disclosed above and by those known in the art. Compounds ii through iv may be produced from compound i using the following conditions: (a) e.g. PG=ketal: AcOH/H20, heat; PG=Boc: TFA, CH2Cl2; (b) e.g. if ring G is substituted by oxo, the compound of formula I may be further elaborated to the oxime: NH2-O- Qz, pyridine; (c) e.g. if ring G contains or is substituted by -NH- or -N(Q2)-, it may be elaborated with an appropriate electrophile to produce iv. [0171] Scheme 9 illustrates alternative conditions for the synthesis of compounds of formula I in which Z1 is -N(Q1)- or -N(Q2)-, and R2 and R3 are oxo, and p=O. [0172] Compounds of type i may be purchased commercially or produced by methods known in the art. Conditions: (a) NaH/HMDS/THF; (b) e.g. PG=Bn: Pd(OH)2; (c) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBHi, MeOH; or the appropriate alkyl halide, Cs2CO3, acetonitrile, heat. [0173] Scheme 10 outlines the general preparation of the appropriate aldehydes from the corresponding ketone. [0174] Ketone electrophiles of type i may be purchased commercially or produced by methods disclosed above and by those known in the art. Aldehydes of type ii may be purchased commercially or produced from compounds of type i using the following conditions: (a) Ph3P+CH2OMeCl\ NaN(SiMe3)2; (b) aqueous HCl, CH3CN. The following conditions may be used for the synthesis of compounds of formula I using ketones of type i and aldehydes of type ii: (c) Spiro-amine of type A (see Scheme 1), NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, AcOH, TEA, appropriate ketone or aldehyde; or i. neat Ti(OiPr)4, appropriate ketone; ii. NaBHU, MeOH. V. FORMULATIONS. ADMINISTRATIONS. AND USES [0175] The present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention. A "pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug" means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivative of a compound of the present invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof. Preferred prodrugs are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention when such compounds are administered to a mammal or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a biological compartment relative to the parent species. [0176] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle" refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene- polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. [0177] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyIpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. [0178] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N^CM alkyl)4 salts. This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization. [0179] The compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra- articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non- toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. [0180] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di- glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifylng agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation. [0181] The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifylng and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added. [0182] Alternatively, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols. [0183] The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs. [0184] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used. [0185] For topical applications, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifylng wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. [0186] For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum. [0187] The pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employlng benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents. [0188] Most preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration. [0189] The amount of the compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, the compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of the modulator can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions. [0190] It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition. [0191] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated or prevented, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may also be present in the compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic [0198] According to an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or reducing the severity of a disease in a patient, wherein said disease is selected from pain, psychosis (including schizophrenia, hallucinations, and delusions), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma, bradhycardia, gastric acid secretion, asthma, or GI disturbances. [0199] According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention is useful for treating or reducing the severity of psychosis, Alzheimer's disease, pain, or Parkinson's disease. [0200] All references cited within this document are incorporated herein by reference. Vn. PREPARATIONS AND EXAMPLES [0201] In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner. Preparation A: Synthesis of iV-(ethoxycarbonyl)-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane-3-carbaldehyde [0202] Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (6 mmol, 6 mL of 1 M solution in THF) was added to a suspension of 2.06 g (6.0 mmol) of methoxymethyltriphenylphosphonium chloride in 6 mL of THF at 0 °C under argon. After stirring at 0 °C for 15 min, the resulting dark red solution was added via syringe to a solution of 0.79 g (4.0 mmol) of JV-(ethoxycarbonyl)tropinone (6) in 8 mL of THF at 0 °C and then stirred at room temerature for 4 h (an orange color persisted). The reaction mixture was quenched by adding sat aq. NaCl (15 mL) and then extracted with ether (25 mL x 3). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4. The solid residue obtained after solvent evaporation was loaded onto a short silica gel column (3.5 cm x 4 cm) to remove the phosphorous impurities. The product was eluted with ether. After the solvent was evaporated, the product enol ether was obtained as a brown oil which was used in the next step without further purification. [0203] The enol ether intermediate was dissolved in a solution of 12 mL of 2 N HCl and 20 mL of acetonitrile, and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. After removing the acetonitrile on a rotary evaporator, the aqueous solution was extracted with ether (25 mL x 3). The combined organic extracts were washed with sat. aq. NaHCO3 (15 mL x 2), sat. aq. NaCl (15 mL) and then dried over Na2SO4. After the solution was evaporated to dryness, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiC>2, 10%-20% EtOAc in Hexane as eluent). iV-(ethoxycarbonyl)-8-aza- bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3-carbaldehyde (0.65 g) was obtained as a colorless oil in an approximately 1:1 ratio ofendo and exo isomers (77%). ESI-MSm/z 212.1 (MH*); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.53 (s, 1H), 4.54 (br s, 1H), 4.38 (br s, 1H), 4.16 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 1H)5 2.32 (s, 1H), 2.10 (m, 3H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 3H). Preparation B: Synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carbaldehyde [0204] Bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carbaldehyde was prepared using an analogous procedure as for Intermediate 1 from commercially available bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one. The crude products were used in the next step without further purification. Preparation C: Synthesis of 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde [0205] To a stirred solution of furan (9) (15 mL, 200 mmol) and acrolein (13) (6.7 mL, 100 mmol) in DCM (25 mL) was slowly added AICI3 (666 mg, 5 mmol) under argon at -43 °C (dry ice/isopropanol bath). The reaction mixture was stirred at -43 °C under argon for 30 min, and then quenched with sat. aq. K2CO3 (50 mL). After the reaction mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature, it was extracted with ether (200 mL x 5). The combined ether extracts were washed with sat. aq. K2CO3 (200 mL x 2) and sat. aq. NaCl (200 mL x 2), dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to give 2.6 g of oily crude product 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept- 5-ene-2-carbaldehyde which was used in the next step without further purification. See references Laszlo, P.; Lucchetti, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984,25,4387-4388. Moore, J. A., Partain, E. M. m. J. Org. Chem. 1983,48,1105-1106. Dauben, W. G.; Krabbenhoft, H. O. /. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976,98,1992-1993. Nelson, W. L.; Allen, D. R.; Vincenzi, F. F. J. Med. Chem. 1971,14, 698-702. [0206] To a stirred solution of crude product 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (2.6 g. 20 mmol) in 95% EtOH (200 mL) was added 10% Pd-C (0.25 g) at room temperature under argon. The mixture was shaken on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus for 4 h at room temperature under 30 psi of hydrogen. After the Pd catalyst was removed by filtration through a Celite pad, the Celite was washed with MeOH (15 mL x 2), the combined extracts were concentrated under vacuum to yleld 2.5 g of crude 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2- carbaldehyde as a pale yellow oil, which was used in the next step without further purification. Preparation D: Synthesis of ethyl 4-formylpiperidine-l-carboxylate [0207] 1.0 eq 4-piperidinemethanol (10.00 g, 86.8 mtnol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (350 mL), cooled in an ice-EfeO bath and treated dropwise with a solution of 1.05 eq ethyl chloroformate (9.89 g, 91.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL), followed by the dropwise addition of a solution of 1.0 eq triethylamine (8.78 g) in dichloromethane (50 mL). The reaction was stirred at ~0°C for 15 minutes, then at room temperature for 10 minutes. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (250 mL) and washed successively with (150 mL each) H20,0.1 iVHCl (aq) (x2), saturated brine, then dried (Na2SO4) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 15.60 g ethyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)-piperidine-l-carboxylate as a viscous, pale bluish-green oil. Yield = 96%. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.15 (br m, 2H), 4.09 (q,J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (br t, J= 12.4 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (s, 1H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.23 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (m, 2H); tR = 1.56 min [10-99% CH3CN gradient over 5 mins with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+H)+ m/z for C9H17NO3 = 188.1; Found 188.0. [0208] A solution of 1.2 eq oxalyl chloride (12.69 g, 0.10 mol) in dichloromethane (150 mL) was cooled to approximately -78°C and treated dropwise, under nitrogen, with a solution of 2.4 eq anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (15.63 g, 0.20 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL). 15 minutes after the addition was complete, a solution of 1.0 eq ethyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)-piperidine-l- carboxylate (15.60 g, 83.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added dropwise. 30 minutes after the addition was complete, a solution of 3.0 eq triethylamine (25.30 g, 0.25 mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction wanned to room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate (500 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted once with dichloromethane (200 mL). The pooled organic layers were washed with H2O (3 x 100 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (1 x 100 mL) and saturated brine, then dried (TSfoSO4) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 13.84 g ethyl 4-formylpiperidine-l-carboxylate as a viscous amber oil. Yield = 90%. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.64 (s, 1H), 4.10 (q, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (br m, 2H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 1.87 (br m, 2H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H). Preparation E: Synthesis of ethyl 4-formyl-4-methylpiperidine-l-carboxylate [0209] Diisopropylamine (3.14 mL; 22.23 mmol; 1.1 eq.) was dissolved in THF (60 mL) and cooled to -78 °C. Butyl lithium (2.5 M in hexane; 8.89 mL; 22.23 mmol; 1.1 eq.) was then added and the solution was stirred for 30 minutes at -78 °C. Ethyl l-benzylpiperidine-4- carboxylate (5 g; 20.21 mmol; 1 eq.) was dissolved in THF (40 mL) and added to the LDA solution at -78 °C. The solution was stirred at -78 °C for 30 minutes and iodomethane (1.32 mL; 21.22 mmol; 1.05 eq.) was added. The solution was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Water (100 mL) was then added to the reaction followed by EtOAc (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the product (5.0 g, 94% yleld) as an oil. The product was analytically pure and used without further purification. LC/MS m/z (M+l) 262.0, Retention time 1.78 minutes; (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.24-7.14 (m, 5H), 4.08 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (s, 2H), 2.60-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (s, 3H). [0210] l-Benzyl-4-methylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (5.0 g; 19.15 mmol) was dissolved in Et20 (50 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. LiAlEU (1.0 g; 26.3 mmol) was slowly added portion-wise to the solution. After the addition was complete, the solution was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The solution was then cooled to 0 °C and slowly quenched with 1N NaOH (6 mL). The resultant white precipitates were filtered and washed with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the product (3.9 g, 90% yleld) as an oil which was used without further purification. LC/MS m/z M+l 220.0, retention time 0.64 minutes; (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). lR NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.25-7.16 (m, 5H), 3.46 (s, 2H), 3.30 (d, J= 3.9 Hz, 2H), 2.51-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.30-1.25 (m, 2H), 0.87 (s, 3H). [0211] (l-benzyl-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methanol (3.9 g; 17.8 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and NH4CO2H (12.5 g; 178.0 mmol) was added. Pd/C (10% by weight, wet; 5.5 g) was then added and the system was flushed with nitrogen and then with hydrogen. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight (18 h) and then filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent was removed under high vacuum to provide a solid that was a mixture of the amino alcohol and NH4CO2H. The crude product (2.4 g as a mixture with NH4COOH) was used in the next step without further purification. LC/MS m/z (M+l) 130.0, retention time 0.35 min; (10- 99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.17 (s, 2H), 3.03-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.95-2.88 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.31 (m, 2H), 0.89 (s, 3H). [0212] (4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methanol (2.4 g, a mixture of the amino alcohol and NH4CO2H) was suspended in DCM (70 mL). Et3N (5 mL; 37.2 mmol) was then added followed by the drop-wise addition of ethyl chloroformate (1.05 mL, 13 mmol, 1.4 eq.). After 1 hour at room temperature, 1N HCl (70 mL) was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (70 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under high vacuum. The product (1.7 g, 47% yleld over 2 steps) is obtained analytically pure as an oil and used without further purification. LC/MS m/z (M+l) 202.2, retention time 1.89 minutes; (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.05 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (dt, J= 13.6,4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (s, 2H), 3.11 (t,J=5.2Hz, 1H),3.11 (dd,J=23.9,3.5Hz, 1H), 1.44-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.26-1.22 (m,2H), 1.19 (t,J= 7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (s, 3H). [0213] To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added DCM (30 mL) and oxalyl chloride (0.88 mL; 10.13 mmol). The solution was cooled to -78 °C and treated with DMSO (1.19 mL; 16.88 mmol). The solution was stirred at -78 °C for 20 minutes and then treated with ethyl 4- (hydroxymethyl)-4-methylpiperidine-l-carboxylate (1.7 g; 8.44 mmol, dissolved in 10 mL of DCM). The solution was stirred for 30 minutes at-78 °C and then treated with Et3N (3.53 mL; 25.32 mmol). The solution was stirred at-78 °C for 20 min and then slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The solution was then treated with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (50 mL), diluted with DCM (50 mL), and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.6 g (95% yleld) of the product as an oil which was used without further purification. LC/MS m/z (M+l) 200.0, retention time 2.23 minutes; (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 9.40 (s, 1H), 4.06 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (dt, 7= 13.6,4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (dd, J= 10.1, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dd,J= 10.2,3.4 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (dt,J= 13.6,4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.42-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.19 (t,.J= 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 3H). [0214] Tropinone (10.0 g; 71.84 mmol) was dissolved in DCE (60 mL) and treated drop-wise with 1-chloroethyl chloroformate ACE-Cl (14.5 mL; 19.11 g; 133.7 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and was then diluted with Et20 (400 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude chloroethyl carbamate. This compound was taken in MeOH (200 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure (at 55°C) to provide the crude des-methyltropinone as the HCl salt (tan solid, 11.4 g, 98% yleld). The crude material was recrystallized from acetonitrile to furnish the pure product as a white crystalline solid (5 g, 43% yleld). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.79 (dd, 7= 15.0, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (m, 2H), 2.40 (d, J= 16.7 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J = 17.1, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 10.00 (br s, 2H) Des-methyl tropinone (5.10 g; 31.55 mmol) was dissolved in CH2CI2 (50 mL) and treated with benzyl chloroformate (4.29 mL; 5.11 g; 29.98 mmol) DIPEA (16.48 mL; 12.23 g; 94.66 mmol) was added drop-wise (exothermic reaction). The resulting clear solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 30 min and was subsequently diluted with 100 mL CH2CI2. The organic phase was washed with 1 N HCl (2 x 100 mL), dried on ISfoSO4 and concentrated to provide the crude product (7.2 g, 88% yleld). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 1.71 (dd, J= 15.0,7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (m, 2H), 2.38 (d, J= 15.9 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 7.38 (m, 5H). [0215] To a solution of compound JV-Boc Spiroindane la (60.0 g, 0.21 mol) in CH2Cl2 (1000 mL) was added H20 (500 mL), TBAB (6.9 g, 0.02 mol) and KOH (3.5 g, 0.06 mol) and followed by addition of KMn04 (70.0 g, 0.45 mol) in several portions. After stirring for two days at 35 °C, another quantity of KMnC>4 (70.0 g, 0.45 mol) was added and the mixture was continued to stir for 2 days. After Na2SC>3 (103.0 g, 1.0 mol) was added in portions at 5 °C, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE/EtOAc: 5/1) to yleld lb (30.0 g, 47.7%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) 5: 7.74-7.72 (m, 1 H), 7.66-7.64 (m, 1 H), 7.62-7.61 (m, 1 H), 7.49-7.38 (m, 1 H), 4.22-4.20 (m, 2 H), 2.89-2.82 (m, 2 H), 2.63 (s, 2 H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 2 H), 1.56-1.52 (m, 2 H), 1.49 (s, 9 H). MS (ESI) m/z (M+lO 246.0/202.1. [0216] Boc-protected starting material lb (400.0 mg; 1.33 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1.5 mL) and treated with TFA (1.5 mL). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h and was then quenched by adding H20 (5 mL) and Et20 (7 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was brought to a basic pH by addition of solid KOH. The resulting emulsion was extracted with Et20 (3 x lOmL). The combined organic extracts were dried on Na2SO4 and concentrated to yleld the desired product lc as a colorless oil that solidifies upon standing (220 mg, 82% yleld). LC/MS m/z 202.2 [M+H]+, retention time 0.72 min (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). [0217] Intermediate lc (40 mg; 0.2 mmol) was suspended in DCE (1 mL) and treated with (lR,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (31 mg; 0.26 mmol; 1.300eq.) in DCE (0.5 mL), followed by portion-wise addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (127 mg; 0.6 mmol) The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h and was then quenched with MeOH (1 mL) and allowed to stir for another 30 min. The crude reaction mixture was purified by HPLC (10-99% CH3CN gradient with 0.03% TFA, 15 min) to provide the purified compound no. 237. LC/MS m/z 308.2 [M+H]+, retention time 2.08 (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.47 (br s, 1H), 7.81-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.66 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 7.53-7.49 (m, 1H), 6.27 (dd, 7= 5.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (dd, J= 5.7,2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (t, J = 12.7 Hz, 3H), 3.11-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.74 (m, 4H), 2.29 (t, J= 13.0 Hz, 2H), 2.05-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.76 (d, J = 14.2 Hz, 2H), 1.39-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.29 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 0.71- 0.66 (m, 1H). [0218] 1.0 eq of the Boc-protected spiroindanone 2a (2.06 g, 6.84 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) and added drop-wise, under nitrogen, to an ice-cold (~0°C) suspension of 2.2 eq sodium hydride (600 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 15.0 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). A solution of 10.0 eq iodomethane (9.71 g, 68.4 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was then added drop-wise over 20 min. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and slowly treated with H2O (25 mL). The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL) and the pooled extracts washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate and saturated brine, then dried (Na2SO4) and filtered; The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 2.41 g crude product 2b as a viscous, pale yellow oil. Yield =-100%. !H- NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ 7.90 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (m, 2H), 7.49 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (m, 2H), 3.56 (br m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.64 (br m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.12 (s, 6H); tR = 3.50 min [10-99% CH3CN gradient over 5 min with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+H)+ m/z for C2oH27NO3 = 330.2; Found 330.2. [0219] The gem-dimethyl spiroindanone 2b (379 mg, 1.15 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (2.5 mL), cooled in an ice-H20 bath and treated slowly with trifiuoroacetic acid (2.5 mL). The reaction was stirred for 30 min at ~0 °C, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was dissolved in acetonitrile and re-concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude TFA salt was treated with 1.0 N NaOH (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 30 mL). The pooled extracts were washed with H20 and saturated brine, then dried (Na2SO4) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 210 mg of the crude free base 2c as a colorless semi-solid. Yield = 80%. tR = 1.52 min [10-99% CH3CN gradient over 5 min with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+H)+ m/z for Cl5H19NO = 230.2; Found 230.2 [0220] The crude free base 2c (53 mg, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous 1,2- dichloroethane (1.0 mL) and treated with AT-(carbethoxy)-4-tropinone (55 mg, 0.28 mmol), followed by titanium tetraisopropoxide (202 juL, 196 mg, 0.69 mmol). The vial was flushed with nitrogen and stirred at room temperature for 2.5 days. The reaction was diluted with methanol (1.0 mL), cooled in an ice-H20 bath and treated with sodium borohydride (17 mg, 0.46 mmol). The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred thereafter for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched with 1.0 iVNaOH (750 ixL), diluted with methanol (1.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 min. The suspension obtained was centrifuged (3Krpm, 10 min) and the supernatant concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was dissolved in DMSO:methanol (1.5 mL, 1:1 v/v), filtered, and purified by reverse-phase HPLC (2-40% CH3CN gradient over 10 min with 0.1% TFA (aq), 35 mL/min, 1.0 mL injected) to produce the compound no. 277 as a TFA salt. tR = 2.12 min [10-99% CH3CN gradient over 5 min with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+H)+ m/z for C25H34N2O3 = 411.3; Found 411.2. Example 3: 3a 312 [0221} The starting Spiroindane 3a (45 mg, 0.2 mmol) was suspended in DCE (1 mL) and treated with (lS,2S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (25 mg, 0.2 mmol) in DCE, followed by the addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (63 mg, 0.3 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h and was then quenched with MeOH (0.5 mL) and allowed to stir for another 30 min (until gas evolution stopped). The crude reaction mixture was filtered, then purified by HPLC (10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient) to yleld compound no. 312. LC/MS m/z 294.4 [M+H]+, retention time 2.33 min (RP-dg, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.33 (br s, 1H), 7.25-7.17 (m, 3H), 7.13 (d, J= 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.27-6.26 (m, 1H), 6.06-6.04 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.11-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.98-2.78 (m, 6H), 2.09-1.98 (m, 5H), 1.67 (d, 7= 13.9 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (t, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.29 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 0.70-0.66 (m, 1H). [0222] To a solution of 2-amino-4-chloro-phenol 4a (50 g, 0.35 mol) in HCl (2.5 mol, 500 mL) was added drop-wise a solution of sodium nitrite (25.25 g, 0.35 mol) in water (50 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 30 min. Then a cooled solution of KI (70 g, 0.42 mol) in H2O (100 mL) was slowly added at 0 °C. After addition, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and the separated aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL x 3). The combined organic fraction was washed with Na2S2C>3 (10%, 100 mL), water (100 mL x 2) and brine (200 mL), dried over Na2SO4and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column on silica gel to afford 4-chloro-2-iodo-phenol 4b as a yellow solid (46 g, yleld 51.7%). ]H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): 5 7.67 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.21 (dd, J= 2.4, 8.4, Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.33 (s, 1 H). [0223] To a solution of 4-chloro-2-iodo-phenol 4b (20.32 g, 0.08 mol), (1-benzyl- 1,2, 3, 6- tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-methanol (20.5 g, 0.08 mol) and triphenylphosphine (23.58 g, 0.09 mol) in dry THF (150 mL) was added DEAD (17.4 g, 0.09 mol) at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated to dryness and the residue was basified by Na2CC>3 solution (10% 100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with water (100 mL x 2) and brine (200 mL), dried over Na2SO4, concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column on silica gel to afford l-benzyl-4-(4- chloro-2-iodo- phenoxymethyl)-l, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydro-pyridine 4c (30 g, 86%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 5 7.73 (d, J - 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.22-7.38 (m, 6 H), 6.70 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.82 (s, 1 H), 4.43 (s, 2 H), 3.63 (s, 2 H), 3.05 (s, 2 H), 2.67 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.28 (s, 2 H). [0224] To a refluxing solution of l-benzyl-4-(4-chloro-2-iodo-phenoxymethyl)-l, 2,3,6- tetrahydro- pyridine 4c (26.7 g, 0.06 mol) and AIBN (0.05g, 0.003 mol) in dry benzene was added a solution of Bu3SnH (40 g, 0.137 mol) in benzene (100 mL) over lh under nitrogen atmosphere. After addition, the mixture was refluxed for 3 hr and additional AIBN (0.5g, 0.003 mol) and Bu3SnH (20 g, 0.68 mol) were added. After refluxing for 4 hr, the mixture was concentrated to dryness, and EtOAc (100 mL) and HCl (10%, 40 mL) were added. The precipitate was filtered and washed with petroleum ether to give 2, 3-dihydro-l '-benzyl-5- chlorospiro (benzofuran-3,4'-piperidine) as its HCl salt, which was basified by NaHCO3 solution to give 2,3-dmydro-F-benzyl-5-chlorospiro (benzofuran-3,4'-piperidine) 4d (13 g, 68%). [0225] To a solution of 2, 3-dihydro-r-benzyl-5-chlorospiro (benzofuran-3,4'-piperidine) 4d (13g, 0.04 mol) in CH2CI2 (130 mL) was added drop-wise 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (7.2 g, 0.05 mol). The mixture was stirred for 3 hr at room temperature and then concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in CH3OH (30 mL) and the solution was heated to reflux for 30 min. After removing of the solvent, ether was added. The resulted solid was filtered and washed with ether to the debenzylated product 4e as the HCl salt (5.5g, yleld 48%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4): 5 9.08 (br s, 1 H), 7.16-7.19 (m, 2 H), 6.82 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.50 (s, 2 H), 3.25-9.29 (m, 2 H), 2.98-2.92 (m, 2 H), 2.12-2.05 (m, 2 H), 1.83-1.8 (m, 2 H). [0226] The chloro-dihydrobenzofuran spiro amine 4e (3.18 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCE (15 mL) and treated with triethylamine (322 mg, 3.18 mmol), followed by (+)-2- norcamphor (421 mg, 3.82 mmol), acetic acid (382 mg, 6.36 mmol) andNaBH(0Ac)3 (1.35 g, 6.37 mmol). The reaction was stirred vigorously under nitrogen at room temperature for ~36 hours. The reaction was quenched with methanol (15 mL) and stirred vigorously for 10 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue obtained dissolved in a mixture of DMSO:CH30H (20 mL, 1:3 v/v). The solution was filtered and purified by reverse-phase HPLC (2-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA, 35 mL/min). The combined pure fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure until ~25 mL of solvent remained. The suspension was treated with 1 N NaOH (25 mL) and extracted with CH2CI2 (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with H2O, saturated brine, dried over NaaSO4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 522 mg pure free base (1.64 mmol) as a crystalline white solid. The free base was readily dissolved in anhydrous diethyl ether (10 mL) and treated with 1.0 eq 1 N ethereal HCl (1.7 mL). The thick, gelatinous suspension obtained was cooled in an ice/H20 bath for 1 hour, filtered, rinsed with Et20 (3x10 mL), and dried overnight under reduced pressure to yleld compound no. 1 as a fine white powder. ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.1 (br s, 1 H), 7.77 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 0.2 H), 7.21 (dd, J= 2.3 Hz, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 0.8 H), 6.85 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 0.8 H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 0.2H), 4.52 (s, 1.6 H), 4.45 (s, 0.4 H), 3.41 (m, 1.8 H), 3.24 (m, 0.8 H), 3.01 (br m, 1.6 H), 2.63 (br m, 2H), 2.44 (m, 0.9 H), 2.27 (br s, 1.1H), 1.86 (br m, 4H), 1.51 (br m, 3.3H), 1.39 (br m, 2.7H), 1.24 (br m, 0.7H); LC/MS m/z 318.0 [M+H]+, retention time 2.14 min (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA). [0227] The starling material 5a (54 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) was suspended in DCE (1 mL) and treated with (lR,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (31 mg, 0.26 mmol, 1.3 eq) in DCE (0.5 mL), followed by portion-wise addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (127 mg, 0.6 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 h and was then quenched with MeOH (2 mL) and allowed to stir for another hour (until gas evolution stopped). The reaction mixture was then diluted with H2O (5 mL) and extracted with EtzO (10 mL). The organic layer was treated with 1N HCl (5 mL) and formation of an insoluble precipitate was observed. The hiphasic emulsion was filtered, and the white precipitate was washed with BtiO (3 x 5mL) and hexanes (2x10 mL) and dried under vacuum to provide the pure HCl salt of compound no. 64 as white shiny platelets. LC/MS m/z 344.0 [M+H]+, retention time 2.56 min (RP-Ci8,10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.11 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J= 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.18 (q, J= 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (q, J= 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.05-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.97 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.45 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.72-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.26 (dd, .J= 33.4,7.3 Hz, 2H), 0.63 (d, .7=10.5 Hz, 1H). 10228] The fluoroindoline 6a (1.22g; 4.0 mmol) was suspended in DCE (10 mL) and cooled to - 30°C. A solution of (lR,2R54R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (635 mg; 5.2 mmol) in dry DCE (2 mL) was added, followed by portion-wise addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (1.18 g; 5.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred at -30 °C under nitrogen for 90 min then at room temperature until complete consumption of starting material was observed by LC/MS (30 h). The reaction was quenched with MeOH (10 mL) and allowed to stir vigorously for 30 min (until gas evolution stopped). The reaction was diluted with 1N HCl (80 mL) and Et20 (50 mL). Formation of a white precipitate can be observed as the HCl salt of the desired product is insoluble in both phases. The biphasic mixture was filtered, and the precipitate was washed with Et20 (2 x 20 mL) and hexanes (2 x 30 mL) and dried under high vacuum to provide the product 6b as the corresponding HCl salt (white powder, 1.41g, 78.5% yleld). [0229] The HCl salt 6b (1.4 g; 3.1 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and TFA (10 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL) and diluted with hexanes (40 mL) and Et20 (50 mL). The layers were separated, and the organic layer was extracted with H2O (2 x lOOmL). The combined aqueous layers were washed with Et20 (50 mL) then neutralized with solid KOH (under dry-ice bath cooling) until formation of an oily suspension was observed. The suspension was extracted with EtOAc (3 x lOOmL) and CH2CI2 (100 mL), and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to provide the crude product as a light brown oil. The amine was dissolved in 15 mL Et20 and treated with 2 N HCl in ether (1.5 mL, 3.0 mmol, 0.96 eq). After 20 min of stirring the resulting precipitate was vacuum filtered under a nitrogen atmosphere, washed with 50 mL Et20,30 mL Et20:CH3CN (5:1) and 40 mL hexanes and dried under high vacuum to provide the HCl salt of compound no. 147 as an off-white powder. LC/MS m/z 313.30 [M+H]+, retention time 1.73 min (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 0.83 (ddd, J= 5.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (m, 1H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 2.05 (d, J= 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (ddd, J = 6.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.23 (m, 2H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.86 (dd, J= 13.0,7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (s, 1H), 3.11 (m, 4H), 3.66 (m, 4H), 6.09 (d, J= 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (d, J= 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (m, 3H). [0230] Starting material 7a hydrochloride (2.17 g, 6.40 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous DCE (30 mL) and treated with triethylamine (648 mg, 6.40 mmol), followed by (-)-2- norcamphor (706 mg, 6.40 mmol), acetic acid (770 mg, 12.8 mmol) and NaBH(OAc)3 (2.72 g, 12.8 mmol). The reaction was stirred vigorously under nitrogen at room temperature for ~72 h (-77% conversion by LC/MS at 220 nm). The reaction was quenched with methanol (10 mL) and stirred vigorously for 10 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue obtained dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of DMSO:CH30H (30 mL). The mixture was centrifuged (3,000 rpm, 10 min) and the supernatant filtered and purified by reverse-phase HPLC (10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA, 50 mL/min). The combined pure fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2.25 g of the //-Boc intermediate 7b (isolated as the TFA salt) as an off-white solid (69% isolated yleld, Purity = 99+%). LC/MS (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min) m/z 397 .4 [M+H]+, retention time 2.70 min. [0231] The N-Boc intermediate 7b (2.25 g, 4.41 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (25 mL) and slowly treated with trifluoroacetic acid (15 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was slowly treated with 1 N NaOH (100 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 x 75 mL). The combined extracts were washed with H20, saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.147 g (3.87 mmol) free base as a yellow oil. The free base was dissolved in a minimal volume of anhydrous diethyl ether and treated with 0.95 eq 1N ethereal HCl. The suspension was cooled in an ice/H20 bath for 1 h, filtered, rinsed with Et20, and dried overnight under reduced pressure to yleld 1.213 g (57% yleld) of the desired product 7c as a fine, off-white to very pale yellow powder. LC/MS (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min) m/z 297.2 [M+H]+, retention time 1.72 min. [0232] The deprotected amine HCl salt 7c (33 mg, 0.10 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous CH3CN (1.0 mL) and treated with triethylamine (20 mg, 0.20 mmol), followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (14 mg, 0.12 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min, then quenched with DMSO:CH3OH (1.0 mL, 1:1 v/v) and centrifuged (4000 rpm, 7 min). The supernatant was filtered and purified hy reverse-phase HPLC (2-99% CH3CN, 50 mL/min, 2.0 mL injected) to yleld the desired compound no. 231 as the TFA salt. LC/MS (RP- Cis, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min) m/z 375.0 [M+H]+, retention time 2.08 min. [0233] Boc-protected fluoroindoline 8a (1.41 g; 4.11 mmol) and benzyl 4-oxotropane-N- carboxylate (1.07 g; 4.11 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture of DCE (5 mL) and DME (5 mL) and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. TEA (0.57 mL; 0.42 g; 4.11 mmol) was added, followed by Ti(OzPr)4 (1.21 mL; 1.17 g; 4.11 mmol) and the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 60 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 30 mL MeOH and cooled to -40°C to -50°C. NaBIL; (0.6 g; 13.45 mmol) was added portion-wise over 30 min and the reaction was allowed to stir at -40°C to -20°C until bubbling subsided (3 h), then warmed slowly to room temperature and was stirred for 2 h. The sticky suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite, and the filter cake was washed with MeOH (2 x 30mL) and Et20 (3 x 50mL). The filtrate was separated into the corresponding layers, and the aqueous layer was extracted with Et20 (2 x 50mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to provide the crude product as a white foam. This material was dissolved in Et20 (400 mL) and treated with 1 N aq. HCl (500 mL) and the mixture was vigorously stirred for 20 min. The resulting biphasic suspension was filtered, the precipitate was washed with HCl 1N (2 x 30mL), H20 (2 x 30mL) and Et20 (3 x 30mL) and dried. To remove the unreacted starting material by conversion to the corresponding ethyl carbamate, the crude HCl salt was suspended in acetonitrile (10 mL) and treated sequentially with ethyl chloroformate (1 mL) and triethylamine (2 mL). After 10 min, the mixture was diluted with Et20 (300 mL) and poured onto 1 N aq HCl (300 mL). The biphasic suspension was filtered, and the precipitate was washed with HCl 1N (2 x 30mL), H2O (2 x 30mL) and Et20 (3 x 30 mL) and dried to provide the desired product 8b hydrochloride salt. LC/MS m/z [M+Hf 550.4 retention time 2.93 min (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). [0234] Cbz-protected starting material 8b (1.140 g; 1.945 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (20 mL) and treated with 10% wet Pd/C (1.14 g) and NH4COOH (2.45 g; 38.9 mmol) The mixture was allowed to stir vigorously overnight under an empty balloon (for venting). LC/MS analysis shows complete conversion to the desired product. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the filter cake was rinsed with methanol (4 x 30 mL). The filtrate was concentrated to provide the crude product, which was taken up in a mixture of EtOAc (100 mL) and NaHCO3 sat (100 mL). The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x lOOmL), Et20 (100 mL), and CH2Cl2 (2 x lOOmL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SC4 and concentrated to provide the crude product 8c as a white foam (707 mg, 87% yleld). LC/MS m/z 416.4 [M+H]+, retention time 2.26 (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min) [0235] Compound 8c (250.0 mg; 0.60 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (15 mL) and treated sequentially with methoxyethyl chloroformate (138.4 uL; 166.1 mg; 1.203 mmol) and TEA (401.7 uL; 291.7 mg; 2.89 mmol). After 10 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL) and washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (30 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried on Na2SO4 and concentrated to provide the desired product 8d which was taken to the next step without further purification. LC/MS m/z 518.0 [M+H]+, retention time 2.43 min (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). [0236] Intermediate 8d was dissolved in a mixture of DCM (15 mL) and TFA (20 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, dissolved in water (20 mL) and the pH was adjusted to basic by portion-wise addition of solid KOH. The resulting suspension was extracted with DCM (3 x 30mL) and Et20 (30 mL) and the organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4, and then concentrated to provide the free base of the desired product. The material was dissolved in Et20 (20 mL) and treated with excess 1N HCl in ether (2 mL). The resulting suspension was filtered under nitrogen and the filtrate was washed with Et20 (3 x 10 mL) and dried under vacuum to provide the desired product 8e as an off white solid (232 mg, 85% yleld over 2 steps). LC/MS m/z 418.2 rM+H]+, retention time 1.16 min (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). [0237] Intermediate 8e (230.0 mg; 0.51 mmol) was suspended in DCM (15 mL) and treated sequentially with dimethyl carbamoyl chloride (931.3 uL; 1089.7 mg; 10.13 mmol) and TEA (704.8 uL; 511.70 mg; 5.07 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature, and then the mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL) and washed with saturated NaHCCh solution (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (30 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to provide the free base of the desired product. This material was dissolved in Et20 (20 mL) and treated with excess 1N HO in ether (3 mL). The resulting suspension was filtered under nitrogen and the filtrate was washed with Et20 (3 x lOmL) and dried under vacuum to provide the desired compound no. 119 as an off-white solid. LC/MS m/z 489.4 [M+H]+, retention time 2.20 min (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). lH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d5) δ 1.66 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (s, 4H), 1.86 (s, 2H), 1.92 (s, 2H), 2.07 (s, 2H), 2.22 (t, J= 12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 3.05 (q, J= 11.1 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 3.53 (m, 4H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 4.15 (d, J= 4.4 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 6.90 (dd,7= 8.3,2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (m, 2H), 10.41 (s, 1H). [0238] Example 9: Bromo-spiroindoline 9a (1.5g, 4.08 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) and cooled to 0 °°C. To the rapidly stirring solution was added acetyl chloride (0.481g, 6.13 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.853 mL, 6.13 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford desired product 9b as viscous pale yellow oil and carried to the next step without further purification. LC/MS (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min) m/z 411.0 [M+H]+, retention time 3.39 min. [0239] The intermediate 9b was dissolved in 10 mL of dichloromethane and treated with trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was re-dissolved in acetonitrile, re- concentrated under reduced pressure, treated with 2 N NaOH (25 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated NaHCOa, saturated brine, dried over Na2SO4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude free base 9c as a pale yellow oil. LC/MS (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min) m/z 309.7 [M+H]+, retention time 2.07 min. [0240] Intermediate 9c (1.260g, 4.08 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) and treated with 2 eq of l-carbethoxy-4-piperidone (1.393 g, 8.16 mmol), followed by glacial acetic acid (0.490 g, 8.16 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.721g, 8.16 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 48 h. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL), quenched with 1.0 JVNaOH (20 mL) and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 30 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The pooled organic layers were washed with H2O (20 mL), brine (20 mL), then dried over Na2SC"4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.8 g crude product 9d as pale yellow oil (~95% yleld). An analytical sample was subjected to reverse-phase HPLC purification (2-50% CH3CN gradient over 13 min with 0.1% TFA (aq), 35 mL/min, 1.0 mL injected). The remainder of the material was taken to the next step without purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.94 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (m, 4H), 4.06 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.54-3.46 (m, 3H), 3.16 (q, 7= 11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (bs, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.07 (m, 4H), 1.93 (d, J= 15.6 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (RP-Ci8,10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min) m/z 467.2 [M+H]+, retention time 1.97 min. [0241] Product 9d (46.4 mg, 0.1 mmol) was mixed with 4-methylphenyl boronic acid (14 mg, 0.1 mmol) in 1 mL of CH3CN and 1 mL of 2 M aq. Na2CO3. The microwave tube was purged with N2 and 7 mg (10 mol%) of PdCtydppf) was added and tube was again purged with N2, then sealed and microwaved for 20 min at 150 °C. After reaction was complete, organic layer was separated, filtered trough silica gel plug, concentrated and was subjected to reverse-phase HPLC purification (RP-Ci8,2-50% CH3CN/0.1% aq. TFA gradient over 13 min, 35 mL/min) to yleld compound no. 58. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J= 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J= 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 4.06 (q,J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (m, 3H), 3.19 (q, J= 11.1 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (bs, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.29-2.23 (m, 5H), 2.09 (d, J= 12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (d, J= 13.9 Hz, 2H), 1.67-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (RP-Cig, 10-99% CH3CN/0.05% TFA gradient over 5 min): m/z 476.2 [M+H]+, retention time 2.36 min. [0242] 1.0 eq of the amine hydrochloride 10a (416 mg, 1.46 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous l,2-dichloroethane:l,2-dimethoxyethane (6.0 mL, 1:1 v/v) and treated with 1.0 eq triethylamine (148 mg), followed by 1.5 eq tert-butyl 4-oxoazepane-l-carboxylate (467 mg, 2.19 mmol) and 3.0 eq titanium tetraisopropoxide (1.3 mL, 1.26 g, 4.4 mmol). The reaction vial was flushed with nitrogen and stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction was diluted with methanol (6.0 mL), cooled in an ice-HjO bath and treated with sodium borohydride (110 mg, 2.92 mmol). The reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred thereafter for 90 min. The reaction was men further diluted with methanol (10 mL), quenched with 1.0 ATNaOH (5.0 mL) and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 10 min. The suspension obtained was centrifuged (3K rpm, 10 min) and the supernatant concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was dissolved in dichloromethane (75 mL) and washed successively with H2O, saturated sodium bicarbonate, and saturated brine, then dried over ISfoSO4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 704 mg crude product 10b as a viscous, pale yellow oil. The crude product was used in the next step without further purification. ^ = 2.14 min [10- 99% CH3CN gradient over 5 mins with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+H)+ m/z for C25H36FN3O3 = 446.3; Found 446.4. [0243] The Boc-protected amine 10b (573 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL), cooled in an ice-H20 bath and treated slowly with ice-cold trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at ~0°C for 1 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil obtained was dissolved in acetonitrile and re-concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude TFA salt was dissolved in methanol (6.0 mL) and purified by reverse-phase HPLC (2-25% CH3CN/ 0.1% TFA gradient over 10 min, 6 x 1.0 mL injected, 35 mL/min). The combined pure fractions were concentrated in vacuo to afford 291 mg amine 10c as the di-TFA salt, as a viscous, colorless oil. Yield (over 2 steps) = 35%. ^-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4) δ 9.83 (br s, 1H), 8.74 (br s, 2H), 8.06 (dd, J= 8.8 Hz, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (br m, 1H), 6.97 (br m, 1H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 3.59 (br s, 1H), 3.13 (br m, 6H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.13 (m, 5H), 1.89 (m, 5H), 1.71 (m, 1H); tR = 1.06 min [10-99% CH3CN gradient over 5 min with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+H)+ m/z for C20H28FN3O = 346.2; Found 346.0. [0244] Deprotected amine 10c (46 mg, 0.080 mmol, di-TFA salt) was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (750 \xL) and treated with 3.0 eq triethylamine (24 mg, 0.24 mmol). The mixture was then treated with ethyl chloroformate (9 pL, 10 mg, 0.096 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with methanol (500 jµL) and purified by reverse-phase HPLC to provide compound no. 308 (2-40% CH3CN/0.1% TFA gradient over 10 min, 1.0 mL injected, 35 mL/min). tn = 1.90 min [10-99% CH3CN gradient over 5 min with 0.1% TFA (aq)]; Theoretical (M+B)+m/z for C23H32FN303 = 418.2; Found 418.4. [0245] Spiroindoline 11a (300.0 mg; 1.21 mmol) and 4-oxocyclohexane spirodioxolane (283.1 mg; 1.81 mmol) were dissolved in DCE (5 mL). After 10 min, NaBH(OAc)3 (512.1 mg; 2.42 mmol) was added, followed by AcOH (69.7 uL; 72.5 mg; 1.208 mmol) and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 75 h. The reaction was quenched by adding MeOH (10 mL) and was allowed to stir for 24 h. The resulting suspension was diluted with DCM (30 mL) and NaOH 1 N (5mL) was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 x 30mL). The combined organic extracts were dried on Na2SO4 and concentrated. The white solid residue was suspended in ether, the ethereal suspension was filtered and the precipitate was washed with ether (3 x 20mL) and dried to provide the acetate salt of the desired product lib (400 mg, 74% yleld). The material was used for the next step without further purification. LC/MS m/z 389.2 [M+H]+, retention time 1.73 min (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.49 (m, 4H), 1.60 (d, J= 13.0 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 4H), 1.81 (td, J= 13.4,2.5 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.28 (t, J = 11.5 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.80 (d, J= 11.5 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (t, J= 2.3 Hz, 4H), 3.95 (s, 2H), 6.97 (td, J= 8.3,1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd,J= 8.8,2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (dd, .J= 8.8, 5.0 Hz,lH) [0246] The ketal lib (350.0 mg; 0.82 mmol) was dissolved in 80% aq. acetic acid (20 mL) and the solution was refluxed overnight. LC/MS analysis shows complete deprotection of the ketal, along with some deacetylation of the indoline nitrogen. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL), cooled on an ice bath and neutralized by addition of solid KOH. The resulting suspension was filtered and the precipitate was washed with water (3 x lOmL) and dried to provide the crude product as a tan powder. This material was dissolved in DCM (10 mL) and treated with excess AcCl (1 mL) and triethylamine (1 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 3 h, the mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL) and washed with saturated NaHCO3. The organic layer was dried on Na2SO4 and concentrated to provide the product lie as a yellow oil (253 mg, 89% yleld), which was used for the next step without further purification. LC/MS m/z 345.0 [M+H]+, retention time 1.43 min (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.68 (d, J= 13.3 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 2.07 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.29 (m, 6H), 2.45 (m, 2H), 2.78 (t, J= 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (d, J= 11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 2H) 6.88 (m, 2H), 8.16 (dd, J= 8.5,4.8 Hz, 1H). [0247] The crude ketone lie (100.0 mg; 0.29 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (1 mL) and treated with O-ethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (21.3 mg; 0.35 mmol). The vial was sealed and heated to 60 °C for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in DMSO (2 mL) and the product oxime compound no. 86 purified by reverse phase HPLC (2-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 15 min. run). LC/MS m/z 388.4 [M+H]+, retention time 1.87 min (10-99% CH3CN-H20 gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min); 1H NMR (free base, 400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 1.25 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.71 (d, J= 13.1 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (m, 5H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.30 (td, J= 11.9, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (d,J= 14.3 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (t, J= 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (d, J= 11.8 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (d, 7= 14.7 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 4.07 (q, J= 7.0 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 8.16 (dd, J= 8.5,4.8 Hz, 1H). [0248] The N-Boc protected indanone 12a (6.5 g, 21.6 mmol), (S)-l-phenylethanamine (2.875 g, 23.72 mmol, 1.1 eq), and anhydrous ZnCl2 (88 mg, 0.647 mmol, 0.03 eq) were brought up in 35 mL dry toluene in a 100-mL flask under N2 atmosphere. The flask was fitted with a Dean- Stark trap and reflux condenser for the removal of water. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), and washed with 0.1 N NaOH (2 x 30 mL), 20% saturated NH4Cl (1 x 100 mL), and brine (1 x 100 mL). The organic layer was then dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and dried down to afford imine (S)-12b as a light orange solid. LC/MS analysis of the crude product indicated complete conversion to the desired product. LCMS (10-99%) m/z 405.2 [M+H]+, retention time 2.76 min. [0249] The crude imine (S)-12b (21.6 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (30 mL) and cooled to -40 °C under N2 atmosphere. NaBfL; (816 mg, 21.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to -20 °C over 2 h, then warmed to -5 °C for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), then washed with 50% saturated NaHCO3 (100 mL), water (2 x 100 mL), and brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and dried down to yleld (S, S)-12c as a colorless oil. The oil was brought up in anhydrous diethyl ether, and 1 eq of ethereal HCl was added to precipitate the product as a fine white solid. The solid was filtered, washed with etiier (100 mL), and dried under vacuum to obtain 7.2 of (S, S)-12c HCl salt as a white powder (75% yleld). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.08 (m, 1H), 9.49 (m, 1H), 8.01 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.47 (m, 6H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 3.94 (m, 2H), 2.87 (bs, 2H), 2.62 (dd, J= 13.5, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (dd, J= 13.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (dt, J= 12.9,4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.58 (d, J= 12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s + obscured m, 11H); LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 407.4 [M+H]+, retention time 2.70 min. [0250] (S, S)-12c (3.0 g, 6.8 mmol), ammonium formate (8.5 g, 135.4 mmol, 20 eq), and 800 mg 10% Pd/C (wet, 50% by weight) were brought up in MeOH (30 mL) in a 100-mL flask fixed with a N2 balloon. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 28 h. The reaction mixture filtered through packed Celite and concentrated in vacuo to ~10 mL. The concentrate was diluted with 50% saturated NaHCO3 (200 mL), and the product extracted into EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo to obtain (S)-12d as a colorless oil (2.0 g, 98% yleld). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.21 (m, 3H), 4.23 (t, J= 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (m, 2H), 2.90 (br s, 2H), 2.57 (dd, J= 12.7,7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.00 (bs, 2H), 1.92 (dt, J= 12.9,4.5 Hz 1H), 1.42 (s + obscured m, 13H); LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 303.2 [M+H]+, 286.2 [m/z ~ NH3]+, retention time 2.31 min. [0251] (S)-12d (300 mg, 0.99 mmol) was dissolved in 1.5 mL anhydrous CH3CN and cooled to 0 °C, followed by ethyl chloroformate (118 mg, 1.09 mmol, 1.1 eq) and triethylamine (200 µL). White precipitate formed upon addition of the triethylamine. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and washed with 50% saturated NaHCO3 (20 mL), water (20 mL), and brine (20 mL). The solution was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and dried in vacuo to obtain product (S)-12e as a light yellow oil (>90% pure). LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 375.2 [M+H]+, retention time 3.43 min. [0252] The crude (S)-12e was dissolved 5 mL CH2Cl2 and cooled to 0 °C, followed by the addition of 5 mL TFA. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, diluted with CH3CN (20 mL), and dried in vacuo to obtain the (S)-12f TFA salt. The oil was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (30 mL), washed with 0.1 N NaOH (2 x 10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and dried in vacuo to obtain the product (S)-12f as a light yellow oil (269 mg, 98% yleld over 2 steps). LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 275.2 [M+H]+, retention time 1.42 min. [0253] (S)-12f (269 mg, 0.98 mmol) was dissolved in cold DCE (1.5 mL) and treated with (lS,2S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (119 mg, 0.98 mmol, 1.0 eq), followed by portion-wise addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (300 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 eq). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h and was then quenched with MeOH (1 mL) and allowed to stir for another 30 min (until gas evolution stopped). The crude reaction mixture was purified by HPLC (10-99 CH3CN gradient, 0.05% TFA) to provide the desired product (S)-12g as the TFA salt. LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 381.2 [M+H]+, retention time 2.28 min. [0254] The combined HPLC fractions (-10 mL) were treated with 10% Pd/C (50 mg, wet, 50% by weight) under H2 atmosphere with to cleanly provide (S)-12g after 2 h of rapid stirring at room temperature. The solution was filtered through a 0.2 micron nylon filter and concentrated to provide 114 mg of compound no. 274 TFA salt (23% over 2 steps). LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 383.2 [M+H]+, retention time 2.28 min; 'H-NMR (HCl salt, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.39 (br s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (m, 4H), 5.11 (m, 1H), 4.06 (q, J= 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.09 (m, 4H), 2.64 (m, 2H), 2.33 (br s, 2H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.67 (m, 3H), 1.48 (m, 2H), 1.34 (m, 3H), 1.20 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 1H). [0255] Spiroindane (R)- compound no. 274 was produced utilizing an analogous synthetic route with the substitution of (R)-l-phenylethanamine for (S)-l-phenylethanamine in the synthesis of intermediate imine 12b (step 1). [02S6] To a flask containing (S, S)-13a (See Example 12.1.5 g, 3.39 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.87 g, 13.54 mmol, 4 eq) was added 2 mL anhydrous DMF followed by 8 mL anhydrous THF. The mixture was treated with Mel (2.40 g, 16.93 mmol, 5 eq) and heated to 45 °C for 6 h, followed by stirring at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and washed with 20% saturated NH4Cl (50 mL), 50% saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL), brine (50 mL). The solution was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and dried in vacuo to yleld a reddish oil. The oil was dissolved in diethyl ether and filtered to remove insoluble material, followed by treatment with 1 eq of ethereal HCl. The resulting solution was dried down in vacuo to yleld crude (S)-13b as a light orange solid. LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 421.0 [M+H]+, retention time 2.77 min. [0257] Crude (S)-13b was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) and cooled to -10 °C, followed by the addition of 10 mL TFA. The reaction mixture was stirred at -10 °C for 1 h, diluted with CH3CN (20 mL), and dried in vacuo to obtain the (S)-13c TFA salt. The oil was dissolved in CH2CI2 (30 mL), washed with 50% saturated NaHCO3 (2x10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and dried in vacuo to obtain the product (S)-13c as a colorless oil (673 mg, 67% yleld over 2 steps). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.46 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.25 (m, 5H), 4.66 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (q, J= 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (app t, J= 12.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (dt, J= 12.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (dt, J= 12.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (q, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (dt, J= 13.3,4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (s, 3H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.52 (dt, J= 12.7,4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (app t, J= 12.9 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 321.2 [M+H]+, retention time 1.60 min. [0258] (S)-13c (650 mg, 2.03 mmol) and (lS,2S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbaldehyde (262 mg, 2.15 mmol) were dissolved in DCE (13 mL) and the mixture cooled to -30 °C, followed by portion-wise addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (646 mg, 3.05 mmol). The reaction was stirred at -30 °C for 2 h and was the allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (5 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (200 mL). The crude reaction was washed with 50% saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL), water (50 mL), and brine (50 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and dried in vacuo to yleld the product (S)- 13d as a colorless oil (802 mg, 93% yleld). [0259] (S)-13d (800 mg, 6.8 mmol), ammonium formate (2.36 g, 37.5 mmol), and 800 mg 10% Pd/C (wet, 50% by weight) were brought up in MeOH (8 mL) in a 25-mL flask fixed with a N2 balloon. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. 1.18 g of ammonium formate were added and the mixture stirred for an additional 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through packed Celite, diluted with 50% saturated NaHCO3 (200 mL), and the product (S)-13e extracted into EtOAc (5 x 75 mL). The combined extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo to obtain (S)-13e as a colorless oil (493 mg, 81% yleld). LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 325.4 [M+H]+, retention time 1.52 min. [0260] (S)-13e (123 mg, 0.38 mmol) was dissolved in 1.5 mL anhydrous CH3CN and cooled to 0 °C, followed by the additional of acetyl chloride (33 mg, 0.42 mmol) and triethylamine (200 µL). White precipitate formed upon addition of the triethylamine. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred for 1 h. The crude reaction mixture was purified by HPLC (10-99 CH3CN gradient, 0.05% TFA) to provide the desired compound no. 190 as the TFA salt (65 mg, 47% yleld). LC/MS (10-99%) m/z 367.2 [M+H]+, retention time 1.99 min. [0261] Spiroindane (R) form of compound no. 190 was produced utilizing an analogous synthetic route with the substitution of (R)-l-phenylethanamine for (S)-l-phenylethanamine in the synthesis of intermediate 13a (See Example 12). [0262] Intermediate 14a (49 mg; 0.2 mmol) and 4-formyl-4-methylpiperidine-l-carboxylate (40 mg; 0.2 mmol) were dissolved in DCE (2 mL) and NaBH(OAc)3 (85 mg; 0.4 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and 1N HCl (20 mL), the layers were separated, and the organic layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was washed with DCM (10 mL) and then was basified with NaOH. The aqueous layer was then washed with EtOAc (3 x 20 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under high vacuum. The crude product compound no. 314 was purified using reversed-phase chromatography (2-99% CH3CN/H2O gradient with 0.05% TFA). LC/MS m/z [M+H]+428.2, retention time 1.85 min (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min); 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.50 (br s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (m, 4H), 5.35 (m, 1H), 4.04 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (m, 2H), 3.53 (m, 2H), 3.31 (m, 2H), 3.18 (m, 5H), 2.69 (m, 1H), 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.66 (m, 3H), 1.50 (m, 4H), 1.19 (overlapping q and s, 6H). [0263] The mixture of JV-Boc protected spiroindanone 15a (20 g, 66.4 mmol) and MeOH/HCl (2.5 mol/L, 100 mL) were stirred overnight. After evaporation the residue was washed by petroleum ether to gave the corresponding amine hydrochloride 15b (15.4 g, 97.6%). [0264] To a solution of compound 15b (5.0 g, 24.84 mmol) and Et3N (7.54 g, 74.53 mol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) was added drop-wise Cbz-Cl (4.66 g, 27.33 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The precipitate was filtered, washed with Et20 and dried to furnish compound 15c (6.1 g, yleld 99%). [0265] A solution of compound 15c (3 g, 10.3 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) containing NH2OH.HCl (1.43 g, 20.6 mmol) and NaOAc (1.52 g, 18.53 mmol) was heated under reflux for 1.5 h. The solvent was removed by evaporation and the residue was partitioned between CH2CI2 and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to give compound 15d (3.14 g, yleld 99%), which could be used directly in the next step. [0266] 2,4,6-trichloro-[l,3,5]-triazine (1.32 g, 7.16 mmol) was added to DMF (9.6 mL) maintained at 25 °C. The reaction was monitored by TLC until TCT was consumed. Then compound 15d (1.6 g, 4.77 mmol) in DMF (17 mL) was added. After the addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with sat. Na2CC>3, followed by 1N HCl and brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep HPLC to obtain compound 15e (260 mg, yleld 16%). [0267] The mixture of compound 15e (1.2 g, 3.4 mmol) and Pd/C (200 mg) in MeOH (20 mL) was hydrogenated under atmosphere pressure at room temperature for 3 h. The catalyst was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC twice to give 15f (110 mg, 11 %) as a TFA salt. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.65 (d, .7=7.5 Hz,l H), 7.29-7.45 (m, 3 H), 3.45 (d, J= 12.3 Hz, 2 H), 3.20 (t, J= 12.3 Hz, 2 H), 2.96 (s, 2 H), 2.10-2.21 (m, 2 H), 1.70 (d, J= 14.1 Hz, 2 H). MS (ESI) m/z 217.06 [M+H]+. [0268] Amine 15f (22 mg, 0.1 mmol) and ethyl 4-formylpiperidine-l-carboxylate (28 mg, 0.15 mmol) were dissolved in DCE (1 mL) and NaBH(OAc)3 (42 mg; 0.2 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction was diluted methanol (0.5 mL), filtered, and compound no. 34 was purified using reversed-phase chromatography (10-99% CH3CN/H2O gradient with 0.05% TFA). LC/MS m/z 386.2 [M+H]+, retention time 2.05 min (10-99% CH3CN-H2O gradient with 0.03% TFA, 5 min); >H NMR (free base, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.71 (d, J= 3.9 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.41 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.96 (m, 4H), 2.86-2.67 (m, 4H), 2.56 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 2H), 2.01 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 4H), 1.73 (d, J= 11.1 Hz, 4H), 1.45 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.03-0.96 (m, 2H). [0269] A stirred mixture of sodium hydride (60%, 31g, 0.79 mol) in dry xylene (500 mL), under a nitrogen atmosphere, was heated to reflux for 30 rain. l,3-Dihydro-indol-2-one 16a (100 g, 0.75 mol) was then slowly added via an addition funnel and stirred at reflux for 1.5 hrs. Dimethyl sulfate (104 g, 0.83 mol) was added drop-wise, whereupon the resulting homogeneous solution was refluxed for an additional 2 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was washed with water, dried over NaaSO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford l-methyl-l,3-dihydro-indol-2-one 16b (74 g, 67.3%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.23-7.31 (m, 2 H), 7.04 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.82 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.52 (s, 2 H), 3.21 (s, 3 H). [0270] A suspension of NaH (60%, 70 g, 0.48 mol) in THF (300 mL) was stirred for 10 min at 0 °C. Then a solution of l-methyl-l,3-dihydro-indol-2-one 16b (70 g, 2.88 mol) in THF (200 mL) was added at 0 °C, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Benzyl-bis-(2- chloro-ethyl)-amine (129 g, 0.48 mol) was added in portions at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, and then was poured into ice-water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over NaaSO^ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column on silica gel (P.E./E.A. 2:1) to give compound 16c (24 g, 16.3%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.25-7.42 (m, 7 H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 1 H), 6.83 (d, J= 7.5, 1 H), 3.68 (s, 2 H), 3.19 (s, 3 H), 2.74-2.99 (m, 2 H), 2.66-2.72 (m, 2 H), 1.93-2.01 (m, 2 H), 1.79-1.85 (m, 2 H). [0271] To a solution of compound 16c (12 g, 39.2 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added Pd(OH)2/C (1.5 g, 20%) under N2. The suspension was hydrogenated under H2 (50 psi) at room temperature for 4.5 hrs. The catalyst was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the deprotected spiroindolone product 16d (8 g, 94.5%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 7.46 (d, J= 7.2,1 H), 7.23-7.27 (m, 1 H), 6.96-7.03 (m, 2 H), 3.04-3.14 (m, 5 H), 2.83-2.89 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.67 (m, 2 H), 1.45-1.51 (m, 2H). MS (ESI) m/z2l7.1 [M+H]+ [0272] 1.0 eq of deprotected spiroindolone 16d (22 mg, 0.10 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous l,2-dichloroethane:l,2-dimethoxyethane (1.0 mL, 1:1 v/v) and treated with 1.5 iV-Carbethoxy^- tropinone (30 mg, 0.15 mmol), followed by titanium tetraisopropoxide (88 (JIL, 85 mg, 0.30 mmol). The vial was flushed with nitrogen and stirred at room temperature -70 h. The reaction was then diluted with methanol (1.0 mL), cooled in an ice-EfeO bath and treated with sodium borohydride (8 mg, 0.20 mmol). After warming to room temperature and stirring for 90 min, the reaction was further diluted with methanol (2.0 mL), quenched with 1.0 N NaOH (500 fiL) and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 10 min. The suspension obtained was centrifuged (3K rpm, 10 min) and the supernatant concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was dissolved in MeOH:acetonitrile (1250 j«L, 1:1 v/v), filtered, and purified by reverse-phase HPLC (2-40% CH3CN/0.1% TFA gradient over 10 min) to yleld product compound no. 149. LC/MS (10-99%) m/z [M+H]+ 398.2, retention time 1.93 min. Example 17: Compound no. 364 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.27 (t, J - 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (d, J= 11.5 Hz, 2H), 1.67 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.97 (m, 6H), 2.29 (t, J= 11.5 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (m, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J= 13.7, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (q, 7= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (d, J= 24.4 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (m, 4H). Example 18: Compound no. 413 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (free base, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.20-7.10 (m, 4H), 4.02 (q, 7= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.99- 3.96 (m, 2H), 2.84 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.81-2.77 (m, 4H), 2.16 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (t, J = 12.2 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (t, J= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.70 (m, 3H), 1.43 (d, J= 12.5 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02-0.93 (m, 2H). Example 19: Compound no. 375 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.18 (s, 1H), 6.99 (dt, J = 12.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (dd, 7= 8.7, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (q, J= 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (q, J= 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 3.51 (t, J= 13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.04-2.96 (m, 3H), 2.91-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.88 (d, J= 14.2 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (dd, J= 33.8, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 0.69 (d,J= 11.4 Hz, 1H). Example 20: Compound no. 181 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. XH-NMR (400 MHz, DMSCw/6) δ 10.03 (br s, 1H), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 3.41 (m, 2H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 2.63 (m, 2H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 4H), 1.51 (m, 3H), 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.24 (m, 1H). Example 21: Compound no. 23 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-Je) δ 10.27 (br s, 1H), 8.53 (br s, 1H), 6.93 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.72 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 3.40 (m, 3H), 3.04 (m, 2H), 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.57 (br s, 1H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 3H), 1.39 (m,3H). Example 22: Compound no. 367 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): 8 7.08 (m, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 4.28 (br s, 2H), 4.09 (q, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.62 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 3H), 1.95-2.02 (m, 6H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 2H), 1.25 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 3H). Example 23: Compound no. 370 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4) δ 10.65 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J= 8.9,4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (td, J= 9.0,2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J= 8.3,2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (br s, 2H), 4.08 (m, 4H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.55 (br s, 2H), 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.07 (m, 2H), 1.86 (m, 6H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.22 (t, .7=7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 24: Compound no. 422 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4D 5 10.61 (br s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 3.96 (m, 3H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.11 (m, 2H), 3.00 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (br s, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.11 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H). Example 25: Compound no. 92 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.97 (br s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d,7= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 4.06 (m, 4H), 3.45 (m, 3H), 3.12 (m, 2H), 2.83 (br s, 2H), 2.43 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 26: Compound no. 412 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.06 (s, 1H), 8.05 (q, J= 4.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dt, J= 12.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J= 8.3,2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.09 (m, 4H), 4.05 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.50-3.39 (m, 3H), 3.13 (q, 7= 11.4 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (bs, 2H), 2.46 (t, 7= 13.5 Hz, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.16 (d, 7= 11.6 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (d,7= 13.8 Hz, 2H), 1.67-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, 7= 7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 27: Compound no. 361 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. XH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.22 (t, 7 = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.66 (d, 7 = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (m, 6H), 2.05 (s, 2H), 2.21 (t, 7 = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 3.52 (d, 7 = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 4.08 (q, 7 = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 6.90 (dd, 7= 8.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (m, 2H), 10.38 (br s, 1H). Example 28: Compound no. 39 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.25 (t, 7= 7.1 Hz, 3H),, 1.66 (qd, 7 = 12.3, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (s, 2H), 2.10 (d, 7= 11.8 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (td, 7 = 14.2, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (t, 7= 15.9 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.08 (q, 7 = 11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (dd, 7= 13.4, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, 7 = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s,2H), 4.11 (q, .7=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, 7= 12.1 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (m, 3H). Example 29: Compound no. 91 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 0.96 (t, 7= 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.66 (m, 4H), 1.98 (s, 2H), 2.10 (d, 7= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (dt, 7= 19.9, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (br s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.08 (q, 7= 11.2 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (t, 7= 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, 7 = 11.9 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.02 (t, 7= 6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (d, 7= 12.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (m, 3H). Example 30: Compound no. 54 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.24 (d, 7= 6.2 Hz, 6H), 1.65 (dq, 7= 12.3, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.09 (d, 7= 11.9 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (td, 7= 14.2, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (t, 7= 11.4 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 3.09 (q,7= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (m, 1H), 3.52 (d,J= 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.26 (d,J= 12.8 Hz, 2H),, 4.86 (heptet, J= 6.2 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (m, 3H). Example 31: Compound no. 208 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.67 (dq, 7= 12.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (m, 4H), 2.27 (t, 7= 14.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (br s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.09 (q, J= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (t, J= 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, J= 12.0 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (m, 6H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.25 (d, 7= 11.2 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 6.96 (m, 3H). Example 32: Compound no. 120 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.67 (dq, 7 = 12.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (m, 4H), 2.27 (t, 7 = 14.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (br s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.09 (q, 7= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (t, 7 = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, 7= 12.0 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (m, 6H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.25 (d, 7= 11.2 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 6.96 (m, 3H). Example 33: Compound no. 48 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) S 1.69 (dq, 7 - 12.3, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.12 (d, 7= 11.5 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (t, 7 = 14.1 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (brs, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.09 (q, 7 = 11.3 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, 7= 11.9 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, 7= 12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.27 (m, 3H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.56 (t, 7 = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, 7= 3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (m, 3H). Example 34: Compound no. 352 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.68 (qd, 7= 12.3, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (t, 7= 2.3 Hz, 3H), 1.98 (s, 2H), 2.12 (d, 7= 12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (td, 7= 14.1, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (br s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.08 (q, 7= 11.0 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (t, 7= 12.1 Hz, 1H),, 3.51 (d, 7= 11.8 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.25 (br s, 2H), 4.65 (d, 7= 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (m, 3H). Example 35: Compound no. 127 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.68 (qd, 7= 12.3, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.11 (d, 7= 12.3 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (m, 2H), 2.55 (td, 7= 6.6, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (br s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.08 (q, 7 = 11.1 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (t, 7= 11.9 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (d, 7= 12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 4.15 (t, 7= 6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, 7= 13.2 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (m, 3H). Example 36: Compound no. 264 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.67 (qd, 7= 12.3, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.11 (d, 7= 10.6 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (t, 7= 14.1 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (br s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.08 (q, 7= 10.9 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.40 (t, 7= 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, 7= 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (t, 7= 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 4.18 (dd, 7= 5.1,4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, 7= 12.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (m, 3H). Example 37: Compound no. 172 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.71 (qd, 7= 12.3, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.14 (d, 7= 14.4 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.35 (td, 7= 14.2, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (br s, 2H), 3.10 (q, 7= 10.6 Hz, 2H), 3.41 (t, 7= 11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (d, 7= 12.6 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.35 (t, 7= 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (t, 7= 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (t, 7= 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (m, 2H), 8.14 (dd, 7= 8.8, 4.9 Hz, 1H). Example 38: Compound no. 102 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.71 (qd, J= 12.3,4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (t, J= 2.4 Hz, 3H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.13 (d, J= 12.2 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.35 (td, J= 14.1, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (br s, 2H), 3.09 (q, J= 11.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J= 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (d, J= 12.7 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 4.26 (br s, 2H), 4.66 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (td, J= 9.0,2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J= 8.6,2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, 8.7,4.8,1H). Example 39: Compound no. 62 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.70 (qd, J= 12.2, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.13 (d, J= 11.1 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.27 (t, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (td, ./ = 14.0, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (td, J= 6.6, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (br s, 2H), 3.09 (q, J= 10.4 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J= 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 4.16 (t, J= 6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (d, J= 12.6 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (td, J= 9.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J= 8.6,2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (dd, J= 8.8,4.9 Hz, 1H). Example 40: Compound no. 32 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.72 (d, J= 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.91 (d, J= 2.5 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 2.31 (td, J= 14.0, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (s, 6H), 2.96 (m, 2H), 3.36 (m, 2H), 3.57 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (br s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 4.29 (t, J= 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (m, 3H), 4.58 (t, 7= 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (t, J= 3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (m, 3H). Example 41: Compound no. 200 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.72 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (t, J= 2.4 Hz, 3H), 1.98 (m, 4H), 2.11 (m, 2H), 2.30 (td, 7= 14.0, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (s, 6H), 2.96 (br s, 2H), 3.08-3.72 (m, 5H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.67 (d, J= 16.6 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (m, 3H). Example 42: Compound no. 229 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) δ 1.66 (br s, 2H), 1.84 (br s, 2H), 1.92 (br s, 2H), 1.98 (br s, 2H), 2.23 (m, 3H), 2.50 (dd, J== 6.4,2.5 Hz, 2H)S 2.84 (s, 6H), 2.93 (m, 2H), 3.08 (m, 2H), 3.50 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (br s, 1H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 6.90 (m, 3H). Example 43: Compound no. 165 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. lR NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-dfi) d 9.73 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (q, J= 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (q, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J= 8.4,1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J= 5.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J= 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.10 (m, 4H), 4.06 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.56-3.49 (m, 3H), 3.19 (q, 7= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (br s, 2H), 2.28-2.23 (m, 5H), 2.10 (d, 7= 12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (d, J= 13.9 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 44: Compound no. 406 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.62 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J= 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.39 (d, J= 10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.78-5.69 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.10 (m, 4H), 4.06 (q,J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.58-3.49 (m, 3H), 3.16 (q, J= 10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (br s, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.16- 2.07 (m, 4H), 1.93 (d, J= 13.9 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.63-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H Example 45: Compound no. 158 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-Je) δ 10.40 (br s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (m, 4H), 5.34 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 3H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.57 (br s, 1H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 1.46 (m, 5H). Example 46: Compound no. 182 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.43 (br s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (m, 4H), 5.34 (m, 1H), 3.96 (br m, 2H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.50 (m, 2H), 3.07 (m, 4H), 2.72 (m, 4H), 2.28 (m, 1H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 3H), 1.12 (m, 2H). Example 47: Compound no. 358 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.65 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, 7= 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.27 (dt, J= 10.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J= 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (q, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (m, 2H), 4.08 (q, J= 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.52 (t, .J= 13.0 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (q, J= 11.5 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (q, 7= 11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (dd, J= 13.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.54-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.04 (m, 3H), 1.91-1.81 (m, 7H), 1.71-1.66 (m, 5H), 1.22 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 48: Compound no. 191 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (free base, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.34 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dt, J= 10.6, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dt, J = 10.4, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, 7= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.94-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.79 (s, 2H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.64-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.33 (in, 2H), 1.18 (t,J= 7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 49: Compound no. 199 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR ((free base, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.35 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dt, J = 10.5,3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (t, 7= 7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 4.05 (q, J= 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.94-2.84 (m, 3H), 2.63 (t, J= 8.1 Hz, 2H), 1.97-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.78-1.70 (m, 5H), 1.62-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.19 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H). Example 50: Compound no. 318 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. Compound was prepared using reductive amination conditions described above. 1H NMR ((free base, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.35 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dt, J= 10.6,3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dt, J= 10.4, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (q, J= 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.77 (m, 4H), 2.56-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.27 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.72 (m, 5H), 1.63- 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.18 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.04-0.94 (m, 2H). Example 51: Compound no. 104 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (free base, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.14-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.61 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46- 7.42 (m, 1H), 6.17-6.15 (m, 1H), 5.97-5.95 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.76 (m, 4H), 2.55 (s, 2H), 2.36-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 6H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.45 (d,J= 3.9 Hz, 2H), 1.34-1.20 (m, 2H), 0.55-0.51 (m, 1H) Example 52: Compound no. 186 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.44 (br s, 1H), 7.07-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.82 (m, 1H), (tt, 7= 28.8,18.1 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.40-4.31 (m, 4H), 3.74 (q, J= 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.98 (q, J= 10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.07-1.93 (m, 8H),1.68 (d, J= 5.5 Hz, 4H). Example 53: Compound no. 275 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.25 (br s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J= 8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, 7= 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (t, J= 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.38-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.13 (m, 3H), 2.31-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.04 (m, 4H), 1.85 (d, J= 13.7 Hz, 4H), 1.63 (d, J= 12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.49-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.21 (m, 1H) Example 54: Compound no. 258 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.60 (s, 1H), 9.20 (bs, 1H), 7.30-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.07-6.87 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.35 (m, 5H), 2.66-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 3H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.92 (d,7= 14.7 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (d, 7= 14.3 Hz, 1H), 1.68-1.51 (m, 3H), 1.47-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.27-1.20 (m, 1H). Example 55: Compound no. 152 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. lHNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.41 (br s, 1H), 7.04-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.80 (m, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 3.47 (d,7= 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.06 (q,7= 11.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.05 (d, 7= 10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (d, 7= 14.1 Hz, 2H), 1.84 (d, 7= 12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (d,7= 12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.46-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.07 (m, 1H). Example 56: Compound no. 288 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.33 (br s, 1H), 7.05-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.80 (m, 1H), 6.34- 6.31 (m, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.33 (d, 7= 13.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.51 (m, 3H), 2.95 (q, 7= 11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.07-1.85 (m, 8H), 1.74-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.08 (d,J= 6.6 Hz, 6H). Example 57: Compound no. 211 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.65 (br s, 1H), 7.06-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.80 (m, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.81-3.71 (m, 5H), 3.58 (d,7= 12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.98-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.94 (m, 10H), 1.65 (d, 7= 7.4 Hz, 4H). Example 58: Compound no. 156 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.56 (br s, 1H), 7.06-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.80 (m, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 3.57-3.44 (m, 6H), 2.97 (q, 7= 11.1 Hz, 2H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.94 (d, 7= 13.5 Hz, 4H), 1.70-1.65 (m, 4H). Example 59: Compound no. 181 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.06 (br s, 1H), 7.21 (dd, 7= 8.5,2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, 7= 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, 7= 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 3.47-3.21 (m, 3H), 3.10-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.66- 2.40 (m, 3H), 2.27 (s, 1H), 1.96-1.83 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.53 (m, 3H), 1.42-1.33 (m, 3H). Example 60: Compound no. 178 was synthesized using known methods and those described above. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.42 (br s, 1H), 7.30 (d, 7= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.16 (m, 1H), 6.84-6.81 (m, 1H), 4.14-3.99 (m,2H), 3.46 (d, 7= 12.1 Hz, 4H), 3.36-3.31 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.11 (m, 3H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.88 (d, J= 14.4 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.64 (m, 2H). Example 61: Physical Characteristics of Compounds of Formulae (I and II) Additional compounds having the structures shown in Table 1 were synthesized using known methods and those described above. Functional mobilization of intracellular calcium to determine muscarinic receptor activity: [0273] CHO cells expressing muscarinic receptors (M1 to Ms) are grown as monolayers in tissue culture flasks at 37° C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 and passaged every 3-5 days. The growth media is Dulbecco's modified eagles medium (DMEM, Gibco Cat# 12430- 054), containing 25 mM Hepes and supplemented with Fetal Bovine Serum (Hyclone, cat# SH30071.03), 0.1 mM of MEM non-essential amino acids (GIBCO, Cat# 11140-050), 1 mM MEM Sodium Pyruvate (GIBCO Cat# 11360-070) and 100 units/ml of Penicillin G and 100 /ig/ml of Streptomycin (GIBCO Cat# 15140-122). The recombinant muscarinic receptor cell lines are grown under antibiotic pressure with media containing 25 /ig/ml zeocin and 500 /Jg/ml G418 (Ml-CHO), 4 fig/ml puromycin, 50 /ig/ml zeocin and 2.5 /ig/ml blasticidin (M2 and M4- CHO) or 50 /ig/ml zeocin and 4 jig/ml puromycin (M3 and M5-CHO). [0274] Cells are harvested at 80-90% confluence using Versene (GIBCO Cat# 15040-066), collected by centrifugation and seeded 18-24 hrs prior to running the calcium assay at a density of 5,000-10,000 cells/well in back-walled, clear-bottomed 384-well plates (BD Biocoat, poly-D- lysine, Cat#356663). The day of the experiment, the cells are washed with a plate washer (Bioteck Instruments, ELX 405) using bathl buffer (140-mM NaCl, 4.5-mM KCl,2-mM CaCl2, 1-mM MgCk, 10-mM Hepes-Na, 10-mM Glucose, pH 7.4, with NaOH) containing 1 mM Probenecid. Next, the calcium dye Fluo-3 (25 jd/well of Fluo-3 AM at 4 µM, Molecular Probes F-1241, in Bath 1 buffer containing 1 mM Probenecid) is added to the 25 µl of Bath 1 remaining in each well after the plate wash and the dye is loaded at 37°C in the tissue culture incubator for 60-90 min. The fluorescent dye is removed using the plate washer with Bath 1 containing 1 mM Probenecid, leaving 25 /d/well of this solution after the wash. Alternatively, cells can be loaded with the calcium indicator from Molecular Devices (Calcium 3 Assay Reagents, Cat # R7181) adding 5 /tl of a 5X solution dye in Bath 1 containing 1 mM Probenecid (10 ml per dye flask cat# R7182 to generate a solution 20X) to 20 µl of the same buffer. After loading for 60 min, the experiment can be run without having to remove the dye. [0275] Compounds are prepared at a 2x fold concentration in a 96-well plate (round bottom, Costar Corning cat# 3656), by reconstituting the pre-spotted compounds in bath 1 containing 1 mM probenecid. The final concentration DMSO is 0.5 %, and the amount of DMSO is normalized across the assay plate. To determine an agonist action of the compounds on muscarinic receptors, the reconstituted compounds are added (25 µl compound/well) to the cell assay plate (containing 25 µl/well) using the multi-channel robotic system of the FLIPR 3 Instrument (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). To determine a functional inhibitory action of the compounds on muscarinic receptors, the reconstituted compounds are added (25 µl compound/well) to the assay plate and pre-incubated for 15 min prior to adding 25 µl of Carbachol at 3X the EC80 for each muscarinic subtype. Alternatively, the compounds can be co-applied simultaneously with the agonist. In both assay modes, the fluorescence is recorded for 60 sec (excitation wavelength is 488 nM and emission wavelength 540 nm) using the FLEPR 3 instrument [0276] The potency, efficacy and selectivity of the muscarinic compounds were evaluated by screening the compound activity across the whole family (M1 to M5 cells). Compounds were also screened for activity on other proteins such as other GPCRs and ion channels to determine selectivity on M4 receptors. [0277] The compounds of the present invention were found to modulate the M1 and/or M4 muscarinic receptors selectively over the other receptor types. [0278] Examples of activities and efficacies of the muscarinic compounds of formulae (I and II) on modulating M1 and M4 receptors are shown below in Table 2. The compound activity for the M1 and M4 receptor is illustrated with "xxx" if activity was measured to be less than 0.1 uM, "xx" if activity was measured to be between 0.1 µM and 1.0 µM, and "x" if activity was measured to be greater than 1.0 µM. The efficacy for M1 and M4 modulation is illustrated with "xxx" if efficacy was calculated to be greater than 85 %, "xx" if efficacy was calculated to be between 85% and 65%, and "x" if efficacy was calculated to be less than 65 %. OTHER EMBODIMENTS [0279] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 1. A compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Each of R1, R2, R3 is independently Q1 or Q2, or R2 and R3 together form oxo; Z1 is -C(Q1)2-, -C(H)(Q1)-, -C(H)(Q5)-, or -C(O)-; Z2 is N; L is a bond or -CH2-; G is a adamantyl, or a bicyclic or a tricyclic group of the formula (III) in which the adamantyl, and the bicyclic or tricyclic group are connected to L via any ring atom including those in X1 and ring B, and the bicyclic, and the tricyclic groups are optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, =N-OQ4, fluorine, Q2, -C(O)-X2-aliphatic in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; Bond r is a single or double bond and when ring B is present, bond r is fused with B; Ring B, when present, is a 5-6 membered cycloaliphatic or heterocycloaliphatic ring, and is optionally substituted with 1-3 of oxo, Q1, or Q2; X1 is -(CH2)i-, -O-, -S-, -N(Q2)-, or -N(C(O)-X2-aliphatic) in which X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, -NQ2-, or -S(O)z- and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; Each Q1 is independently halo, -CN, -NO2, -OQ2, -S(O)zQ2, -S(O)2N(Q2)2, -N(Q2)2, -C(O)OQ2, -C(O)-Q2, -C(O)N(Q2)2, -C(O)N(Q2)(OQ2), -N(Q2)C(O)-Q2, -N(Q2)C(O)N(Q2)2, -N(Q2)C(O)O-Q2, -N(Q2)S(O)z-Q2 or aliphatic optionally including 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q2 or Q3; Each Q2 is independently H, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring, each optionally including 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3; Each Q3 is halo, oxo, -CN, -NO2, -CF3, -OCF3, -OH, -S(O)zQ4, -N(Q4)2, -COOQ4, -C(O)Q4, -OQ4or Cl-C4alkyl optionally substituted with halo, oxo, -CN, -NO2, -CF3, -OCF3, -OH, -SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or -COOH; Each Q4 is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaralky, or heteroaryl, each optionally including 1-3 substituents selected from halo, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, or COOH; Each Q5 is a heterocyclic ring optionally including 1-3 substituents selected from halo, Cl-C4alkyl, oxo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SH, -S(O)zH, -NH2, COOH; Each i is independently 1,2, or 3; Each m and n are each 2; Each p is 0; Each y is independently 0 or 1; Each z is independently 0,1, or 2; and Each t is 1 to 4. 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein G is an optionally substituted bicyclic group of formula (III) in which ring B is absent. 3. The compound as claimed in claim 2, wherein X1 is -(CH2)i-. 4. The compound as claimed in claim 3, wherein G is optionally substituted bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, or bicyclo[2.2. l]heptanyl. 5. The compound as claimed in claim 4, wherein G is substituted with 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from Q2, and -C(O)-X2-aliphatic, where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. 6. The compound as claimed in claim 2, wherein X1 is -N(Q2) or -N(C(O)-X2-aliphatic), where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1- 3 substituents independently selected from Q3. 7. The compound as claimed in claim 6, wherein G is an optionally substituted tropane. 8. The compound as claimed in claim 7, wherein the tropane is substituted with Q2, and - C(O)-X2-aliphatic, where X2 is absent, -O-, -NH-, or -NQ2-, and the aliphatic group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from Q3. 9. The compound as claimed in claim 8, wherein the tropane is substituted at the tropane ring nitrogen atom with alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyaryloxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, or heterocycloalkylalkoxycarbonyl. 10. The compound as claimed in claim 9, wherein the tropane is selected from 11. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein G is adamantyl. 12. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein Z1 is -CH(Q1)- wherein Q1 is alkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, haloarylcarbonyl, haloarylsulfonyl, alkylheteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, haloarylaminocarbonyl, alkylheteroarylsulfonyl, cyanoalkylarylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyl, heterobicycloarylcarbonyl, alkylheteroarylaminocarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxyarylcarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, alkylarylcarbonyl, haloalkoxyarylcarbonyl, or arylaminocarbonyl. 13. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein Z1 is -C(O)-, 14. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, halo, or optionally substituted alkyl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cyanoalkylaryl, alkylaryl, alkylsulfonylaryl, alkylcarbonylaryl, aryl, aminocarbonylaryl, alkylcarbonylaminoaryl, cycloalkenyl, and alkoxyaryl. 15. The compound as claimed in claim 14, wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, halo, methyl, 16. The compound as claimed in claim 15, wherein R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or R2 and R3 together form an oxo. 17. The compound as claimed in claim 16, wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen. 18. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein L is a bond. 19. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein L is -CH2-. 20. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as claimed in any of claims 1-20 and a pharmaceutical carrier. ABSTRACT Title: Modulators of muscarinic receptors The present invention relates to modulators of muscarinic receptors. The present invention also provides compositions comprising such modulators, and methods therewith for treating muscarinic receptor mediated diseases.

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00952-kolnp-2007-correspondence-1.1.pdf

00952-kolnp-2007-international search authority report-1.1.pdf

00952-kolnp-2007-p.a.pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-ABSTRACT.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-AMANDED CLAIMS.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-DESCRIPTION (COMPLETE).pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-FORM 1.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-FORM 2.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-FORM 3.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-FORM 5.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-(08-11-2011)-OTHERS.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-ABSTRACT.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-ASSIGNMENT 1.1.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-ASSIGNMENT.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-CLAIMS.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-CORRESPONDENCE 1.1.pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-DESCRIPTION (COMPLETE).pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-FORM 1.pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-FORM 2.pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-FORM 1.pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-INTERNATIONAL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf

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952-KOLNP-2007-INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT.pdf

952-KOLNP-2007-OTHERS 1.1.pdf

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