Title of Invention	METHOD FOR BRAKING ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN VEHICLES BASED ON SYSTEM STATE WITH OPERATING VARIABLES OF THE VEHICLE
Abstract	The invention relates to a method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles. The invention is based on the object of configuring in an optimum way the behaviour of the brake system directly as a function of the system state, i.e. the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as for example the laden state of the vehicle, temperature of the engines and in particular of the magnets, as well as redundancy requirements, and therefore permit the fully functioning mechanical brake which is present in vehicles nowadays to be eliminated. The method for braking electrically driven vehicles which are equipped with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motive drive is provided by means of permanently excited synchronous machines whose terminals are connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque is characterized according to the invention in that an open-loop or closed-loop controller is activated and said controller connects the brake system of the engines which are present and the spring-store-based friction brakes into the circuit individually and successively as a function of the operating conditions of the vehicle and the required brake values.

Title of Invention

METHOD FOR BRAKING ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN VEHICLES BASED ON SYSTEM STATE WITH OPERATING VARIABLES OF THE VEHICLE

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles. The invention is based on the object of configuring in an optimum way the behaviour of the brake system directly as a function of the system state, i.e. the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as for example the laden state of the vehicle, temperature of the engines and in particular of the magnets, as well as redundancy requirements, and therefore permit the fully functioning mechanical brake which is present in vehicles nowadays to be eliminated. The method for braking electrically driven vehicles which are equipped with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motive drive is provided by means of permanently excited synchronous machines whose terminals are connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque is characterized according to the invention in that an open-loop or closed-loop controller is activated and said controller connects the brake system of the engines which are present and the spring-store-based friction brakes into the circuit individually and successively as a function of the operating conditions of the vehicle and the required brake values.

Full Text	Description Method for braking electrically driven vehicles The invention relates to a method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, whose drive is provided by permanently excited synchronous machines. According to the prior art, the braking of rail vehicles takes place by means of an electro-pneumatic braking arrangement. The design of such systems is based on the maximum vehicle loading under the assumption of adverse ambient conditions (for example friction value). Unregulated braking would, for example under partial loading, result in the required deceleration values being exceeded. The adjustment/regulation of the mechanical brake usually takes place by means of a load-dependent variation of the brake pressure. In the most recent stage of development, permanently excited synchronous machines with separate electric brake circuits are used for driving vehicles, in particular rail vehicles. Document DE 10 2004 032 680 Al discloses a motor brake for an electrically driven vehicle, in particular for a rail vehicle, having a permanently excited synchronous machine, with terminals of the synchronous machine being connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque. Here, it is provided that a capacitor is connected in parallel at least to one of the devices which generate a braking torque, in order to ensure an increased braking power by varying the operating point of the synchronous machine. The devices which generate a braking torque are for example brake resistances which can be variable. By connecting a permanently excited synchronous machine in a circuit with ohmic resistances (R) or combinations of ohmic resistances and capacitors (RC), the action of the motor brake is optimized with respect to the rotational speed of the synchronous machine, and it is possible to realize a reliable electric brake, in particular for rail vehicles. With the described circuit connection of the permanently excited synchronous machine, extremely different boundary conditions, such as for example load state of the vehicle, temperature of the motors and in particular of the magnets, and redundancy requirements, have the result that, for a fixed dimensioning of R or RC, the braking deceleration limit values prescribed by the operator or in standards are not always adhered to. In the event of a simultaneous activation of all of the provided braking systems, that is to say without controlling intervention, the limit values for deceleration are exceeded in several system states. Such behavior is not accepted by the operators and prevents the use of a reliable electric brake for rail vehicles. The invention was therefore based on the object of optimally configuring the behavior of the brake system so as to be directly dependent on the system state, that is to say on the stated boundary conditions of the vehicle, and of being able to thereby dispense with the fully-rated mechanical brake (as opposed to the mechanical parking brake for the parked state) which is provided in vehicles nowadays. The object is achieved corresponding to the features of claim 1; the subclaims specify expedient refinements of the invention. According to the invention, for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, which are fitted with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motor drive is provided by permanently excited synchronous machines, with the terminals of the synchronous machine being connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque, a controller or regulator is activated which activates the spring-store-based friction brakes and the braking of the provided motors individually and in succession as a function of the actual operating conditions (brake performance) of the vehicle and the required braking values. Depending on the system architecture, it is possible for both the braking power of each motor and also the braking power of the spring-store-based friction brakes to be activated individually and independently of one another, and therefore to meet the demand for a reliable overall braking power. To determine the system state, the following operating variables of the vehicle are for example detected as input variables for the control/regulation of the overall braking power of the vehicle: measurement of the deceleration by means of suitable sensors, measurement of the engine currents and calculation by means of machine model, measurement of the zero crossings of the motor voltages and determining the deceleration by variance determination, measurement of the motor or intermediate circuit power, measurement of the power in braking resistance, measurement of the rotational speeds, temperature measurements, load cycle measurement in combination with air spring pressure measurement. An actual characteristic curve is formed on the basis of the measured operating values and is compared with a nominal characteristic curve which is applicable for adhering to the required braking values. As long as there is a negative nominal/actual deviation, that is to say an undershooting of the nominal value, the braking of the motors, by connecting the motors to the R circuit or RC circuit, and the braking of the spring-store-based friction brakes are activated in succession, taking into consideration a tolerance band. It is also provided that an actual characteristic curve formed from the rotational speed of the motors and the acceleration of the vehicle is compared with a nominal characteristic curve which is stored in a non-volatile memory, and that the braking of the motors and of the spring-store-based friction brakes is activated in the event of a negative nominal/actual deviation. A logical lock mechanism is expediently provided which prevents the simultaneous activation of more than one brake component. In contrast, however, all of the spring-store-based friction brakes may be activated together. As a result of the possibility of activating electrical and mechanical braking power individually and in succession, it is possible for the provided braking force to be controlled, and for the influences of boundary conditions, such as for example loading state of the vehicle, temperature of the motors and in particular of the magnets, to thereby be compensated. The braking profile takes place according to the projectable nominal characteristic curve. Demanded limit values of the braking deceleration are adhered to. In addition, the undesired jolt when the brakes are applied is limited. By means of the invention, it is possible to obtain the use of the reliable electric brake, and to thereby dispense with the fully-rated mechanical brake which is provided in vehicles nowadays, and to meet comfort and deceleration demands in the braking of electrically driven vehicles. Patent claims 1. A method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, which are fitted with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motor drive is provided by permanently excited synchronous machines, with the terminals of the synchronous machine being connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque, characterized in that a controller or regulator is activated which activates the braking of the provided motors and the spring-store-based friction brakes individually and in succession as a function of the operating conditions of the vehicle and the required braking values, and in that, as input variables for the control/regulation of the overall braking power of the vehicle, a plurality of the following operating conditions of the vehicle are measured or evaluated or used with a stored characteristic map in order to determine a nominal/actual comparison: measurement of the deceleration by means of suitable sensors, measurement of the engine currents and calculation by means of machine model, measurement of the zero crossings of the motor voltages and determining the deceleration by variance determination, measurement of the motor or intermediate circuit power, measurement of the power in braking resistance, measurement of the rotational speeds, temperature measurements, load cycle measurement in combination with air spring pressure measurement. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that both the braking power of each motor and also the braking power of the spring-store-based friction brakes are activated independently of one another. 3. The method as claimed in one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that an actual characteristic curve is formed on the basis of the measured operating values and is compared with a nominal characteristic curve which is applicable for adhering to the required braking values, and in that further engine brakes or spring-store-based friction brakes are activated in the event of a nominal/actual deviation of the braking, taking into consideration a tolerance band. 4. The method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the simultaneous activation of more than one brake component is prevented by means of a logical lock mechanism. 5. The method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that all the spring-store-based friction brakes are activated together. 6. The method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the braking of the motors and of the spring-store-based friction brakes is configured such that it can be deactivated. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a capacitor is connected in parallel at least to one of the devices which generates a braking torque. The invention relates to a method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles. The invention is based on the object of configuring in an optimum way the behaviour of the brake system directly as a function of the system state, i.e. the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as for example the laden state of the vehicle, temperature of the engines and in particular of the magnets, as well as redundancy requirements, and therefore permit the fully functioning mechanical brake which is present in vehicles nowadays to be eliminated. The method for braking electrically driven vehicles which are equipped with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motive drive is provided by means of permanently excited synchronous machines whose terminals are connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque is characterized according to the invention in that an open-loop or closed-loop controller is activated and said controller connects the brake system of the engines which are present and the spring-store-based friction brakes into the circuit individually and successively as a function of the operating conditions of the vehicle and the required brake values.

Full Text

Description
Method for braking electrically driven vehicles
The invention relates to a method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, whose drive is provided by permanently excited synchronous machines.
According to the prior art, the braking of rail vehicles takes place by means of an electro-pneumatic braking arrangement. The design of such systems is based on the maximum vehicle loading under the assumption of adverse ambient conditions (for example friction value).
Unregulated braking would, for example under partial loading, result in the required deceleration values being exceeded. The adjustment/regulation of the mechanical brake usually takes place by means of a load-dependent variation of the brake pressure.
In the most recent stage of development, permanently excited synchronous machines with separate electric brake circuits are used for driving vehicles, in particular rail vehicles.
Document DE 10 2004 032 680 Al discloses a motor brake for an electrically driven vehicle, in particular for a rail vehicle, having a permanently excited synchronous machine, with terminals of the synchronous machine being connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque. Here, it is provided that a capacitor is connected in parallel at least to one of the devices which generate a braking torque, in order to ensure an increased braking power by varying the operating point of the synchronous machine.

The devices which generate a braking torque are for example brake resistances which can be variable.
By connecting a permanently excited synchronous machine in a circuit with ohmic resistances (R) or combinations of ohmic resistances and capacitors (RC), the action of the motor brake is optimized with respect to the rotational speed of the synchronous machine, and it is possible to realize a reliable electric brake, in particular for rail vehicles.
With the described circuit connection of the permanently excited synchronous machine, extremely different boundary conditions, such as for example load state of the vehicle, temperature of the motors and in particular of the magnets, and redundancy requirements, have the result that, for a fixed dimensioning of R or RC, the braking deceleration limit values prescribed by the operator or in standards are not always adhered to.
In the event of a simultaneous activation of all of the provided braking systems, that is to say without controlling intervention, the limit values for deceleration are exceeded in several system states.
Such behavior is not accepted by the operators and prevents the use of a reliable electric brake for rail vehicles.
The invention was therefore based on the object of optimally configuring the behavior of the brake system so as to be directly dependent on the system state, that is to say on the stated boundary conditions of the vehicle, and of being able to thereby dispense with the fully-rated mechanical brake (as opposed to the mechanical parking brake for the parked state) which is provided in vehicles nowadays.

The object is achieved corresponding to the features of claim 1; the subclaims specify expedient

refinements of the invention.
According to the invention, for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, which are fitted with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motor drive is provided by permanently excited synchronous machines, with the terminals of the synchronous machine being connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque, a controller or regulator is activated which activates the spring-store-based friction brakes and the braking of the provided motors individually and in succession as a function of the actual operating conditions (brake performance) of the vehicle and the required braking values.
Depending on the system architecture, it is possible for both the braking power of each motor and also the braking power of the spring-store-based friction brakes to be activated individually and independently of one another, and therefore to meet the demand for a reliable overall braking power.
To determine the system state, the following operating variables of the vehicle are for example detected as input variables for the control/regulation of the overall braking power of the vehicle:
measurement of the deceleration by means of suitable
sensors,
measurement of the engine currents and calculation by
means of machine model,
measurement of the zero crossings of the motor voltages
and determining the deceleration by variance
determination,
measurement of the motor or intermediate circuit power,
measurement of the power in braking resistance,
measurement of the rotational speeds,
temperature measurements,

load cycle measurement in combination with air spring pressure measurement.

An actual characteristic curve is formed on the basis of the measured operating values and is compared with a nominal characteristic curve which is applicable for adhering to the required braking values. As long as there is a negative nominal/actual deviation, that is to say an undershooting of the nominal value, the braking of the motors, by connecting the motors to the R circuit or RC circuit, and the braking of the spring-store-based friction brakes are activated in succession, taking into consideration a tolerance band.
It is also provided that an actual characteristic curve formed from the rotational speed of the motors and the acceleration of the vehicle is compared with a nominal characteristic curve which is stored in a non-volatile memory, and that the braking of the motors and of the spring-store-based friction brakes is activated in the event of a negative nominal/actual deviation.
A logical lock mechanism is expediently provided which prevents the simultaneous activation of more than one brake component.
In contrast, however, all of the spring-store-based friction brakes may be activated together.
As a result of the possibility of activating electrical and mechanical braking power individually and in succession, it is possible for the provided braking force to be controlled, and for the influences of boundary conditions, such as for example loading state of the vehicle, temperature of the motors and in particular of the magnets, to thereby be compensated.
The braking profile takes place according to the projectable nominal characteristic curve. Demanded limit values of the braking deceleration are adhered to. In addition, the undesired jolt when the brakes are applied is limited.

By means of the invention, it is possible to obtain the use of the reliable electric brake, and to thereby dispense with the fully-rated mechanical brake which is provided in vehicles nowadays, and

to meet comfort and deceleration demands in the braking of electrically driven vehicles.

Patent claims
1. A method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles, which are fitted with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motor drive is provided by permanently excited synchronous machines, with the terminals of the synchronous machine being connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque, characterized in that a controller or regulator is activated which activates the braking of the provided motors and the spring-store-based friction brakes individually and in succession as a function of the operating conditions of the vehicle and the required braking values, and in that, as input variables for the control/regulation of the overall braking power of the vehicle, a plurality of the following operating conditions of the vehicle are measured or evaluated or used with a stored characteristic map in order to determine a nominal/actual comparison:
measurement of the deceleration by means of suitable
sensors,
measurement of the engine currents and calculation by
means of machine model,
measurement of the zero crossings of the motor voltages
and determining the deceleration by variance
determination,
measurement of the motor or intermediate circuit power,
measurement of the power in braking resistance,
measurement of the rotational speeds,
temperature measurements,
load cycle measurement in combination with air spring pressure measurement.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that both the braking power of each motor and also the braking power

of the spring-store-based friction brakes are activated independently of one another.
3. The method as claimed in one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that an actual characteristic curve is

formed on the basis of the measured operating values and is compared with a nominal characteristic curve which is applicable for adhering to the required braking values, and in that further engine brakes or spring-store-based friction brakes are activated in the event of a nominal/actual deviation of the braking, taking into consideration a tolerance band.
4. The method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the simultaneous activation of more than one brake component is prevented by means of a logical lock mechanism.
5. The method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that all the spring-store-based friction brakes are activated together.
6. The method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the braking of the motors and of the spring-store-based friction brakes is configured such that it can be deactivated.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a capacitor is connected in parallel at least to one of the devices which generates a braking torque.

The invention relates to a method for braking electrically driven vehicles, in particular rail vehicles. The invention is based on the object of configuring in an optimum way the behaviour of the brake system directly as a function of the system state, i.e. the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as for example the laden state of the vehicle, temperature of the engines and in particular of the magnets, as well as redundancy requirements, and therefore permit the fully functioning mechanical brake which is present in vehicles nowadays to be eliminated. The method for braking electrically driven vehicles which are equipped with spring-store-based friction brakes and whose motive drive is provided by means of permanently excited synchronous machines whose terminals are connected via switches to devices which generate a braking torque is characterized according to the invention in that an open-loop or closed-loop controller is activated and said controller connects the brake system of the engines which are present and the spring-store-based friction brakes into the circuit individually and successively as a function of the operating conditions of the vehicle and the required brake values.

Documents:

http://ipindiaonline.gov.in/patentsearch/GrantedSearch/viewdoc.aspx?id=egj9c37eQW+GX9TNx8REkQ==&loc=wDBSZCsAt7zoiVrqcFJsRw==

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Patent Number

271752

Indian Patent Application Number

4655/KOLNP/2008

PG Journal Number

10/2016

Publication Date

04-Mar-2016

Grant Date

02-Mar-2016

Date of Filing

17-Nov-2008

Name of Patentee

SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT

Applicant Address

WITTELSBACHERPLATZ 2, 80333 MUNCHEN

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	FRANK JACOBI VON WANGELIN	BRESLAUER STR. 44, 91058 ERLANGEN
2	ANDREAS FUCHS	WOLFSSTAUDENRING 11, 91056 ERLANGEN
3	BERND LASKA	SUDETENRING 20, 91074 HERZOGENAURACH
4	LARS LOWENSTEIN	IM ZOLLSTOCK 1, 91093 HESSDORF

PCT International Classification Number

B60L 7/24,B60L 7/26

PCT International Application Number

PCT/EP2007/052427

PCT International Filing date

2007-03-15

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	10 2006 024 239.4	2006-05-23	Germany