Title of Invention

ANTHELMINTIC COMPOSITION

Abstract

A topical formulation comprising as active ingredients, at least one effective agent derived from Streptomyces avermitilis, i.e. a macrocylic lactone e.g. an avermectin or chemically modified or synthetic derivative thereof, e.g. ivermectin, together with another anthelmintic of the sulphonamide type, e.g. clorsulon, in a carrier that facilitates topical administration and delivery of the active ingredients transdermally, e.g. a carrier that is useful for this purpose comprises alcoholic solvents, such as ethanol, and isopropanol, with optional excipients and formulation aids, which may comprise a polymeric species such as PVP or a poloxamer. -

Full Text

ANTHELMINTIC COMPOSITION Field of the Invention This invention relates to a composition displaying efficacy against infections of Fasciola hepatica, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooper/a oncophora in susceptible ruminants, especially cattle. Background of the Invention Infections of Fasciola hepatica, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooper/a oncophora in livestock are problematic, and in particular first season grazing cattle can be susceptible in contaminated pastures. Injection solutions containing ivermectin and clorsulon are known in the industry for use in treating beef and non-lactating cattle. Clorsulon is a compound belonging to the benzenesulphonamide (benzenesulfonamide-USA) family which is recommended for control of adult liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) in cattle as suspensions for oral use or in injectable formulations for subcutaneous administrations. The oral recommended level is 7mg/kg body weight (bw) and the subcutaneous level 2mg/kg bw. Currently, there is no known topical formulation, and this is likely to be due to foreseeable difficulties in achieving adequate penetration of the skin by clorsulon. An objective of the invention is to provide a topical formulation which is effective against the aforesaid infections, preferably presented as a pour-on formulation. A further object of the invention is provide a composition comprising at least one effective agent derived from Streptomyces avermitilis, i.e. a macrocylic lactone or chemically modified or synthetic derivative thereof together with another anthelmintic of the sulphonamide type. Another objective of the invention is to provide a composition suitable for the treatment of immature Fasciola hepatica. With this objective in mind, a study was conducted to determine the feasibility of producing a topical formulation containing known agents already recognised in the field in other delivery forms, e.g. injections, as offering efficacy against infections of Fasciola hepatica (Adult), Ostertagia ostertagi (Adult) and Cooper/a oncophora (Adult) in cattle. The new formulation under consideration for the purposes of this study would include at least one anthelmintic compound of the disulphonamide type, e.g. clorsulon, a member of the benzenesulphonamide family (CAS.No. 60200-06-84; Amino-6-(trichloroethenyl)-1,3-benzene-disulfonamide), and an avermectin suitable for the treatment of immature Fasciola hepatica e.g. ivermectin, a mixture of semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactones (CAS.No. 70288-87-7; "22,23-dihydro-C076B" a mixture of 80% ivermectin component B1a (5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A1a) and 20% ivermectin component B1b (5-O-demethyl-35-de(1-methylpropyl)-22,23-dihydro-35-(1-methylethyl)avermectin A1a)). This study followed an authorised protocol in accordance with recognised industry practice, at an accredited animal facility of Norbrook Laboratories Limited, Research Division, upon healthy male calves of European bovine stock. During the study each animal was infected with 500 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, 10000 Ostertagia ostertagi larvae and 10000 Cooper/a oncophora larvae. At 79 days following the administration of Fasciola hepatica and 32 days following administration of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooper/a oncophora the animals were treated with a pour-on formulation newly developed by Norbrook Laboratories Limited, comprising ivermectin and clorsulon. Approximately 3 weeks following treatment all animals were slaughtered and livers, abomasums and small intestines removed. These organs were processed to allow enumeration of helminths contained in each. The claves used in the study were all healthy at selection and throughout the study period. The tested pour-on product was well tolerated in cattle and no adverse reactions to treatment were observed during the course of the study. Enumeration of Fasciola hepatica, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooper/a oncophora burdens after slaughter and comparison to those of the untreated control group confirmed an efficacy of >90% for each parasite and therefore it can be concluded that the tested pour-on product is effective in the treatment of adult Fasciola hepatica, adult OStertagia ostertagi and adult Cooper/a oncophora infections in cattle. The efficacy of the tested pour-on product, in this instance comprising ivermectin and clorsulon, against induced infections of adult Fasciola hepatica, adult Ostertagia ostertagi and adult Cooper/a oncophora cattle following topical administration at a nominal dose rate of 500 µg ivermectin and 5mg clorsulon per kg bodyweight was recognised. Summary of the Invention Accordingly, the present invention provides a hitherto unavailable topical formulation comprising as active ingredients, at least one effective agent derived from Streptomyces avermitilis, i.e. a macrocylic lactone e.g. an avermectin or chemically modified or synthetic derivative thereof, e.g. ivermectin, together with another anthelmintic of the sulphonamide type, e.g. clorsulon, in a carrier that facilitates topical administration and delivery of the active ingredients transdermally. A carrier that is useful for this purpose comprises alcoholic solvents, such as ethanol, and isopropanol, with optional excipients and formulation aids, which may comprise a polymeric species such as PVP or a poloxamer. In preferred form, a pour-on formulation is provided containing clorsulon and ivermectin. An embodiment of such a formulation of this invention is: Ivermectin 0.5% (w/v) Clorsulon 5.0% (w/v) Ethanol 30% v/v PEG200 10% v/v Crodamol Cap 20% v/v IPA (isopropanol) to 100%v/v Brilliant Blue Dye 0.01 %(w/v) Denatonium Benzoate 0.001 % (w/v) The nominal dose rate thereof is 500 µgivermectin and 5mg clorsulon per kg bodyweight. A method of countering infection by immature Fasciola hepatica is enabled using such a formulation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE This study comprised a single group of four male calves, aged approximately 3 to 4 months old at the time of Fasciola hepatica administration. Faecal egg count examinations were carried out by an independent facility to determine that animals were helminth-free prior to infection with Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. The animals were acclimatized for 19 days prior to liver fluke administration. Prior to treatment, (79 days pre treatment), all calves were initially infected with 500 metecercariae of Fasciola hepatica administered orally and subsequently, (32 days pre treatment) each calf was infected with 10000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and 10000 larvae of Cooper/a oncophora administered orally. The calves were weighed 3 days prior to administration of the subject pour-on product, to calculate the dose to be administered to each animal. The calves were slaughtered on the 18th day after treatment, with each animal's liver abomasum and small intestine being removed and processed to allow helminth enumeration. The pour-on product of the invention nominally contained 0.5% w/v ivermectin and 5.0% w/v clorsulon and had an assayed content of 0.498% w/v ivermectin and 4.94% w/v clorsulon. This provides a nominal dose rate of 500 µgivermectin and 5mg clorsulon per kg bodyweight. The pour-on product was administered by topical administration along the midline of the back on a narrow strip between the withers and the tail head on an area that was 24 inches long for each animal. This corresponds to the proposed route of administration for the pour-on product. All doses were administered to each animal on a single occasion using 20ml syringes which have an accuracy of 0.5ml. The doses administered to each animal are detailed in Table 1. Liver Fluke Count: Liver fluke were counted by emptying the contents if the labelled container into a flat-bottomed glass dish. A dark surface beneath the dish assisted in identifying small or immature flukes. A total count was recorded. Counting was carried out by an independent external service provider and was conducted blind with reference to group. Nematode Counts: The contents of each labelled jar were examined separately. Small quantities were poured into ruled Petri dishes with parallel lines marked 1cm apart on their underside, and the worms were counted using a dissecting stereomicroscope. Since iodine had been added during processing of the samples to colour the nematodes, a solution of sodium thiosulphate was used to decolourise the background if necessary. The count for each jar was recorded separately, and multiplied by 100 (the original dilution factor). The series of 2 counts were averaged to give the final count. Nematodes were identified by picking out male worms into an embryo dish containing lactophenol and transferring onto microscope slides with a drop of lactophenol added and coverslips placed in top. The worms were identified using standard parasitological textbooks. Counting was carried out by an independent facility and was conducted blind with reference to group. Analysis After slaughter, the counts of Fasciola hepatica, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperoa oncophora from each animal were enumerated and summarised using the mean, geometric mean, minimum, maximum and sample size. Since this study did not contain a control group, the control group results from a parallel study which utilised the same levels of infection with the infections at the same stage at slaughter (adult Fasciola hepatica and adult nematodes), were used to calculate efficacy as detailed below (See Tables 3a-5b for all results). % efficacy = Geometric Mean of Controls - Geometric Mean Treated X 100 Geometric Mean of Controls Group geometric means counts were compared by two sample t-test after logarithmic transformation to normalise the data. If the data did not follow the normal distribution then a non-parametric test was applied to compare the groups, names the Mann-Whitney test for unmatched pairs. No covariants were used in the data analysis. RESULTS: Faecal egg counts All faecal samples taken prior to treatment were found to be free of helminth eggs. Three of the four faecal samples taken 29 days after Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooper/a oncophora infection, were found to contain strongyle-type eggs (See Table 2) Fasciola heoatica counts after slaughter: Summary of Fasciola heoatica counts (Table Removed) The overall mean establishment percentage of flukes in the untreated control group was 39,7%, this is slightly above the expected range (approximately 30-35% based on similar studies of this type) for the number of metacercariae administered (500 each) and age of cattle. The level of infection achieved is well above the minimal mean of 20 flukes per animal (as detailed in VICH GL 12 Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Bovines) required to deem the infection adequate. At the time of treatment, the Fasciola hepatica were within the 8 to 12 week range (as detailed in the VICH GL 12 Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Requirements for Bovines) required to be classified as an adult. The efficacy of flukicide treatment was 97.3% (See Table 6 for Summary of Efficacy Calculations). The statistical differences between the number of flukes recovered from treated test animals and untreated control animals were highly significant (p=0.0117) by the non-parametric Mann Whitney (Wilcoxon Rank-Sum) Test on log-transformed data, as the assumptions of normality were not satisfied. See Table 3 for individual Fasciola hepatica counts. Ostertagia ostertagi counts after slaughter: Summary of Ostertagia ostertagi counts. (Table Removed) The mean establishment percentage of Ostertagia ostertagi in the untreated control group was 19.4%, within the range expected (based on experience of similar studies) from the number of larvae administered (10000 each) and age of cattle. The level of infection achieved is well above the minimal mean of 100 nematodes per animal (as detailed in VICH GL 12 Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Bovines) required to deem the infection adequate. Treatment of test animals occurs on 32 days after administration of Ostertagia ostertagi larvae to all animals. Consequently, at the time of treatment the Ostertagia ostertagi were within the 28 to 32 day range (as detailed in VICH GL 12 Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Bovines) required to be classified as adult. The efficacy of treatment was 100.0% (See Table 6 for Summary for Efficacy Calculations). The statistical differences between the numbers of nematodes recovered from treated test animals and untreated control group animals were highly significant (p=0.0107) by the non-parametric Mann Whitney (Wilcoxon Rank-Sum) Test on log-transformed data, as the assumptions of normality were not satisfied. See Table 4 for individual Ostertagia ostertagi counts. Cooperia oncophora counts after slaughter: Summary of Cooperia oncophora counts. (Table Removed) The establishment percentage from the untreated control group was 56.6%, within the range expected (based on experience of similar studies) from the number of larvae administered (10000 each) and age of cattle. The level of infection achieved is well above the minimal mean of 100 nematodes per animal (as detailed in VICH GL 12 Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Bovines) required to deem the infection adequate. At the time the Cooperia oncophora were within the 28 to 32 day range (as detailed in VICH GL 12 Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Bovines) required to be classified as adult. The efficacy of treatment was 99.8% (See Table 6 for Summary of Efficacy Calculations). The statistical differences between the numbers of nematodes recovered from treated test animals were highly significant (p=0.0244) by the parametric t test on log-transformed data, as the assumptions of normality were satisfied. See Table 5 for individual Cooperia oncophora counts. From the results it has been demonstrated that administration of the pour-on product of this invention resulted in efficacy of 97.3% against Fasciola hepatica aged 11 weeks post-infection, and therefore meets the >90% efficacy requirement of VICH GL 12 (Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Bovines). Data analysis has shown that the effect of treatment produced highly statistically significant differences in the fluke burden. The study also showed that the subject Ivermectin/Clorsulon Pour-On of the invention had an efficacy of 100.0% against adult Ostertagia ostertagi and 99.8% against adult Cooperia ancophora, again meeting the >90% efficacy requirement of VICH GL 12. Data analysis has shown that the effect of treatment produced highly statistically significant differences in the nematode burden. The pour-on product was well tolerated in cattle at application and no localised or systematic adverse reactions to treatment were recorded at any stage following treatment. It can be concluded that the ivermectin/clorsulon pour on product of this invention, administered topically at a dose rate of 500 ug ivermectin and 5mg clorsulon per kg bodyweight is clinically effective in the treatment of adult Fasciola hepatica, adult Ostertagia ostertagi and adult Cooperia oncophora in cattle. For each parasite efficacy was over 90% and there was a statistically significant difference(P and untreated animals. With this particular formulation blood plasma levels of clorsulon between 1.20 µgand 2.4 µg per ml were observed in treated animals with Tmaxs of 54 +/- 22.9. Table 1. Animal and Dosage Details. (Table Removed) 1 - Approximate age at selection. 2 - Animals weighed 3 days prior to administration of pour-on product. Ayr = Ayrshire; Fr = Friesian; M = Male Table 2. Faecal Egg Counts (3 days prior to treatment) (Table Removed) Table 3a.Fasciola hepatica Counts (Treated). (Table Removed) Table 3b.Fasciola hepatica Counts (Control). Animal Identity Fasciola hepatica Count (Table Removed) Table 4a.Ostertagia ostertagi Counts (Treated). (Table Removed) Table 4b.Ostertagia ostertagi Counts (Control). Table 5.Cooper/a oncophora Counts (Treated). (Table Removed) Table 5.Cooper/a oncophora Counts (Control). (Table Removed) Table 6.Summary of Efficacy Calculations. (Table Removed) We Claim: 1. A topical anthelmintic formulation comprising as active ingredients, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one anthelmintic agent derived from Streptomyces avermitilis, with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other anthelmintic of the sulphonamide type, in a carrier adapted for topical administration and delivery of the active ingredients transdermally. 2. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 1, wherein the formulation is presented as a pour-on. 3. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises an avermectin. 4. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 1, wherein the formulation comprises ivermectin. 5. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the anthelmintic of the sulphonamide type is clorsulon. 6. 6 A topical anthelmintic formulation according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the carrier comprises alcoholic solvents with optional excipients and formulation aids. 7. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, comprising clorsulon and ivermectin. 8. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to any one of the preceding Claims, having an efficacy such that, when applied to the skin of an animal infected by F. hepatica, at least 90% of the mature F hepatica are killed. 9. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 5, wherein the therapeutically effective amount for cattle of clorsulon is at least 5% (w/v). 10. A topical antheimintic formulation according to Claim 6, wherein the alcoholic solvents comprise at least 30% (v/v) of ethanol together with isopropanol quantity sufficient to 100%. 11. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 6, wherein the carrier comprises a polymeric species. 12. A topical anthelmintic formulation according to Claim 1, which in use provides at least 2 µg of a benzenesulphonamide per ml of blood plasma. 13. A topical anthelmintic formulation for use on cattle, wherein the dosage rate is controlled to provide about 500 µg ivermectin and 5mg/kg of clorsulon. 14. A topical anthelmintic formulation for use on cattle, presented as a pour-on and consisting of: Ivermectin 0.5% (w/v) Clorsulon 5.0% (w/v) Ethanol 30% v/v PEG200 10% v/v Crodamol Cap 20% v/v I PA (isopropanol) to 100% v/v Brilliant Blue Dye 0.01%(w/v) Denatonium Benzoate 0.001 %(w/v)

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