Title of Invention	PISTON FOR A RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAVING HARDENED PISTON RING GROOVES
Abstract	The invention relates to a piston for a reciprocating-piston internal combustion engine which is made of a nitride-forming base alloy and comprises a piston top part (1) provided with several circulatory piston ring grooves (4) and a piston fire land. At least the piston top ring groove (4a) arranged near a combustion chamber is provided with wear-protected hardened slot flanks (5a, b). The aim of said invention is to optimise said piston in such a way that the top part thereof, in particular the top piston ring grooves, exhibits an extended operational lifetime. For this purpose, at least the external surfaces of the piston top part comprising the wear-protected hardened slot flanks and the piston fire land are provided with an additional wear-protective and anti-corrosive layer (7) in the form of a nitride layer which is producible by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma-nitriding or plasma-nitrocarburising in a nitrogen or nitrogen and carbon atmosphere in such a way that the hardened slot flanks are additionally protected by said nitride layer (7)

Title of Invention

PISTON FOR A RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAVING HARDENED PISTON RING GROOVES

Abstract

The invention relates to a piston for a reciprocating-piston internal combustion engine which is made of a nitride-forming base alloy and comprises a piston top part (1) provided with several circulatory piston ring grooves (4) and a piston fire land. At least the piston top ring groove (4a) arranged near a combustion chamber is provided with wear-protected hardened slot flanks (5a, b). The aim of said invention is to optimise said piston in such a way that the top part thereof, in particular the top piston ring grooves, exhibits an extended operational lifetime. For this purpose, at least the external surfaces of the piston top part comprising the wear-protected hardened slot flanks and the piston fire land are provided with an additional wear-protective and anti-corrosive layer (7) in the form of a nitride layer which is producible by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma-nitriding or plasma-nitrocarburising in a nitrogen or nitrogen and carbon atmosphere in such a way that the hardened slot flanks are additionally protected by said nitride layer (7)

Full Text	FORM 2 THE PATENT ACT 1970 (39 of 1970) The Patents Rules, 2003 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION (See Section 10, and rule 13,) 1. TITLE OF INVENTION PISTON FOR A RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAVING HARDENED PISTON RING GROOVES 2. APPLICANT(S) a) Name b) Nationality c) Address MAN DIESEL SE GERMAN Company STADTBACHSTRASSE 1, 86153 AUGSBURG, GERMANY 3. PREAMBLE TO THE DESCRIPTION The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed : - The present invention relates to a piston for a reciprocating internal combustion engine made of a nitride-forming base alloy having a piston upper part, which is implemented having multiple peripheral piston ring grooves and a head land, and at least whose uppermost t ring groove in proximity to the combustion chamber has hardened groove flanks protected against wear. The piston upper part, which represents the uppermost element diametrically opposite the combustion chamber and which passes through the entire combustion sequence, forms the most endangered part of a piston according to the species. The seal against the combustion pressure acting from above on the piston upper part plays a special role here. This is produced by so-called piston rings, which are seated in the lateral part of the piston in piston ring grooves and which seal the combustion chamber toward the bottom in relation to the crankcase. A large problem in this area is the service life of the piston ring grooves. This determines the maintenance intervals and thus the operating costs and operational reliability of the entire piston very decisively. These piston upper parts and in particular their piston ring grooves are known to be hardened to lengthen the operational lifetime, either inductively and/or by chroming. Inductive hardening results in moderate wear behavior. For example, DE 198 33 825 CI has already disclosed a piston as described above, in particular for a large engine, in which the piston ring grooves have flanks protected against wear. The piston upper part comprises tempered and alloyed steel here, which is hardened in the area of the upper and lower flanks of the piston ring grooves in such a way that continuous hardened zones result over the supporting area of the flank width. The hardening procedure may expediently be performed inductively, which permits the required temperature control to produce the desired microstructure conversion in a simple way. 2 However, this measure is no longer adequate beyond a specific level of the ignition pressure. The flank load increases disproportionately with increasing ignition pressure. The currently desired low lubrication rates are also unfavorable in this context. Therefore, rapid wear of the hardened flanks occurs. This is true in particular for the first piston ring groove lying closest to the combustion chamber, where experience has shown the load is greatest. On the other hand, it is also already known that the wear resistance is significantly increased in nitrated or nitro-carburized steels. In general, plasma nitration or plasma nitrocarburization is understood as hardening of the surface layers of steels, nitrogen and/or carbon atoms diffusing in and reacting in a thin surface layer with iron to form nitrides or carbon nitrides, the bonding layer. In the adjoining diffusion layer, the nitrogen is first partially precipitated as a nitride upon cooling and then causes the hardness increase. The hardness itself is a function of the type of the nitrides. Nitration times and layers differ depending on how the nitrogen is caused to react with the steel. In other words, there is diffusion saturation of the boundary layer of a material with nitrogen to increase hardness, wear resistance, fatigue strength, or corrosion resistance. The boundary layer comprises an external nitride and/or carbon nitride layer (bonding layer) and an adjoining layer made of mixed crystals enriched with nitrogen and precipitated nitrides (diffusion layer) after the nitration/ nitrocarburization. The nitration times may be shortened by ionization of the nitrogen by glow discharge, so-called plasma nitration (plasma nitration at 450°C to 550°C). In nitro-carburization, in which the treatment agent also contains components discharging carbon in addition to nitrogen, nitro-carburization may be performed In 3 powder, salt bath, gas, or plasma (plasma nitrocarburization at 500°C to 590°C, preferably at approximately 520°C). The present invention is therefore based on the object of optimizing a piston according to the species having ring groove flanks already hardened using a boundary layer and made of a tempered and nitride-forming alloyed steel in such a way that the piston upper part, but in particular its uppermost piston ring grooves, have a further lengthened operational lifetime, i. e. in particular the ring groove wear on the piston upper part is further reduced. Because at least the external faces of the piston upper part, which comprise the groove flanks hardened against wear, are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer in the form of a nitration layer, the wear and corrosion protection layer being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks are additionally protected using a nitration layer, significantly improved wear and corrosion protection and, of course, longer maintenance intervals/component lifetimes are achieved. In particular in the first ring groove, which is stressed most strongly and lies closest to the combustion chamber, the wear may thus be greatly minimized. The piston according to the present invention is illustrated on the basis of an exemplary embodiment in the drawing and is explained in greater detail in the following. Figure 1 shows a longitudinal section through a piston upper part implemented according to the present invention and Figure 2 shows a detail view from Figure 1 in regard to the three upper ring grooves, which are hardened on the flanks and additionally provided with a nitration layer according to the present invention. 4 Figure 1 shows a piston upper part (1) of a piston of a reciprocating internal combustion engine having a combustion bowl (2), a head land (3), and four ring grooves (4a, b, c, d), each having parallel ring groove flanks (5a, b). This piston upper part (1) comprises an annealed and nitride-forming alloy steel. According to Figure 2, the three upper ring grooves (4a, b, c) are each hardened in the area of their upper and lower flanks (5a, b) in such a way that continuous hardening zones in the form of a boundary layer (6) result over the supporting area of the flank width. The hardening procedure itself has been performed inductively in a way known per se here. Furthermore, according to Figure 1 and Figure 2, at least the external parts of the piston upper part (1), which comprise the ring grooves (4a, b, c ) protected against wear and the head land (3), are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer (7) in the form of a nitration layer, the wear and corrosion protection layer (7) being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen and/or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks (5a, b) are additionally protected using a nitration layer (7). It is important in the meaning of the present invention that at least the ring grooves (4a, b, c) protected against wear using the boundary layer (6) are provided with a further nitration layer, combustion bowl (2) and/or head land (3) do not have to be nitrated. In particular as shown in Figure 1, according to the present exemplary embodiment, the entire external surface of the piston upper part (1) is provided with the nitration layer (7), while the internal surface of the piston upper part (1) remains uncoated. The nitration layer (7) is known to form a two-layer construction, namely at least one diffusion layer adjoining the component surface and one bonding layer built up 5 thereon. It is to be presented as characteristic for the present invention that the nitration layer (7), including the hardened boundary layer, has a thickness (nitration hardening depth) of 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm on the hardened groove flanks (5a, b), which have a bonding layer built up thereon having a thickness of 2 urn, to 15 urn , and provides a surface hardness greater than 550 HV (Vickers). The hardness of the diffusion zone decreases with increasing thickness and/or distance from the surface, because the effect of the nitration hardening is decreased with depth as a result of these controlling diffusion procedures. The use according to the present invention of a nitration layer (7) for the external surface, which is impinged by exhaust gas, of a piston upper part (1) of a piston of a reciprocating internal combustion engine not only results in increased wear resistance in the ring groove area, in particular the upper ring grooves and very especially the first ring groove (4a) lying closest to the combustion chamber (2), but rather also causes greater resistance to corrosion. Finally, it is to be noted that the groove flanks protected against wear are preferably inductively hardened in the first pass. 6 WE CLAIM: 1. A piston for a reciprocating internal combustion engine made of a nitride-forming base alloy having a piston upper part (1), which has multiple peripheral piston ring grooves (4), and at least whose uppermost ring groove (4a) in proximity to the combustion chamber has hardened groove flanks (5a, b) protected against wear using a boundary layer (6), characterized in that at least the external surfaces of the piston upper part (1), which comprise the ring grooves (4a, b, c) protected against wear, are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer (7) in the form of a nitration layer, the wear and corrosion protection layer (7) being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen and/ or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks (5a, b) are additionally protected using a nitration layer (7). 2. The piston according to Claim 1, characterized in that the entire external surface of the piston upper part (1) is provided with a nitration layer (7), while the internal surface of the piston upper part (1) remains uncoated. 3. The piston according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the nitration layer (7), including the hardened boundary layer (6), has a thickness (nitration hardness depth) of 0.2 mm to 1 . 0 mm on the hardened groove flanks ( 5 a, b), which have a bonding layer built-up thereon having a thickness of 2 pm to 15 pm, and offers a surface hardness greater than 550 HV (Vickers). 7 4. The piston according to Claim I, characterized in that the groove flanks (5a, b) protected against wear are inductively hardened before the application of the nitration layer (7). Dated this 5th day of October 2007 8 ABSTRACT To optimize a piston for a reciprocating internal combustion engine made of a nitride-forming base alloy having a piston upper part, which is implemented having multiple peripheral piston ring grooves and a head land and at least whose uppermost ring groove in proximity to the combustion chamber has hardened groove flanks protected against wear, in such a way that the piston upper part, but particularly its uppermost piston ring grooves, has a further extended operational lifetime, at least the external surfaces of the piston upper part which comprise the groove flanks protected against wear and the head land, are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer in the form of a nitration layer, the corrosion protection layer being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen and/ or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks are additionally protected using a nitration layer. (Figure 2) To The Controller Of Patent The Patent office 9 Mumbai

Full Text

FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT 1970 (39 of 1970)
The Patents Rules, 2003 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See Section 10, and rule 13,)
1. TITLE OF INVENTION
PISTON FOR A RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAVING
HARDENED PISTON RING GROOVES

2. APPLICANT(S)
a) Name
b) Nationality
c) Address

MAN DIESEL SE GERMAN Company STADTBACHSTRASSE 1, 86153 AUGSBURG, GERMANY

3. PREAMBLE TO THE DESCRIPTION
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed : -

The present invention relates to a piston for a reciprocating internal combustion engine made of a nitride-forming base alloy having a piston upper part, which is implemented having multiple peripheral piston ring grooves and a head land, and at least whose uppermost t ring groove in proximity to the combustion chamber has hardened groove flanks protected against wear.
The piston upper part, which represents the uppermost element diametrically opposite the combustion chamber and which passes through the entire combustion sequence, forms the most endangered part of a piston according to the species.
The seal against the combustion pressure acting from above on the piston upper part plays a special role here. This is produced by so-called piston rings, which are seated in the lateral part of the piston in piston ring grooves and which seal the combustion chamber toward the bottom in relation to the crankcase. A large problem in this area is the service life of the piston ring grooves. This determines the maintenance intervals and thus the operating costs and operational reliability of the entire piston very decisively.
These piston upper parts and in particular their piston ring grooves are known to be hardened to lengthen the operational lifetime, either inductively and/or by chroming. Inductive hardening results in moderate wear behavior. For example, DE 198 33 825 CI has already disclosed a piston as described above, in particular for a large engine, in which the piston ring grooves have flanks protected against wear.
The piston upper part comprises tempered and alloyed steel here, which is hardened in the area of the upper and lower flanks of the piston ring grooves in such a way that continuous hardened zones result over the supporting area of the flank width. The hardening procedure may expediently be performed inductively, which permits the required temperature control to produce the desired microstructure conversion in a simple way.
2

However, this measure is no longer adequate beyond a specific level of the ignition pressure. The flank load increases disproportionately with increasing ignition pressure. The currently desired low lubrication rates are also unfavorable in this context. Therefore, rapid wear of the hardened flanks occurs. This is true in particular for the first piston ring groove lying closest to the combustion chamber, where experience has shown the load is greatest.
On the other hand, it is also already known that the wear resistance is significantly increased in nitrated or nitro-carburized steels.
In general, plasma nitration or plasma nitrocarburization is understood as hardening of the surface layers of steels, nitrogen and/or carbon atoms diffusing in and reacting in a thin surface layer with iron to form nitrides or carbon nitrides, the bonding layer. In the adjoining diffusion layer, the nitrogen is first partially precipitated as a nitride upon cooling and then causes the hardness increase. The hardness itself is a function of the type of the nitrides. Nitration times and layers differ depending on how the nitrogen is caused to react with the steel.
In other words, there is diffusion saturation of the boundary layer of a material with nitrogen to increase hardness, wear resistance, fatigue strength, or corrosion resistance. The boundary layer comprises an external nitride and/or carbon nitride layer (bonding layer) and an adjoining layer made of mixed crystals enriched with nitrogen and precipitated nitrides (diffusion layer) after the nitration/ nitrocarburization.
The nitration times may be shortened by ionization of the nitrogen by glow discharge, so-called plasma nitration (plasma nitration at 450°C to 550°C).
In nitro-carburization, in which the treatment agent also contains components discharging carbon in addition to nitrogen, nitro-carburization may be performed In
3

powder, salt bath, gas, or plasma (plasma nitrocarburization at 500°C to 590°C, preferably at approximately 520°C).
The present invention is therefore based on the object of optimizing a piston according to the species having ring groove flanks already hardened using a boundary layer and made of a tempered and nitride-forming alloyed steel in such a way that the piston upper part, but in particular its uppermost piston ring grooves, have a further lengthened operational lifetime, i. e. in particular the ring groove wear on the piston upper part is further reduced.
Because at least the external faces of the piston upper part, which comprise the groove flanks hardened against wear, are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer in the form of a nitration layer, the wear and corrosion protection layer being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks are additionally protected using a nitration layer, significantly improved wear and corrosion protection and, of course, longer maintenance intervals/component lifetimes are achieved. In particular in the first ring groove, which is stressed most strongly and lies closest to the combustion chamber, the wear may thus be greatly minimized.
The piston according to the present invention is illustrated on the basis of an exemplary embodiment in the drawing and is explained in greater detail in the following.
Figure 1 shows a longitudinal section through a piston upper part implemented according to the present invention and
Figure 2 shows a detail view from Figure 1 in regard to the three upper ring grooves, which are hardened on the flanks and additionally provided with a nitration layer according to the present invention.
4

Figure 1 shows a piston upper part (1) of a piston of a reciprocating internal combustion engine having a combustion bowl (2), a head land (3), and four ring grooves (4a, b, c, d), each having parallel ring groove flanks (5a, b).
This piston upper part (1) comprises an annealed and nitride-forming alloy steel. According to Figure 2, the three upper ring grooves (4a, b, c) are each hardened in the area of their upper and lower flanks (5a, b) in such a way that continuous hardening zones in the form of a boundary layer (6) result over the supporting area of the flank width. The hardening procedure itself has been performed inductively in a way known per se here.
Furthermore, according to Figure 1 and Figure 2, at least the external parts of the piston upper part (1), which comprise the ring grooves (4a, b, c ) protected against wear and the head land (3), are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer (7) in the form of a nitration layer, the wear and corrosion protection layer (7) being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen and/or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks (5a, b) are additionally protected using a nitration layer (7).
It is important in the meaning of the present invention that at least the ring grooves (4a, b, c) protected against wear using the boundary layer (6) are provided with a further nitration layer, combustion bowl (2) and/or head land (3) do not have to be nitrated.
In particular as shown in Figure 1, according to the present exemplary embodiment, the entire external surface of the piston upper part (1) is provided with the nitration layer (7), while the internal surface of the piston upper part (1) remains uncoated.
The nitration layer (7) is known to form a two-layer construction, namely at least one diffusion layer adjoining the component surface and one bonding layer built up
5

thereon. It is to be presented as characteristic for the present invention that the nitration layer (7), including the hardened boundary layer, has a thickness (nitration hardening depth) of 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm on the hardened groove flanks (5a, b), which have a bonding layer built up thereon having a thickness of 2 urn, to 15 urn , and provides a surface hardness greater than 550 HV (Vickers).
The hardness of the diffusion zone decreases with increasing thickness and/or
distance from the surface, because the effect of the nitration hardening is decreased with depth as a result of these controlling diffusion procedures.
The use according to the present invention of a nitration layer (7) for the external surface, which is impinged by exhaust gas, of a piston upper part (1) of a piston of a reciprocating internal combustion engine not only results in increased wear resistance in the ring groove area, in particular the upper ring grooves and very especially the first ring groove (4a) lying closest to the combustion chamber (2), but rather also causes greater resistance to corrosion.
Finally, it is to be noted that the groove flanks protected against wear are preferably inductively hardened in the first pass.
6

WE CLAIM:
1. A piston for a reciprocating internal combustion engine made of a nitride-forming base alloy having a piston upper part (1), which has multiple peripheral piston ring grooves (4), and at least whose uppermost ring groove (4a) in proximity to the combustion chamber has hardened groove flanks (5a, b) protected against wear using a boundary layer (6), characterized in that at least the external surfaces of the piston upper part (1), which comprise the ring grooves (4a, b, c) protected against wear, are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer (7) in the form of a nitration layer, the wear and corrosion protection layer (7) being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen and/ or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks (5a, b) are additionally protected using a nitration layer (7).
2. The piston according to Claim 1, characterized in that the entire external surface of the piston upper part (1) is provided with a nitration layer (7), while the internal surface of the piston upper part (1) remains uncoated.
3. The piston according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the nitration layer (7), including the hardened boundary layer (6), has a thickness (nitration hardness depth) of 0.2 mm to 1 . 0 mm on the hardened groove flanks ( 5 a, b), which have a bonding layer built-up thereon having a thickness of 2 pm to 15 pm, and offers a surface hardness greater than 550 HV (Vickers).
7

4. The piston according to Claim I, characterized in that the groove flanks (5a, b) protected against wear are inductively hardened before the application of the nitration layer (7).

Dated this 5th day of October 2007

8

ABSTRACT
To optimize a piston for a reciprocating internal combustion engine made of a nitride-forming base alloy having a piston upper part, which is implemented having multiple peripheral piston ring grooves and a head land and at least whose uppermost ring groove in proximity to the combustion chamber has hardened groove flanks protected against wear, in such a way that the piston upper part, but particularly its uppermost piston ring grooves, has a further extended operational lifetime, at least the external surfaces of the piston upper part which comprise the groove flanks protected against wear and the head land, are provided with a further wear and corrosion protection layer in the form of a nitration layer, the corrosion protection layer being generated by converting the nitride-forming base alloy by plasma nitration or plasma nitro-carburization in a nitrogen and/ or nitrogen-carbon atmosphere, so that the hardened groove flanks are additionally protected using a nitration layer. (Figure 2)
To
The Controller Of Patent
The Patent office
9
Mumbai

PISTON FOR A RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAVING HARDENED PISTON RING GROOVES

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