| Title of Invention | "LIGHTWEIGHT COMPONENT FOR HYBRID DESIGN" |
|---|---|
| Abstract | The present invention relates to lightweight components of hybrid design, also termed hybrid components or hollow-chamber lightweight components, composed of a shell-type parent body which is reinforced by means of thermoplastics and is suitable for the transmission of high mechanical loads, where particular flow aids are added to the thermoplastic in order to improve its physical properties. |
| Full Text | Lightweight component of hybrid design The present invention relates to lightweight components of hybrid design, also termed hybrid components or hollow-chamber lightweight components, composed of a shell-type parent body which is reinforced by means of thermoplastics and is suitable for the transmission of high mechanical loads, where particular flow aids are added to the thermoplastic in order to improve its physical properties. These lightweight components of appropriate design are used for vehicle parts, or in load-bearing elements of office machinery or of household machines or of other machinery, or in design elements for decorative purposes or the like. A feature of lightweight components of hybrid design, hereinafter also termed hybrid components, is interlock bonding of a shell-type parent body or, respectively, hollow body, mostly composed of metal, to a plastics part introduced into this or added onto this. For the purposes of the present invention, these are also termed hollow-chamber lightweight components. German Offenlegungsschrift 27 50 982 discloses a non-releasable connection involving two or more parts, preferably composed of metal, where the connection is composed of plastic and is produced in a mould which accepts the parts to be connected, for example by the injection-moulding process. EP-A 0 370 342 discloses a lightweight component of hybrid design composed of a shell-type parent body whose internal space has reinforcing ribs securely connected to the parent body, in that the reinforcing ribs are composed of moulded-on plastic and their connection to the parent body takes place at discrete connection sites by way of perforations in the parent body, through which the plastic extends and extends across the areas of the perforations, and a secure interlock bond is achieved. EP-A 0 995 668 supplements this principle in that the hollow-chamber lightweight component is additionally provided with a cover plate or cover shell composed of plastic. However, it is also possible to conceive of a cover plate composed of other materials, such as metal. WO 2002/068257 discloses what are known as integrated structures composed of metal and plastic with the description of a number of fastening means in order to provide secure connection of the two components to one another. WO 2004/071741 discloses the alternative procedure, namely using two operations first to mould the plastic onto the shell-type metal part in such a way that the plastic passes through openings in the metal part and leaves flash material on the other side, where an additional conversion operation is required before this material leads to a secure interlock bond. EP 1 294 552 Bl discloses that, for the production of a hybrid component, it is possible that the metal core has been not completely, but only sectionally, overmoulded by the plastic, to give a secure interlock bond. WO 2004/011315 discloses a further variant in which the metal part provides, both above and below, openings for the secure interlock bond with the overmoulded plastic. WO 2001/38063 describes a composite plastics part composed of at least two sheet-like workpieces of different material, for example plastic and metal, or of different metals or plastics, where the workpieces have been connected to one another in their peripheral region, and the connection is composed of moulded-on thermoplastic. EP 1 223 032 A2 discloses a sheet-type lightweight component of hybrid design. US 6,761,187 Bl discloses a hybrid component in the form of a channel or of a tube with integrated closure composed of a thermoplastic. DE 195 43 324 A1 discloses how the metal component for use as hybrid component can be prepared in order to achieve a secure interlock bond with the thermoplastic. EP 1 340 668 A2 or EP 1 300 325 A2 provides the possibility of ribbing not only within the metal part for reinforcement but also outside of the same. It was quickly recognized that hollow-chamber lightweight components of hybrid design have excellent suitability wherever high stability, high energy absorption in the event of a crash, and weight saving are important, i.e. in the construction of motor vehicles, for example. E 0 679 565 Bl discloses the front-end of a motor vehicle with at least one rigid transverse bar which extends over most of the length of the front end, with at least one supporting part composed of plastic, cast onto the end region of the rigid transverse bar. EP 1 032 526 Bl discloses a load-bearing structure for the front module of a motor vehicle composed of a steel sheet parent body, of an unreinforced amorphous thermoplastic material, of a glass-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic, and also of a rib structure composed of, for example, polyamide. DE 100 53 840 A1 discloses a bumper system or energy-absorber element composed of oppositely arranged metal sheets and connection ribs composed of thermoplastic or of thermoset. WO 2001/40009 discloses the use of hybrid technology in brake pedals, clutch pedals or accelerator pedals of motor vehicles. EP 1 211 164 B1 in turn describes the support structure for a motor vehicle radiator arrangement, using a hybrid structure. DE 101 50 061 Al discloses the upper transverse member in the vehicle front module of hybrid design. US 6,688,680 Bl describes a transverse member of hybrid design in a vehicle. EP 1 380 493 A2 gives another example of a front end panel of a motor vehicle, but here the material is not injected around all of the metal part but takes the form of webs bracketing the same. Lightweight components of hybrid design can be used not only for front ends or pedals but also anywhere in the bodywork of a vehicle. By way of example, DE 100 18 186 B4 provides a solution for a vehicle door with door casing, EP 1 232 935 Al for the actual bodywork of a vehicle and DE 102 21 709 Al for the load-bearing elements of motor vehicles. High-flowability thermoplastic compositions are of interest for a wide variety of shaping processes, such as injection-moulding applications. By way of example, thin-wall components in the electrical, electronics and motor vehicle industries demand low viscosities of the thermoplastic composition, to permit filling of the mould while using minimum filling pressures or clamping forces for the corresponding injection-moulding machinery. This is also relevant to the simultaneous charging of a plurality of injection-moulded components by way of a shared gating system in what are known as multi-cavity moulds. Furthermore, low-viscosity thermoplastic compositions can also often achieve shorter cycle times. Good flowabilities are also moreover specifically very important in the case of highly filled thermoplastic compositions, for example those whose glass fibre contents and/or mineral contents are above 40% by weight. However, despite high flowability of the thermoplastic compositions, stringent mechanical requirements are placed upon the components themselves to be produced therefrom and in particular on hybrid components to be produced therefrom, and the lowering of viscosity cannot therefore be permitted to cause any impairment of mechanical properties. There are a number of ways of obtaining high-flowability, low-viscosity thermoplastic moulding compositions. One possibility is the use of low-viscosity polymer resins with low molecular weight as main polymers for the thermoplastic moulding compositions. However, the use of low-molecular-weight polymer resins is often attended by sacrifices in terms of mechanical properties, in particular toughness. Another factor is that the production of a low-viscosity polymer resin on an existing polymerization plant often requires complicated modification work attended by capital expenditure. Another possibility is the use of what are known as flow aids or internal lubricants, which are an additive that can be added to the polymer resin. These flow aids are known from the literature, e.g. Kunststoffe 2000, 9, pp. 116-118, and can by way of example be fatty acid esters of polyols, or can be amides derived from fatty acids or from amines. However, these fatty acid esters, for example pentaerythritol tetrastearate or ethylene glycol dimontanoate, have only limiting miscibility with polar thermoplastics, such as polyamides, polyalkylene terephthalates or polycarbonates. Their concentration therefore increases at the surface of the moulding, and for this reason they are also used as mould-release agents. However, particularly when relatively high concentrations are used, or on heat-ageing or in the case of polyamides also on absorption of moisture, they can migrate to the surface of these mouldings, where their concentration increases. By way of example, this can lead to problems in relation to paint adhesion or metal adhesion in coated mouldings. As an alternative to these surfactant flow aids, internal flow aids can be used, these being compatible with the polymer resins. Examples of materials suitable for this purpose are low-molecular-weight compounds or branched, highly branched or dendritic polymers, with polarity similar to that of the polymer resin. These highly branched or dendritic systems are known from the literature, and can by way of example be based on branched polyesters, polyamides, polyesteramides, polyethers or polyamines, as described in Kunststqffe 2001, 91, pp. 179-190, or in Advances in Polymer Science 1999, 143 (Branched Polymers II), pp. 1-34. In principle, the flowability of polyamides can be improved via addition of highly branched polymers having rigid aromatic units, via addition of polymers based on aromatics or via addition of phenols, bisphenols and similar low-molecular-weight additives. If, however, the intention is to influence not only the flowability of the moulding compositions but at the same time the modulus of elasticity and thus the stiffness of mouldings, in particular for use in hybrid components, the flow improvers of the prior art rapidly reach their limits. Nor is the desired result achieved here by using other copolymers based on ethene and on acrylates or methacrylates, in the thermoplastics to be used. The object of the present invention consisted in producing hollow-chamber lightweight components of hybrid design which firstly have the advantages knowTi from the prior art, such as high buckling resistance, high torsional stability, and relatively high strength, but which moreover feature relatively low weight and relatively low mould temperatures during production, where the viscosity of the polycondensate compositions is lowered via use of additives in the polymer melt, without any need here to accept the sort of losses in properties such as impact resistance and hydrolysis resistance that occur when low-viscosity linear polymer resins or additives known from the literature are used. In terms of stiffness and ultimate tensile strength, the intention was that ideally there be no significant difference from the polycondensate compositions not using additives, thus permitting problem-free replacement of the materials for plastics designs based on, for example, polyamide, and thus providing optimized use in hybrid components. The object is achieved in that the present invention provides lightweight components composed of a shell-type parent body whose external and/or internal space has reinforcing structures securely connected to the parent body and composed of moulded-on thermoplastics, and having connection to the parent body at discrete connection sites, characterized in that polymer moulding compositions are used comprising A) from 99.99 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 99.5 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 99.0 to 55 parts by weight, of at least one semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer and B) from 0.01 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 0.25 to 20 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 1.0 to 15 parts by weight Bl) of at least one copolymer composed of at least one olefin, preferably one a-olefm, with at least one methacrylate or acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol, preferably of an aliphatic alcohol having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, where the MFl of the copolymer Bl) is not less than l00g/l0min, preferably not less than 150 g/10 min, or B2) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, Part 2), or B3) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where x is at least 1.1 and y is at least 2.1, or a mixture of Bl) with B2) or of B2) with 33) or of Bl) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) and with B3), in each case with A). In one preferred embodiment, the connection of the moulded-on thermoplastic to the parent body takes place at discrete connection sites by way of perforations in the parent body, where the plastic (thermoplastic) extends through these and extends over the area of the perforations, thus achieving a secure interlock bond. According to the invention, this procedure can be realized in one, two, three or more steps. The shell-type parent body preferably has a U shape, but can also have another shape in the case of motor vehicle doors. The design of the shell-type parent body is however in essence determined via the shape of the moulding to be produced. It is preferable to use a shell-type parent body composed of metal, particularly preferably of iron, steel, brass, aluminium, magnesium or titanium. However, the shell-type parent body itself can also be composed of a thermoplastic, and the thermoplastics used here can be the same as those described for component A) in the present application. The processing of the polymer moulding compositions to give the inventive lightweight components of hybrid design takes place via shaping processes for thermoplastics, preferably via injection moulding, melt extrusion, compression moulding, stamping or blow moulding. In principle, the advantageous effects to be achieved are apparent with thermoplastics of any type. A list of the thermoplastics to be used as component A) is found by way of example in Kunststoff-Taschenbuch [Plastics Handbook] (Ed. Saechtling), 1989 edition, which also mentions sources. Processes for the production of these thermoplastics are known per se to the person skilled in the art. The effects to be achieved are likewise apparent in all of the variations disclosed in the prior art cited above of the use of hybrid technology, irrespective of whether the plastics part encapsulates the metal part completely or, as in the case of EP 1 380 493 A2, merely forms a web around it, and irrespective of whether the plastics part is subsequently incorporated by adhesion or connected by way of example by a laser to the metal part, or whether, as in WO 2004/071741, the plastics part and the metal part obtain the secure interlock bond in an additional operation. Preferred semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers (thermoplastics) to be used as component A) for the inventive lightweight components in hybrid technology are those selected from the group of the polyamides, vinylaromatic polymers, ASA polymers, ABS polymers, SAN polymers, POM, PPE, polyarylene ether sulphones, polypropylene (PP) or their blends, preference being given here to polyamide, polyester, polypropylene and polycarbonates or blends comprising polyamide, polyester or polycarbonates as essential constituent. It is particularly preferable that the component A) used in the moulding compositions to be processed comprises at least one polymer from the series of polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene or polyamide or blends of these thermoplastics with the abovementioned materials. Polyamides to be used with particular preference according to the invention as component A) are semicrystalline polyamides, which can be prepared starting from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from lactams having at least five ring members, or from corresponding amino acids. Starting materials that can be used for this purpose are aliphatic and/or aromatic dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic acid, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyladipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and aliphatic and/or aromatic diamines, e.g. tetramethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, 1,9-nonanediamine, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylenediamine, the isomeric diaminodicyclohexylmethanes, diaminodicyclohexylpropanes, bisaminomethylcyclohexane, phenylenediamines, xylylenediamines, aminocarboxylic acids, e.g. aminocaproic acid, and the corresponding lactams. Copolyamides composed of a plurality of the monomers mentioned are included. Polyamides preferred according to the invention are prepared from caprolactams, very particularly preferably from s-caprolactara, and also most of the compounding materials based on PA6, on PA66, and on other aliphatic and/or aromatic polyamides and, respectively, copolyamides, where there are from 3 to 11 methylene groups for every polyamide group in the polymer chain. Semicrystalline polyamides to be used according to the invention as component A) can also be used in a mixture with other polyamides and/or with further polymers. Conventional additives, e.g. mould-release agents, stabilizers and/or flow aids, can be admixed in the melt with the polyamides or applied to the surface. According to the invention, another particularly preferred component A) to be used is polyesters, these being polyesters based on aromatic dicarboxylic acids and on an aliphatic or aromatic dihydroxy compound. A first group of preferred polyesters is that of polyalkylene terephthalates, in particular those having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol moiety. Polyalkylene terephthalates of this type are known and are described in the literature. Their main chain comprises an aromatic ring which derives from the aromatic dicarboxylic acid. There may also be substitution in the aromatic ring, e.g. by halogen, such as chlorine or bromine, or by C1-C4-alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, iso- or n-propyl, or n-, iso- or tert-butyl groups. These polyalkylene terephthalates may be prepared by reacting aromatic dicarboxylic acids, or their esters or other ester-forming derivatives, with aliphatic dihydroxy compounds in a known manner. Preferred dicarboxylic acids that may be mentioned are 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid, and mixtures of these. Up to 30 mol%, preferably not more than 10 mol%, of the aromatic dicarboxylic acids may be replaced by aliphatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acids and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids. Among the aliphatic di-hydroxy compounds, preference is given to diols having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in particular 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-hexane-diol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and neopentyl glycol, and mixtures of these. Polyesters of component A) whose use is very particularly preferred are polyalkylene terephthalates derived from alkanediols having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Among these, particular preference is given to polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, and mixtures of these. Preference is also given to PET and/or PBT which comprise, as other monomer units, up to 1% by weight, preferably up to 0.75% by weight, of 1,6-hexanediol and/or 2-methyl-l,5-pentanediol. The viscosity number of polyesters whose use is preferred according to the invention as component A) is generally in the range from 50 to 220, preferably from 8 to 160 (measured in 0.5% strength by weight solution in a phenol/o-dichlorobenzene mixture in a ratio by weight of 1:1 at 25°C) in accordance with ISO 1628. Particular preference is given to polyesters whose carboxy end group content is up to 100 meq/kg of polyester, preferably up to 50 meq/kg of polyester and in particular up to 40 meq/kg of polyester. Polyesters of this type may be prepared, for example, by the process of DE-A 44 01 055. The carboxy end group content is usually determined by titration methods (e.g. potentiometry). If polyester mixtures are used as component A), the moulding compositions comprise a mixture composed of polyesters which differ from PBT, an example being polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The content by way of example of the polyethylene terephthalate is preferably up to 50% by weight in the mixture, in particular from 10 to 35% by weight, based on 100% by weight of A). It is also advantageous to use recycled materials, such as recycled PA materials or recycled PET materials (also termed scrap PET), if appropriate mixed with polyalkylene terephthalates, such as PBT. Recycled materials are generally: 1) those known as post-industrial recycled materials: these are production wastes during polycondensation or during processing, e.g. sprues from injection moulding, start-up material from injection moulding or extrusion, or edge trims from extruded sheets or foils. 2) post-consumer recycled materials: these are plastic items which are collected and treated after utilization by the end consumer. Blow-moulded PET bottles for mineral water, soft drinks and juices are easily the predominant items in terms of quantity. Both types of recycled material may be used either as ground material or in the form of pellets. In the latter case, the crude recycled materials are separated and purified and then melted and pelletized using an extruder. This usually facilitates handling and free flow, and metering for further steps in processing. The recycled materials used may be either pelletized or in the form of regrind. The edge length should not be more than 10 mm, preferably less than 8 mm. Because polyesters undergo hydrolytic cleavage during processing (due to traces of moisture) it is advisable to predry the recycled material. The residual moisture content after drying is preferably Another group that may be mentioned of polyesters whose use is preferred for component A) is that of fully aromatic polyesters derived from aromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic dihydroxy compounds. Suitable aromatic dicarboxylic acids are the compounds previously mentioned for the polyalkylene terephthalates. The mixtures preferably used are composed of from 5 to 100 mol% of isophthalic acid and from 0 to 95 mol% of terephthalic acid, in particular from about 50 to about 80% of terephthalic acid and from 20 to about 50% of isophthalic acid. The aromatic dihydroxy compounds preferably have the general formula (Formula Removed) where Z is an alkylene or cycloalkylene group having up to 8 carbon atoms, an arylene group having up to 12 carbon atoms, a carbonyl group, a sulphonyl group, an oxygen or sulphur atom, or a chemical bond, and where m is from 0 to 2. The phenylene groups of the compounds may also have substitution by C1-C6-alkyl or -alkoxy groups and fluorine, chlorine or bromine. Examples of parent compounds for these compounds are dihydroxybiphenyl, di(hydroxyphenyl)alkane, di(hydroxyphenyl)cycloalkane, di(hydroxyphenyl)sulphide, di(hydroxyphenyl) ether, di(hydroxyphenyl) ketone, di(hydroxyphenyl) sulphoxide, a,a'-di(hydroxyphenyl)dialkylbenzene, di(hydroxyphenyl) sulphone, di(hydroxybenzoyl)benzene, resorcinol, and hydroquinone, and also the ring-alkylated and ring-halogenated derivatives of these. Among these, preference is given to 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,4-di(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane, α,α'-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-p-diisopropylbenzene, 2,2-di(3 '-methyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and 2,2-di(3'-chloro-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and in particular to 2,2-di(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-di(3',5-dichlorodihydroxyphenyl)propane, l,l-di(4'-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, 3,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl sulphone and 2,2-di(3',5'-dimethyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane and mixtures of these. It is, of course, also possible to use mixtures of polyalkylene terephthalates and fully aromatic polyesters. These generally comprise from 20 to 98%) by weight of the polyalkylene terephthalate and from 2 to 80% by weight of the fully aromatic polyester. It is, of course, also possible to use polyester block copolymers, such as copolyetheresters. Products of this type are known and are described in the literature, e.g. in US-A 3 651 014. Corresponding products are also available commercially, e.g. Hytrel® (DuPont). According to the invention, materials whose use is preferred as polyesters and therefore likewise as component A) also include halogen-free polycarbonates. Examples of suitable halogen-free polycarbonates are those based on diphenols of the general formula (Formula Removed) where Q is a single bond, a C1-C8-alkylene, C2-C3-alkylidene, C3-C6-cycloalkylidene, C6-C12-arylene group, or -0-, -S- or -SO2-, and m is a whole number from 0 to 2. The phenylene radicals of the diphenols may also have substituents, such as C1-C6-alkyl or C1-C6-alkoxy. Examples of preferred diphenols of the formula are hydroquinone, resorcinol, 4,4'-di-hydroxybiphenyl, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane and l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane. Particular preference is given to 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, and also to l,l-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. Either homopolycarbonates or copolycarbonates are suitable as component A, and preference is given to the copolycarbonates of bisphenol A, as well as to bisphenol A homopolymer. Suitable polycarbonates may be branched in a known manner, specifically and preferably by incorporating from 0.05 to 2.0 mol%, based on the total of the diphenols used, of at least trifunctional compounds, for example those having three or more phenolic OH groups. Polycarbonates which have proven particularly suitable have relative viscosities rel of from 1.10 to 1.50, in particular from 1.25 to 1.40. This corresponds to an average molar mass M^ (weight-average) of from 10 000 to 200 000 g/mol, preferably from 20 000 to 80 000 g/mol. The diphenols of the general formula are known or can be prepared by known processes. The polycarbonates may, for example, be prepared by reacting the diphenols with phosgene in the interfacial process, or with phosgene in the homogeneous-phase process (known as the pyridine process), and in each case the desired molecular weight may be achieved in a known manner by using an appropriate amount of known chain terminators. (In relation to polydiorganosiloxane-containing polycarbonates see, for example, DE-A 33 34 782.) Examples of suitable chain terminators are phenol, p-tert-butylphenol, or else long-chain alkylphenols, such as 4-(l,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol as in DE-A 28 42 005, or monoalkylphenols, or dialkylphenols with a total of from 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl substituents as in DE-A-35 06 472, such as p-nonylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-octylphenol, p-dodecylphenol, 2-(3,5-dimethylheptyl)phenol and 4-(3,5-dimethylheptyl)phenol. For the purposes of the present invention, halogen-free polycarbonates are polycarbonates composed of halogen-free diphenols, of halogen-free chain terminators and, if used, halogen-free branching agents, where the content of subordinate amounts at the ppm level of hydrolyzable chlorine, resulting, for example, from the preparation of the polycarbonates with phosgene in the interfacial process, is not regarded as meriting the term halogen-containing for the purposes of the invention. Polycarbonates of this type with contents of hydrolyzable chlorine at the ppm level are halogen-free polycarbonates for the purposes of the present invention. Other suitable components A) that may be mentioned are amorphous polyester carbonates, where during the preparation process phosgene has been replaced by aromatic dicarboxylic acid units, such as isophthalic acid and/or terephthalic acid units. Reference may be made at this point to EP-A 711 810 for further details. EP-A 365 916 describes other suitable copolycarbonates having cycloalkyl radicals as monomer units. It is also possible for bisphenol A to be replaced by bisphenol TMC. Polycarbonates of this type are obtainable from Bayer AG with the trademark APEC HT®. However, preference is given according to the invention to the use of the polyamides or polyesters described above as component A). The moulding compositions to be used according to the invention can comprise, as component B), Bl) copolymers, preferably random copolymers composed of at least one olefin, preferably a-olefin, and of at least one methaciylate or acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol, where the MFI of the copolymer B) is not less than 100 g/10 min, preferably 150 g/10 min, particularly preferably 300 g/10 min. In one preferred embodiment, the copolymer Bl) is composed of less than 4% by weight, particularly preferably less than 1.5% by weight and very particularly preferably 0% by weight, of monomer units which contain further reactive functional groups selected from the group comprising epoxides, oxetanes, anhydrides, imides, aziridines, furans, acids, amines, oxazolines. Olefins, preferably a-olefins, suitable as constituent of the copolymers Bl) preferably have from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and can be unsubstituted or can have substitution by one or more aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic groups. Preferred olefins are those selected from the group consisting of ethene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 3-methyl-l-pentene. Particularly preferred olefins are ethene and propene, and ethene is particularly preferred. Mixtures of the olefins described are also suitable. In an embodiment to which fiirther preference is given, the further reactive functional groups of the copolymer Bl), selected from the group consisting of epoxides, oxetanes, anhydrides, imides, aziridines, furans, acids, amines, oxazolines, are introduced exclusively by way of the olefins into the copolymer Bl). The content of the olefin in the copolymer Bl) is from 50 to 90% by weight, preferably from 55 to 75% by weight. The copolymer Bl) is further defined via the second constituent alongside the olefin. A suitable second constituent is alkyl esters or arylalkyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid whose alkyl or arylalkyl group is formed from 1 to 30 carbon atoms. The alkyl or arylalkyl group here can be linear or branched, and also can contain cycloaliphatic or aromatic groups, and alongside this can also have substitution by one or more ether or thioether functions. Other suitable methacrylates or acrylates in this connection are those synthesized from an alcohol component based on oligoethylene glycol or on oligopropylene glycol having only one hydroxy group and at most 30 carbon atoms. By way of example, the alkyl group or arylalkyl group of the methacrylate or acrylate can have been selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 3-heptyl, 1-octyl, l-(2-ethyl)hexyl, 1-nonyl, 1-decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-lauryl or 1-octadecyl. Preference is given to alkyl groups or arylalkyl groups having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Preference is particularly also given to branched alkyl groups which have the same number of carbon atoms as linear alkyl groups but give a lower glass transition temperature TQ. Particular preference according to the invention is given to copolymers Bl) in which the olefin is copolymerized with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. Mixtures of the acrylates or methacylates described are also suitable. It is preferable here to use more than 60% by weight, particularly preferably more than 90% by weight and very particularly preferably 100%) by weight, of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, based on the total amount of acrylate and methacrylate in copolymer B1). In an embodiment to which further preference is given, the further reactive functional groups selected from the group consisting of epoxides, oxetanes, anhydrides, imides, aziridines, furans, acids, amines, oxazolines in the copolymer Bl) are introduced exclusively by way of the acrylate or methacrylate into the copolymer Bl). The content of the acrylate or methacrylate in the copolymer Bl) is from 10 to 50% by weight, preferably from 25 to 45%) by weight. Another feature of suitable copolymers B1), alongside their constitution, is low molecular weight. Accordingly, copolymers Bl) suitable for the inventive moulding compositions are only those whose MFI value (Melt Flow Index) measured at 190°C and with a load of 2.16 kg is at least 100 g/10 min, preferably at least 150 g/10 min, particularly preferably at least 300 g/10 min. By way of example, copolymers suitable as component Bl) can be those selected from the group of materials supplied by Atofina with the trade mark Lotryl® EH, these usually being used as hot-melt adhesives. The inventive moulding compositions can comprise, as component B) and as alternative to Bl), from 0.01 to 50%) by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 20%) by weight and in particular from 0.7 to 10% by weight, of B2) at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate, preferably from 10 to 550 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate and in particular from 50 to 550 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, Part 2) or of at least one hyperbranched polyester as component B3) or a mixture of Bl) with B2) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B3) or a mixture of Bl) with B2) and with B3). For the purposes of this invention, hyperbranched polycarbonates B2) are non-crosslinked macromolecules having hydroxy groups and carbonate groups, these having both structural and molecular non-uniformity. Their structure may firstly be based on a central molecule in the same way as dendrimers, but with non-uniform chain length of the branches. Secondly, they may also have a linear structure with functional pendant groups, or else they may combine the two extremes, having linear and branched molecular portions. See also P.J. Flory, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2718, and H. Frey et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, no. 14, 2499 for the definition of dendrimeric and hyperbranched polymers. "Hyperbranched" in the context of the present invention means that the degree of branching (DB), i.e. the average number of dendritic linkages plus the average number of end groups per molecule, is from 10 to 99.9%, preferably from 20 to 99%, particularly preferably from 20 to 95%. "Dendrimeric" in the context of the present invention means that the degree of branching is from 99.9 to 100%. See H. Frey et al.. Acta Polym. 1997, 48, 30 for the definition of "degree of branching". Component B2) preferably has a number-average molar mass Mn of from 100 to 15 000 g/mol, preferably from 200 to 12 000 g/mol, and in particular from 500 to 10 000 g/mol (GPC, PMMA standard). The glass transition temperature Tg is in particular from -80 to +140°C, preferably from -60 to 120°C (according to DSC, DIN 53765). In particular, the viscosity (mPas) at 23°C (to DIN 53019) is from 50 to 200 000, in particular from 100 to 150 000, and very particularly preferably from 200 to 100 000. Component B2) is preferably obtainable via a process which comprises at least the following steps: a) reaction of at least one organic carbonate (A) of the general formula RO[(CO)]nOR with at least one aliphatic, aliphatic/aromatic or aromatic alcohol (B) which has at least 3 OH groups, with elimination of alcohols ROH to give one or more condensates (K), where each R, independently of the others, is a straight-chain or branched aliphatic, aromatic/aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and where the radicals R may also have bonding to one another to form a ring, and n is a whole number from 1 to 5, or ab) reaction of phosgene, diphosgene, or triphosgene with alcohol (B) mentioned under a), with elimination of hydrogen chloride b) intermolecular reaction of the condensates (K) to give a highly functional, highly branched, or highly functional, hyperbranched polycarbonate, where the quantitative proportion of the OH groups to the carbonates in the reaction mixture is selected in such a way that the condensates (K) have an average of either one carbonate group and more than one OH group or one OH group and more than one carbonate group. Phosgene, diphosgene, or triphosgene may be used as starting material, but preference is given to organic carbonates. Each of the radicals R of the organic carbonates (A) used as starting material and having the general formula RO(CO)OR is, independently of the others, a straight-chain or branched aliphatic, aromatic/aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. The two radicals R may also have bonding to one another to form a ring. The radical is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, and particularly preferably a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl radical. In particular, use is made of simple carbonates of the formula RO(CO)OR; n is preferably from 1 to 3, in particular 1. By way of example, dialkyl or diaryl carbonates may be prepared from the reaction of aliphatic, araliphatic, or aromatic alcohols, preferably monoalcohols, with phosgene. They may also be prepared by way of oxidative carbonylation of the alcohols or phenols by means of CO in the presence of noble metals, oxygen, or NOx. In relation to preparation methods for diaryl or dialkyl carbonates, see also "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry", 6th edition, 2000 Electronic Release, Verlag Wiley-VCH. Examples of suitable carbonates comprise aliphatic, aromatic/aliphatic or aromatic carbonates, such as ethylene carbonate, propylene 1,2- or 1,3-carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ditolyl carbonate, dixylyl carbonate, dinaphthyl carbonate, ethyl phenyl carbonate, dibenzyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, diisobutyl carbonate, dipentyl carbonate, dihexyl carbonate, dicyclohexyl carbonate, diheptyl carbonate, dioctyl carbonate, didecyl carbonate, or didodecyl carbonate. Examples of carbonates where n is greater than 1 comprise dialkyl dicarbonates, such as di(tert-butyl) dicarbonate, or dialkyl tricarbonates, such as di(tert-butyl) tricarbonate. It is preferable to use aliphatic carbonates, in particular those in which the radicals comprise from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, e.g. dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, or diisobutyl carbonate. The organic carbonates are reacted with at least one aliphatic alcohol (B) which has at least 3 OH groups, or with mixtures of two or more different alcohols. Examples of compounds having at least three OH groups comprise glycerol, trimethylolmethane, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,2,4-butanetriol, tris(hydroxymethyl)amine, tris(hydroxyethyl)amine, tris(hydroxypropyl)amine, pentaerythritol, diglycerol, triglycerol. polyglycerols, bis(trimethylolpropane), tris(hydroxymethyl) isocyanurate, tris(hydroxyethy!) isocyanurate, phloroglucinol, trihydroxytoluene, trihydroxydimethylbenzene, phloroglucides, hexahydroxybenzene, 1,3,5-benzenetrimethanol, l,l,l-tris(4'-hydroxyphenyl)methane, 1,1,1-tris(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, or sugars, e.g. glucose, trihydric or higher polyhydric polyetherols based on trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide, or polyesterols. Particular preference is given here to glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,2,4-butanetriol, pentaerythritol, and also their polyetherols based on ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. These polyhydric alcohols may also be used in a mixture with dihydric alcohols (B'), with the proviso that the average total OH functionality of all of the alcohols used is greater than 2. Examples of suitable compounds having two OH groups comprise ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,5-pentanediol, hexanediol, cyclopentanediol, cyclohexanediol, cyclohexanedimethanol, bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane, 1,1 '-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxyphenyl, bis(4-bis(hydroxyphenyl) sulphide, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulphone, bis(hydroxymethyl)benzene, bis(hydroxymethyi)toluene, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 2,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)propane, 1,1 -bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, dihydroxybenzophenone, dihydric polyether polyols based on ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, or mixtures of these, polytetrahydrofuran, polycaprolactone, or polyesterols based on diols and dicarboxylic acids. The diols serve for fine adjustment of the properties of the polycarbonate. If use is made of dihydric alcohols, the ratio of dihydric alcohols B'), to the at least trihydric alcohols (B) is set by the person skilled in the art and depends on the desired properties of the polycarbonate. The amount of the alcohol(s) (B') is generally from 0 to 39.9 mol%, based on the total amount of all of the alcohols (B) and (B') taken together. The amount is preferably from 0 to 35 mol%, particularly preferably from 0 to 25 mol%, and very particularly preferably from 0 to 10 mol%. The reaction of phosgene, diphosgene, or triphosgene with the alcohol or alcohol mixture generally takes place with elimination of hydrogen chloride, and the reaction of the carbonates with the alcohol or alcohol mixture to give the highly functional highly branched polycarbonate takes place with elimination of the monofunctional alcohol or phenol from the carbonate molecule. The highly functional highly branched polycarbonates have termination by hydroxy groups and/or by carbonate groups after their preparation, i.e. with no further modification. They have good solubility in various solvents, e.g. in water, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, alcohol/water mixtures, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, methoxyethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene carbonate, or propylene carbonate. For the purposes of this invention, a highly functional polycarbonate is a product which, besides the carbonate groups which form the polymer skeleton, further has at least three, preferably at least six, more preferably at least ten, terminal or pendant functional groups. The functional groups are carbonate groups and/or OH groups. There is in principle no upper restriction on the number of the terminal or pendant functional groups, but products having a very high number of functional groups can have undesired properties, such as high viscosity or poor solubility. The highly functional polycarbonates of the present invention mostly have not more than 500 terminal or pendant functional groups, preferably not more than 100 terminal or pendant functional groups. When preparing the highly functional polycarbonates B2), it is necessary to adjust the ratio of the compounds comprising OH groups to phosgene or carbonate in such a way that the simplest resultant condensate (hereinafter termed condensate (K)) comprises an average of either one carbonate group or carbamoyl group and more than one OH group or one OH group and more than one carbonate group or carbamoyl group. The simplest structure of the condensate (K) composed of a carbonate (A) and a di- or polyalcohol (B) here results in the arrangement XYn or YnX, where X is a carbonate group, Y is a hydroxy group, and n is generally a number from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, particularly preferably from 1 to 3. The reactive group which is the single resultant group here is generally termed "focal group" below.By way of example, if during the preparation of the simplest condensate (K) from a carbonate and a dihydric alcohol the reaction ratio is 1:1, the average result is a molecule of XY type, illustrated by the general formula (Formula Removed) During the preparation of the condensate (K) from a carbonate and a trihydric alcohol with a reaction ratio of 1:1, the average result is a molecule of XY2 type, illustrated by the general formula II. A carbonate group is focal group here. (Formula Removed) During the preparation of the condensate (K) from a carbonate and a tetrahydric alcohol, likewise with the reaction ratio 1:1, the average result is a molecule of XY3 type, illustrated by the general formula III. A carbonate group is focal group here. (Formula Removed) R in the formulae (I) to (III) has the definition given above, and R' is an aliphatic or aromatic radical. The condensate (K) may, by way of example, also be prepared from a carbonate and a trihydric alcohol, as illustrated by the general formula (IV), the molar reaction ratio being 2:1. Here, the average result is a molecule of X2Y type, an OH group being focal group here. In formula (IV), R and R' are as defined in formulae (I) to (III). (Formula Removed) If difunctional compounds, e.g. a dicarbonate or a diol, are also added to the components, this extends the chains, as illustrated by way of example in the general formula (V). The average result is again a molecule of XY2 type, a carbonate group being focal group. (Formula Removed) In formula (V), R2 is an organic, preferably aliphatic radical, and R and R are as defined above. It is also possible to use two or more condensates (K) for the synthesis. Here, firstly two or more alcohols or two or more carbonates may be used. Furthermore, mixtures of various condensates of different structure can be obtained via the selection of the ratio of the alcohols used and of the carbonates or the phosgenes. This may be illustrated taking the example of the reaction of a carbonate with a trihydric alcohol. If the starting products are reacted in a ratio of 1:1, as shown in (II), the result is an XY2 molecule. If the starting products are reacted in a ratio of 2:1, as shown in (IV), the result is an X2Y molecule. If the ratio is from 1:1 to 2:1, the result is a mixture of XY2 and X2Y molecules. According to the invention, the simple condensates (K) described by way of example in the formulae (I) to (V) preferentially react intermolecularly to form highly ftinctional polycondensates, hereinafter termed polycondensates (P). The reaction to give the condensate (K) and to give the polycondensate (P) usually takes place at a temperature of from 0 to 250°C, preferably from 60 to 160°C, in bulk or in solution. Use may generally be made here of any of the solvents which are inert with respect to the respective starting materials. Preference is given to use of organic solvents, e.g. decane, dodecane, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, xylene, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, or solvent naphtha. In one embodiment, the condensation reaction is carried out in bulk. To accelerate the reaction, the phenol or the monohydric alcohol ROH liberated during the reaction can be removed by distillation from the reaction equilibrium if appropriate at reduced pressure. If removal by distillation is intended, it is generally advisable to use those carbonates which liberate alcohols ROH with a boiling point below 140°C during the reaction. Catalysts or catalyst mixtures may also be added to accelerate the reaction. Suitable catalysts are compounds which catalyze esterification or transesterification reactions, e.g. alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogencarbonates, preferably of sodium, of potassium, or of cesium, tertiary amines, guanidines, ammonium compounds, phosphonium compounds, organoaluminium, organotin, organozinc, organotitanium, organozirconium, or organobismuth compounds, or else what are known as double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts, e.g. as described in DE-A 10138216 or DE-A 10147712. It is preferable to use potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), diazabicyclononene (DBN), diazabicycloundecene (DBU), imidazoles, such as imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, or 1,2-dimethylimidazole, titanium tetrabutoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dilaurate, stannous dioctoate, zirconium acetylacetonate, or mixtures thereof The amount of catalyst generally added is from 50 to 10 000 ppm by weight, preferably from 100 to 5000 ppm by weight, based on the amount of the alcohol mixture or alcohol used. It is also possible to control the intermolecular polycondensation reaction via addition of the suitable catalyst or else via selection of a suitable temperature. The average molecular weight of the polymer (P) may moreover be adjusted by way of the composition of the starting components and by way of the residence time. The condensates (K) and the polycondensates (P) prepared at an elevated temperature are usually stable at room temperature for a relatively long period. The nature of the condensates (K) permits polycondensates (P) with different structures to result from the condensation reaction, these having branching but no crosslinking. Furthermore, in the ideal case, the polycondensates (P) have either one carbonate group as focal group and more than two OH groups or else one OH group as focal group and more than two carbonate groups. The number of the reactive groups here is the result of the nature of the condensates (K) used and the degree of polycondensation. By way of example, a condensate (K) according to the general formula (H) can react via triple intermolecular condensation to give two different polycondensates (P), represented in the general formulae (VI) and (VII). (Formula Removed) In formula (VI) and (VII), R and R' are as defined above. There are various ways of terminating the intermolecular polycondensation reaction. By way of example, the temperature may be lowered to a range where the reaction stops and the product (K) or the polycondensate (P) is storage-stable. It is also possible to deactivate the catalyst, for example in the case of basic catalysts via addition of Lewis acids or proton acids. In another embodiment, as soon as the intermolecular reaction of the condensate (K) has produced a polycondensate (P) with the desired degree of polycondensation, a product having groups reactive toward the focal group of (P) may be added to the product (P) to terminate the reaction. In the case of a carbonate group as focal group, by way of example, a mono-, di-, or polyamine may therefore be added. In the case of a hydroxy group as focal group, by way of example, a mono-, di-, or polyisocyanate, or a compound comprising epoxy groups, or an acid derivative which reacts with OH groups, can be added to the product (P). The highly functional polycarbonates are mostly prepared in a pressure range from 0.1 mbar to 20 bar, preferably at from 1 mbar to 5 bar, in reactors or reactor cascades which are operated batchwise, semicontinuously, or continuously. The inventive products can be further processed without further purification after their preparation by virtue of the abovementioned adjustment of the reaction conditions and, if appropriate, by virtue of the selection of the suitable solvent. In another preferred embodiment, the product is stripped, i.e. freed from low-molecular-weight. volatile compounds. For this, once the desired degree of conversion has been reached the catalyst may optionally be deactivated and the low-molecular-weight volatile constituents, e.g. monoalcohols, phenols, carbonates, hydrogen chloride, or volatile oligomeric or cyclic compounds, can be removed by distillation, if appropriate with introduction of a gas, preferably nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or air, if appropriate at reduced pressure. In another preferred embodiment, the polycarbonates may comprise other fiinctional groups besides the functional groups present at this stage by virtue of the reaction. The fiinctionalization may take place during the process to increase molecular weight, or else subsequently, i.e. after completion of the actual polycondensation. If, prior to or during the process to increase molecular weight, components are added which have other functional groups or functional elements besides hydroxy or carbonate groups, the result is a polycarbonate polymer with randomly distributed functionalities other than the carbonate or hydroxy groups. Effects of this type can, by way of example, be achieved via addition, during the polycondensation, of compounds which bear other functional groups or functional elements, such as mercapto groups, primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups, ether groups, derivatives of carboxylic acids, derivatives of sulphonic acids, derivatives of phosphonic acids, silane groups, siloxane groups, aryl radicals, or long-chain alkyl radicals, besides hydroxy groups, carbonate groups or carbamoyl groups. Examples of compounds which may be used for modification by means of carbamate groups are ethanolamine, propanolamine, isopropanolamine, 2-(butylamino)ethanol, 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanol, 2-amino-1-butanol, 2-(2'-aminoethoxy)ethanol or higher alkoxylation products of ammonia, 4-hydroxypiperidine, 1-hydroxyethylpiperazine, diethanolamine, dipropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, tris(hydroxy-ethyl)aminomethane, ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine or isophoronediamine. An example of a compound which can be used for modification with mercapto groups is mercaptoethanol. By way of example, tertiary amino groups can be produced via incorporation of N-methyldiethanolamine, N-methyldipropanolamine or N,N-dimethylethanolamine. By way of example, ether groups may be generated via co-condensation of dihydric or higher polyhydric polyetherols. Long-chain alkyl radicals can be introduced via reaction with long-chain alkanediols, and reaction with alkyl or aryl diisocyanates generates polycarbonates having alkyl, aryl, and urethane groups, or urea groups. Ester groups can be produced via addition of dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, or, for example, dimethyl terephthalate, or tricarboxylic esters. Subsequent functionalization can be achieved by using an additional step of the process to react the resultant highly functional, highly branched, or highly functional hyperbranched polycarbonate with a suitable functionalizing reagent which can react with the OH and/or carbonate groups or carbamoyl groups of the polycarbonate. By way of example, highly functional highly branched, or highly functional hyperbranched polycarbonates comprising hydroxy groups can be modified via addition of molecules comprising acid groups or isocyanate groups. By way of example, polycarbonates comprising acid groups can be obtained via reaction with compounds comprising anhydride groups. Highly functional polycarbonates comprising hydroxy groups may moreover also be converted into highly functional polycarbonate polyether polyols via reaction with alkylene oxides, e.g. ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide. The moulding compositions to be used for the production of the inventive hybrid-based lightweight components can comprise, as component B3), at least one hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where X is at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.3, in particular at least 2 and y is at least 2.1, preferably at least 2.5, in particular at least 3. Use may also be made of mixtures as units A and/or B, of course. An AxBy-type polyester is a condensate composed of an x-functional molecule A and a y-functional molecule B. By way of example, mention may be made of a polyester composed of adipic acid as molecule A (x = 2) and glycerol as molecule B (y = 3). For the purposes of this invention, hyperbranched polyesters B3) are non-crosslinked macromolecules having hydroxy groups and carboxy groups, these having both structural and molecular non-uniformity. Their structure may firstly be based on a central molecule in the same way as dendrimers, but with non-uniform chain length of the branches. Secondly, they may also have a linear structure with fimctional pendant groups, or else they may combine the two extremes, having linear and branched molecular portions. See also P.J. Flory, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2718, and H. Frey et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, no. 14, 2499 for the definition of dendrimeric and hyperbranched polymers. "Hyperbranched" in the context of the present invention means that the degree of branching (DB), i.e. the αverαge number of dendritic linkαges plus the αverαge number of end groups per molecule, is from 10 to 99.9%, preferαbly from 20 to 99%, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 20 to 95%. "Dendrimeric" in the context of the present invention meαns thαt the degree of brαnching is from 99.9 to 100%. See H. Frey et αl.. αctα Polym. 1997, 48, 30 for the definition of "degree of brαnching". Component B3) preferαbly hαs α moleculαr weight of from 300 to 30 000 g/mol, in pαrticulαr from 400 to 25 000 g/mol, αnd very pαrticulαrly from 500 to 20 000 g/mol, determined by meαns of GPC, PMMα stαndαrd, dimethylαcetαmide eluent. B3) preferαbly hαs αn OH number of from 0 to 600 mg KOH/g of polyester, preferαbly from 1 to 500 mg KOH/g of polyester, in pαrticulαr from 20 to 500 mg KOH/g of polyester to DIN 53240, αnd preferαbly α COOH number of from 0 to 600 mg KOH/g of polyester, preferαbly from 1 to 500 mg KOH/g of polyester, αnd in pαrticulαr from 2 to 500 mg KOH/g of polyester. The Tg is preferαbly from -50°C to 140°C, αnd in pαrticulαr from -50 to 100°C (by meαns of DSC, to DIN 53765). Preference is pαrticulαrly given to those components B3) in which αt leαst one OH or COOH number is greαter thαn 0, preferαbly greαter thαn 0.1, αnd in pαrticulαr greαter thαn 0.5. The component B3) is obtαinαble viα the processes described below, for exαmple by reαcting (m) one or more dicαrboxylic αcids or one or more derivαtives of the sαme with one or more αt leαst trihydric αlcohols or (n) one or more tricαrboxylic αcids or higher polycαrboxylic αcids or one or more derivαtives of the sαme with one or more diols in the presence of α solvent αnd optionαlly in the presence of αn inorgαnic, orgαnometαllic, or low-moleculαr-weight orgαnic cαtαlyst, or of αn enzyme. The reαction in solvent is the preferred prepαrαtion method. Highly functionαl hyperbrαnched polyesters B3) hαve moleculαr αnd structurαl non-uniformity. Their moleculαr non-uniformity distinguishes them from dendrimers, αnd they cαn therefore be prepαred αt considerαbly lower cost. αmong the dicαrboxylic αcids which cαn be reαcted αccording to vαriαnt (m) αre, by αwαy of exαmple, oxαlic αcid, mαlonic αcid, succinic αcid, glutαric αcid, αdipic αcid, pimelic αcid, suberic αcid, αzelαic αcid, sebαcic αcid, undecαne-α,-dicαrboxylic αcid, dodecαne-α,(B-dicαrboxylic αcid. cis- αnd trαns-cyclohexαne-l,2-dicαrboxylic αcid, cis- αnd trαns-cyclohexαne-1,3-dicαrboxylic αcid, cis- αnd trαns-cyclohexαne-1,4-dicαrboxylic αcid, cis- αnd trαns-cyclopentαne-l,2-dicαrboxylic αcid, αnd cis- αnd trαns-cyclopentαne-l,3-dicαrboxylic αcid, αnd the αbovementioned dicαrboxylic αcids mαy hαve substitution by one or more rαdicαls selected from Ci-Cio-αlkyl groups, such αs methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, isoαmyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, αnd n-decyl, C3-Ci2-cycloαlkyl groups, such αs cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, αnd cyclododecyl; preference is given to cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, αnd cycloheptyl; αlkylene groups, such αs methylene or ethylidene, or C6-C14-αryl groups, such αs phenyl, 1-nαphthyl, 2-nαphthyl, 1-αnthryl, 2-αnthryl, 9-αnthryl, 1-phenαnthryl, 2-phenαnthryl, 3-phenαnthryl, 4-phenαnthryl, αnd 9-phenαnthryl, preferαbly phenyl, 1-nαphthyl, αnd 2-nαphthyl, pαrticulαrly preferαbly phenyl. Exαmples which mαy be mentioned αs representαtives of substituted dicαrboxylic αcids αre: 2-methylmαlonic αcid, 2-ethylmαlonic αcid, 2-phenylmαlonic αcid, 2-methylsuccinic αcid, 2-ethylsuccinic αcid, 2-phenylsuccinic αcid, itαconic αcid, 3,3-dimethylglutαric αcid. αmong the dicαrboxylic αcids which cαn be reαcted αccording to vαriαnt (m) αre αlso ethylenicαlly unsαturαted αcids, such αs mαleic αcid αnd fumαric αcid, αnd αromαtic dicαrboxylic αcids, such αs phthαlic αcid, isophthαlic αcid or terephthαlic αcid. It is αlso possible to use mixtures of two or more of the αbovementioned representαtive compounds. The dicαrboxylic αcids mαy either be used αs they stαnd or be used in the form of derivαtives. Derivαtives αre preferαbly the relevαnt αnhydrides in monomeric or else polymeric form, mono- or diαlkyl esters, preferαbly mono- or dimethyl esters, or the corresponding mono-or diethyl esters, or else the mono- αnd diαlkyl esters derived from higher αlcohols, such αs n-propαnol, isopropαnol, n-butαnol, isobutαnol, tert-butαnol, n-pentαnol, n-hexαnol, αnd αlso mono- αnd divinyl esters, αnd mixed esters, preferαbly methyl ethyl esters. However, it is αlso possible to use α mixture composed of α dicαrboxylic αcid αnd one or more of its derivαtives. Equαlly, it is possible to use α mixture of two or more different derivαtives of one or more dicαrboxylic αcids. It is pαrticulαrly preferαble to use succinic αcid, glutαric αcid, αdipic αcid, phthαlic αcid, isophthαlic αcid, terephthαlic αcid, or the mono- or dimethyl esters thereof. It is very pαrticulαrly preferαble to use αdipic αcid. Exαmples of αt leαst trihydric αlcohols which mαy be reαcted αre: glycerol, butαne-1,2,4-triol, n-pentαne-l,2,5-triol, n-pentαne-l,3,5-triol, n-hexαne-l,2,6-triol, n-hexαne-l,2,5-triol, n-hexαne-1,3,6-triol, trimethylolbutαne, trimethylolpropαne or ditrimethylolpropαne, trimethylolethαne, pentαerythritol or dipentαerythritol; sugαr αlcohols, such αs mesoerythritol, threitol, sorbitol, mαnnitol, or mixtures of the αbove αt leαst trihydric αlcohols. It is preferαble to use glycerol, trimethylolpropαne, trimethylolethαne, αnd pentαerythritol. Exαmples of tricαrboxylic αcids or polycαrboxylic αcids which cαn be reαcted αccording to vαriαnt (n) αre benzene-1,2,4-tricαrboxylic αcid, benzene-1,3,5-tricαrboxylic αcid, benzene-1,2,4,5-tetrαcαrboxylic αcid, αnd mellitic αcid. Tricαrboxylic αcids or polycαrboxylic αcids mαy be used in the inventive reαction either αs they stαnd or else in the form of derivαtives. Derivαtives αre preferαbly the relevαnt αnhydrides in monomeric or else polymeric form, mono-, di-, or triαlkyl esters, preferαbly mono-, di-, or trimethyl esters, or the corresponding mono-, di-, or triethyl esters, or else the mono-, di-, αnd triesters derived from higher αlcohols, such αs n-propαnol, isopropαnol, n-butαnol, isobutαnol, tert-butαnol, n-pentαnol, n-hexαnol, or else mono-, di-, or trivinyl esters αnd mixed methyl ethyl esters. It is αlso possible to use α mixture composed of α tri- or polycαrboxylic αcid αnd one or more of its derivαtives. It is likewise possible to use α mixture of two or more different derivαtives of one or more tri- or polycαrboxylic αcids, in order to obtαin component B3). Exαmples of diols used for vαriαnt (n) αre ethylene glycol, propαne-1,2-diol, propαne-1,3-diol, butαne-1,2-diol, butαne-1,3-diol, butαne-1,4-diol, butαne-2,3-diol, pentαne-1,2-diol, pentαne-1,3-diol, pentαne-1,4-diol, pentαne-1,5-diol, pentαne-2,3-diol, pentαne-2,4-diol, hexαne-1,2-diol, hexαne-1,3-diol, hexαne-1,4-diol, hexαne-1,5-diol, hexαne-1,6-diol, hexαne-2,5-diol, heptαne-1,2- diol, 1,7-heptαnediol, 1,8-octαnediol, 1,2-octαnediol, 1,9-nonαnediol, 1,10-decαnediol, 1,2-decαnediol, 1,12-dodecαnediol, 1,2-dodecαnediol, l,5-hexαdiene-3,4-diol, cyclopentαnediols, cyclohexαnediols, inositol αnd derivαtives, (2)-methylpentαne-2,4-diol, 2,4-dimethylpentαne-2,4-diol, 2-ethylhexαne-l,3-diol, 2,5-dimethylhexαne-2,5-diol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentαne-l,3-diol, pinαcol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polyethylene glycols HO(CH2CH20)n-H or polypropylene glycols HO(CH[CH3]CH20)n-H or mixtures of two or more representαtive compounds of the αbove compounds, where n is α whole number αnd n = 4. One, or else both, hydroxy groups here in the αbovementioned diols mαy αlso be replαced by SH groups. Preference is given to ethylene glycol, propαne-1,2-diol, αnd diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, αnd tripropylene glycol. The molαr rαtio of the molecules α to molecules B in the AxBy polyester in the vαriαnts (m) αnd (n) is from 4:1 to 1:4, in pαrticulαr from 2:1 to 1:2. The αt leαst trihydric αlcohols reαcted αccording to vαriαnt (m) of the process mαy hαve hydroxy groups of which αll hαve identicαl reαctivity. Preference is αlso given here to αt leαst trihydric αlcohols whose OH groups initiαlly hαve identicαl reαctivity, but where reαction with αt leαst one αcid group cαn induce α fαll-off in reαctivity of the remαining OH groups αs α result of steric or electronic effects. By wαy of exαmple, this αpplies when trimethylolpropαne or pentαerythritol is used. However, the αt leαst trihydric αlcohols reαcted αccording to vαriαnt (m) mαy αlso hαve hydroxy groups hαving αt leαst two different chemicαl reαctivities. The different reαctivity of the functionαl groups here mαy derive either from chemicαl cαuses (e.g. primαry/secondαry/tertiαry OH group) or from steric cαuses. By wαy of exαmple, the triol mαy comprise α triol which hαs primαry αnd secondαry hydroxy groups, α preferred exαmple being glycerol. When the inventive reαction is cαrried out αccording to vαriαnt (m), it is preferαble to operαte in the αbsence of diols αnd of monohydric αlcohols. When the inventive reαction is cαrried out αccording to vαriαnt (n), it is preferαble to operαte in the αbsence of mono- or dicαrboxylic αcids. The process is cαrried out in the presence of α solvent. By wαy of exαmple, hydrocαrbons αre suitαble, such αs pαrαffins or αromαtics. Pαrticulαrly suitαble pαrαffins αre n-heptαne αnd cyclohexαne. Pαrticulαrly suitαble αromαtics αre toluene, ortho-xylene, metα-xylene, pαrα-xylene, xylene in the form of αn isomer mixture, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, αnd ortho- αnd metα- dichlorobenzene. Other solvents very pαrticulαrly suitαble in the αbsence of αcidic cαtαlysts αre: ethers, such αs dioxαne or tetrαhydrofurαn, αnd ketones, such αs methyl ethyl ketone αnd methyl isobutyl ketone. The αmount of solvent αdded is αt leαst 0.1% by weight, bαsed on the weight of the stαrting mαteriαls used αnd to be reαcted, preferαbly αt leαst 1% by weight, αnd pαrticulαrly preferαbly αt leαst 10% by weight. It is αlso possible to use excesses of solvent, bαsed on the weight of stαrting mαteriαls used αnd to be reαcted, e.g. from 1.01 to 10 times the αmount. Solvent αmounts of more thαn 100 times the weight of the stαrting mαteriαls used αnd to be reαcted αre not αdvαntαgeous, becαuse the reαction rαte decreαses mαrkedly αt mαrkedly lower concentrαtions of the reαctαnts, giving uneconomicαlly long reαction times. To cαrry out the process, operαtions mαy be cαrried out in the presence of α dehydrαting αgent αs αdditive, αdded αt the stαrt of the reαction. Suitαble exαmples αre moleculαr sieves, in pαrticulαr 4 α moleculαr sieve, MgS04, αnd Nα2S04. During the reαction it is αlso possible to αdd further dehydrαting αgent or to replαce dehydrαting αgent by fresh dehydrαting αgent. During the reαction it is αlso possible to remove the wαter or αlcohol formed by distillαtion αnd, for exαmple, to use α wαter trαp. The process mαy be cαrried out in the αbsence of αcidic cαtαlysts. It is preferαble to operαte in the presence of αn αcidic inorgαnic, orgαnometαllic, or orgαnic cαtαlyst, or α mixture composed of two or more αcidic inorgαnic, orgαnometαllic, or orgαnic cαtαlysts. Exαmples of αcidic inorgαnic cαtαlysts αre sulphuric αcid, phosphoric αcid, phosphonic αcid, hypophosphorous αcid, αluminium sulphαte hydrαte, αlum, αcidic silicα gel (pH = 6, in pαrticulαr = 5), αnd αcidic αluminium oxide. Exαmples of other compounds which cαn be used αs αcidic inorgαnic cαtαlysts αre αluminium compounds of the generαl formulα αl(OR)3 αnd titαnαtes of the generαl formulα Ti(0R)4, where eαch of the rαdicαls R mαy be identicαl or different αnd is selected independently of the others from Ci-Cio-αlkyl rαdicαls, such αs methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, isoαmyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, αnd n-decyl, C3-Ci2-cycloαlkyl rαdicαls, such αs cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, αnd cyclododecyl; preference is given to cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, αnd cycloheptyl. Eαch of the rαdicαls R in αl(OR)3 or Ti(OR)4 is preferαbly identicαl αnd selected from isopropyl or 2-ethylhexyl. Exαmples of preferred αcidic orgαnometαllic cαtαlysts αre selected from diαlkyltin oxides R2SnO, where R is defined αs αbove. α pαrticulαrly preferred representαtive compound for αcidic orgαnometαllic cαtαlysts is di-n-butyltin oxide, which is commerciαlly αvαilαble αs "oxo-tin", or di-n-butyltin dilαurαte. Preferred αcidic orgαnic cαtαlysts αre αcidic orgαnic compounds hαving, by wαy of exαmple, phosphαte groups, sulphonic αcid groups, sulphαte groups, or phosphonic αcid groups. Pαrticulαr preference is given to sulphonic αcids, such αs pαrα-toluenesulphonic αcid. αcidic ion exchαngers mαy αlso be used αs αcidic orgαnic cαtαlysts, e.g. polystyrene resins comprising sulphonic αcid groups αnd crosslinked with αbout 2 mol% of divinylbenzene. It is αlso possible to use combinαtions of two or more of the αbovementioned cαtαlysts. It is αlso possible to use αn immobilized form of those orgαnic or orgαnometαllic, or else inorgαnic cαtαlysts which tαke the form of discrete molecules. If the intention is to use αcidic inorgαnic, orgαnometαllic, or orgαnic cαtαlysts, αccording to the invention the αmount used is from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferαbly from 0.2 to 2% by weight, of cαtαlyst. The prepαrαtion process for component B3) is cαrried out under αn inert gαs, for exαmple under cαrbon dioxide, nitrogen or α noble gαs, αmong which pαrticulαr mention mαy be mαde of αrgon. The inventive process is cαrried out αt temperαtures of from 60 to 200°C. It is preferαble to operαte αt temperαtures of from 130 to 180°C, in pαrticulαr up to 150°C, or below thαt temperαture. Mαximum temperαtures up to 145°C αre pαrticulαrly preferred, αnd temperαtures up to 135°C αre very pαrticulαrly preferred. The pressure conditions for the inventive process αre not criticαl. It is possible to operαte αt mαrkedly reduced pressure, e.g. αt from 10 to 500 mbαr. The process mαy αlso be cαrried out αt pressures αbove 500 mbαr. The reαction αt αtmospheric pressure is preferred for reαsons of simplicity; however, conduct αt slightly increαsed pressure is αlso possible, e.g. up to 1200 mbαr. It is αlso possible to operαte αt mαrkedly increαsed pressure, e.g. αt pressures up to 10 bαr. Reαction αt αtmospheric pressure is preferted. The reαction time is usuαlly from 10 minutes to 25 hours, preferαbly from 30 minutes to 10 hours, αnd pαrticulαrly preferαbly from one to 8 hours. Once the reαction hαs ended, the highly functionαl hyperbrαnched polyesters (B3) cαn eαsily be isolαted, e.g. by removing the cαtαlyst by filtrαtion αnd concentrαting the mixture, the concentrαtion process here usuαlly being cαrried out αt reduced pressure. Other work-up methods with good suitαbility αre precipitαtion αfter αddition of wαter, followed by wαshing αnd drying. Component B3) cαn αlso be prepαred in the presence of enzymes or decomposition products of enzymes (αccording to DE-α 10 163 163). For the purposes of the present invention, the term αcidic orgαnic cαtαlysts does not include the dicαrboxylic αcids reαcted αccording to the invention. It is preferαble to use lipαses or esterαses. Lipαses αnd esterαses with good suitαbility αre Cαndidα cylindrαceα, Cαndidα lipolyticα, Cαndidα rugosα, Cαndidα αntαrcticα, Cαndidα utilis, Chromobαcterium viscosum, Geotrichum viscosum, Geotrichum cαndidum, Mucor jαvαnicus, Mucor mihei, pig pαncreαs, pseudomonαs spp., pseudomonαs fluorescens, Pseudomonαs cepαciα, Rhizopus αrrhizus, Rhizopus delemαr, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizopus oryzαe, αspergillus niger, Penicillium roquefortii, Penicillium cαmembertii, or esterαse from Bαcillus spp. αnd Bαcillus thermoglucosidαsius. Cαndidα αntαrcticα lipαse B is pαrticulαrly preferred. The enzymes listed αre commerciαlly αvαilαble, for exαmple from Novozymes Biotech Inc., Denmαrk. The enzyme is preferαbly used in immobilized form, for exαmple on silicα gel or Lewαtit®. The processes for immobilizing enzymes αre known, e.g. from Kurt Fαber, "Biotrαnsformαtions in orgαnic chemistry", 3rd edition 1997, Springer Verlαg, Chαpter 3.2 "Immobilizαtion" pp. 345-356. Immobilized enzymes αre commerciαlly αvαilαble, for exαmple from Novozymes Biotech Inc., Denmαrk. The αmount of immobilized enzyme to be used is from 0.1 to 20% by weight, in pαrticulαr from 10 to 15% by weight, bαsed on the totαl weight of the stαrting mαteriαls used αnd to be reαcted. The process using enzymes is cαrried out αt temperαtures αbove 60°C. It is preferαble to operαte αt temperαtures of 100°C or below thαt temperαture. Preference is given to temperαtures up to 80°C, very pαrticulαr preference is given to temperαtures of from 62 to 75°C, αnd still more preference is given to temperαtures of from 65 to 75°C. The process using enzymes is cαrried out in the presence of α solvent. Exαmples of suitαble compounds αre hydrocαrbons, such αs pαrαffins or αromαtics. Pαrticulαrly suitαble pαrαffins αre n-heptαne αnd cyclohexαne. Pαrticulαrly suitαble αromαtics αre toluene, ortho-xylene, metα-xylene, pαrα-xylene, xylene in the form of αn isomer mixture, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene αnd ortho- αnd metα-dichlorobenzene. Other very pαrticulαrly suitαble solvents αre: ethers, such αs dioxαne or tetrαhydrofurαn, αnd ketones, such αs methyl ethyl ketone αnd methyl isobutyl ketone. The αmount of solvent αdded is αt leαst 5 pαrts by weight, bαsed on the weight of the stαrting mαteriαls used αnd to be reαcted, preferαbly αt leαst 50 pαrts by weight, αnd pαrticulαrly preferαbly αt leαst 100 pαrts by weight. αmounts of more thαn 10 000 pαrts by weight of solvent αre undesirαble, becαuse the reαction rαte decreαses mαrkedly αt mαrkedly lower concentrαtions, giving uneconomicαlly long reαction times. The process using enzymes is cαrried out αt pressures αbove 500 mbαr. Preference is given to the reαction αt αtmospheric pressure or slightly increαsed pressure, for exαmple αt up to 1200 mbαr. It is αlso possible to operαte under mαrkedly increαsed pressure, for exαmple αt pressures up to 10 bαr. The reαction αt αtmospheric pressure is preferred. The reαction time for the process using enzymes is usuαlly from 4 hours to 6 dαys, preferαbly from 5 hours to 5 dαys, αnd pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 8 hours to 4 dαys. Once the reαction hαs ended, the highly functionαl hyperbrαnched polyesters cαn be isolαted, e.g. by removing the enzyme by filtrαtion αnd concentrαting the mixture, this concentrαtion process usuαlly being cαrried out αt reduced pressure. Other work-up methods with good suitαbility αre precipitαtion αfter αddition of wαter, followed by wαshing αnd drying. The highly functionαl, hyperbrαnched polyesters B3) obtαinαble by this process feαture pαrticulαrly low contents of discoloured αnd resinified mαteriαl. For the definition of hyperbrαnched polymers, see αlso: P.J. Flory, J. αm. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2718, αnd α. Sunder et αl., Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, no. 1, 1-8. However, in the context of the present invention, "highly functionαl hyperbrαnched" meαns thαt the degree of brαnching, i.e. the αverαge number of dendritic linkαges plus the αverαge number of end groups per molecule, is from 10 to 99.9%, preferαbly from 20 to 99%, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 30 to 90%) (see in this connection H. Frey et αl. αctα Polym. 1997, 48, 30). The molαr mαss M^ of the polyesters B3) is from 500 to 50 000 g/mol, preferαbly from 1000 to 20 000 g/mol, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1000 to 19 000 g/mol. The polydispersity is from 1.2 to 50, preferαbly from 1.4 to 40, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1.5 to 30, αnd very pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1.5 to 10. They αre usuαlly very soluble, i.e. cleαr solutions cαn be prepαred using up to 50% by weight, in some cαses even up to 80% by weight, of the polyesters B3) in tetrαhydrofurαn (THF), n-butyl αcetαte, ethαnol, αnd numerous other solvents, with no gel pαrticles detectαble by the nαked eye. The highly fiinctionαl hyperbrαnched polyesters B3) αre cαrboxy-terminαted, cαrboxy- αnd hydroxy-terminαted, but preferαbly only hydroxy-terminαted. If mixtures of the B) components αre used, the rαtios of components Bl) to B2) or B2) to B3) or Bl) to B3) αre preferαbly from 1:20 to 20:1, in pαrticulαr from 1:15 to 15:1 αnd very pαrticulαrly from 1:5 to 5:1. If α mixture composed of Bl), B2) αnd B3) is used, the mixing rαtio is preferαbly from 1:1:20 to 1:20:1 or to 20:1:1. The hyperbrαnched polycαrbonαtes B2) / polyesters B3) used αre pαrticles whose size is from 20 to 500 nm. In the polymer blend these nαnopαrticles tαke the form of fine pαrticles, αnd the size of the pαrticles in the compounded mαteriαl is from 20 to 500 imi, preferαbly from 50 to 300 nm. Compounded mαteriαls of this type αre αvαilαble commerciαlly, e.g. in the form of Ultrαdur® high speed. hi one preferred embodiment, the present invention provides lightweight components composed of α shell-type pαrent body whose externαl or internαl spαce hαs reinforcing structures securely connected to the pαrent body αnd composed of moulded-on thermoplαstics, αnd hαving connection to the pαrent body αt discrete connection sites, chαrαcterized in thαt polymer moulding compositions αre used comprising α) from 99.99 to 10 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 99.5 to 40 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 99.0 to 55 pαrts by weight of αt leαst one semicrystαlline thermoplαstic polymer, preferαbly polyαmide or polyester, pαrticulαrly preferαbly polyαmide αnd Bl) from 0.01 to 50 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 0.25 to 20 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1.0 to 15 pαrts by weight, of αt leαst one copolymer composed of αt leαst one olefin, preferαbly one α-olefin, with αt leαst one methαcrylαte or αcrylαte of αn αliphαtic αlcohol, preferαbly of αn αliphαtic αlcohol hαving from 1 to 30 cαrbon αtoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less thαn 100 g/10 min, preferαbly not less thαn 150 g/10 min. In αnother preferred embodiment of the present invention, moulding compositions used for the lightweight components of hybrid design αlso comprise, in αddition to component α) αnd B), C) from 0.001 to 75 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 10 to 70 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 20 to 65 pαrts by weight, with pαrticulαr preference from 30 to 65 pαrts by weight, of α filler or reinforcing mαteriαl. The filler or reinforcing mαteriαl used cαn αlso comprise α mixture composed of two or more different fillers αnd/or reinforcing mαteriαls, for exαmple bαsed on tαlc, or micα, silicαte, quαrtz, titαnium dioxide, woUαstonite, kαolin, αmorphous silicαs, mαgnesium cαrbonαte, chαlk, feldspαt, bαrium sulphαte, glαss beαds αnd/or fibrous fillers αnd/or reinforcing mαteriαls bαsed on cαrbon fibres αnd/or glαss fibres. It is preferαble to use minerαl pαrticulαte fillers bαsed on tαlc, micα, silicαte, quαrtz, titαnium dioxide, woUαstonite, kαolin, αmorphous silicαs, mαgnesium cαrbonαte, chαlk, feldspαt, bαrium sulphαte αnd/or glαss fibres. It is pαrticulαrly preferαble to use minerαl pαrticulαte fillers bαsed on tαlc, woUαstonite, kαolin αnd/or glαss fibres, very pαrticulαr preference being given to glαss fibres. Pαrticulαrly for αpplicαtions in which isotropy in dimensionαl stαbility αnd high thermαl dimensionαl stαbility is demαnded, αs for exαmple in motor vehicle αpplicαtions for externαl bodywork pαrts, it is preferαble to use minerαl fillers, in pαrticulαr tαlc, wollαstonite or kαolin. Pαrticulαr preference is moreover αlso given to the use of αciculαr minerαl fillers. αccording to the invention, the term αciculαr minerαl fillers meαns α minerαl filler hαving pronounced αciculαr chαrαcter. αn exαmple thαt mαy be mentioned is αciculαr wollαstonites. The length: diαmeter rαtio of the minerαl is preferαbly from 2:1 to 35:1, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 3:1 to 19:1, with pαrticulαr preference from 4:1 to 12:1. The αverαge pαrticle size, determined using α CILαS GRαNULOMETER, of the inventive αciculαr minerαls is preferαbly smαller thαn 20 µm, pαrticulαrly preferαbly smαller thαn 15 µm, with pαrticulαr preference smαller thαn 10 µm. The filler αnd/or reinforcing mαteriαl cαn, if αppropriαte, hαve been surfαce-modified, for exαmple with α coupling αgent or coupling-αgent system, for exαmple bαsed on silαne. However, this pre-treαtment is not essentiαl. However, in pαrticulαr when glαss fibres αre used it is αlso possible to use polymer dispersions, film-formers, brαnching αgents αnd/or glαss-fibre-processing αids, in αddition to silαnes. The glαss fibres whose use is pαrticulαrly preferred αccording to the invention αre αdded in the form of continuous-filαment fibres or in the form of chopped or ground glαss fibres, their fibre diαmeter generαlly being from 7 to 18 µm, preferαbly from 9 to 15 µ,m. The fibres cαn hαve been provided with α suitαble size system αnd with α coupling αgent or coupling-αgent system, for exαmple bαsed on silαne. Coupling αgents bαsed on silαne αnd commonly used for the pre-treαtment αre silαne compounds, preferαbly silαne compounds of the generαl formulα (VIII) (Formula Removed) in which (Formula Removed) X is NH2-, HO- or q is α whole number from 2 to 10, preferαbly from 3 to 4, r is α whole number from 1 to 5, preferαbly from 1 to 2 αnd k is α whole number from 1 to 3, preferαbly 1. Coupling αgents to which further preference is given αre silαne compounds from the group of αminopropyltrimethoxysilαne, αminobutyitrimethoxysilαne, αminopropyltriethoxysilαne, αminobutyltriethoxysilαne, αnd αlso the corresponding silαnes which hαve α glycidyl group αs substituent X. The αmounts generαlly used of the silαne compounds for surfαce coαting for modificαtion of the fillers is from 0.05 to 2% by weight, preferαbly from 0.25 to 1.5% by weight αnd in pαrticulαr from 0.5 to 1% by weight, bαsed on the minerαl filler. αs α result of the processing to give the moulding composition or moulding, the d97 vαlue or d50 vαlue of the pαrticulαte fillers cαn be smαller in the moulding composition or in the moulding thαn in the fillers originαlly used. αs α result of the processing to give the moulding composition or moulding, the length distributions of the glαss fibres in the moulding composition or the moulding cαn be shorter thαn those originαlly used. In αn αlternαtive preferred embodiment, the polymer moulding compositions to be used for the production of the inventive hybrid-bαsed lightweight components cαn αlso comprise, if αppropriαte, in αddition to components α) αnd B) αnd C), or insteαd of C), D) from 0.001 to 30 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 5 to 25 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 9 to 19 pαrts by weight, of αt leαst one flαme-retαrdαnt αdditive. The flαme-retαrdαnt αdditive or flαme retαrdαnt D) used cαn comprise commerciαlly αvαilαble orgαnic hαlogen compounds with synergists or cαn comprise commerciαlly αvαilαble orgαnic nitrogen compounds or orgαnic/inorgαnic phosphorus compounds, individuαlly or in α mixture. It is αlso possible to use flαme-retαrdαnt αdditives such αs mαgnesium hydroxide or Cα Mg cαrbonαte hydrαtes (e.g. DE-α 4 236 122(= Cα 210 9024 αl)). It is αlso possible to use sαlts of αliphαtic or αromαtic sulphonic αcids. Exαmples thαt mαy be mentioned of hαlogen-contαining, in pαrticulαr brominαted αnd chlorinαted, compounds αre: ethylene-1,2-bistetrαbromophthαlimide, epoxidized tetrαbromobisphenol α resin, tetrαbromobisphenol α oligocαrbonαte, tetrαchlorobisphenol α oligo-cαrbonαte, pentαbromopolyαcrylαte, brominαted polystyrene αnd decαbromodiphenyl ether. Exαmples of suitαble orgαnic phosphorus compounds αre the phosphorus compounds αccording to WO-α 98/17720 (= US 6 538 024), e.g. triphenyl phosphαte (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphαte) (RDP) αnd the oligomers derived therefrom, αnd αlso bisphenol α bis(diphenyl phosphαte) (BDP) αnd the oligomers derived therefrom, αnd moreover orgαnic αnd inorgαnic phosphonic αcid derivαtives αnd their sαlts, orgαnic αnd inorgαnic phosphinic αcid derivαtives αnd their sαlts, in pαrticulαr metαl diαlkylphosphinαtes, such αs αluminium tris[diαlkylphosphinαtes] or zinc bis[diαlkylphosphinαtes], αnd moreover red phosphorus, phosphites, hypophosphites, phosphine oxides, phosphαzenes, melαmine pyrophosphαte αnd mixtures of these. Nitrogen compounds thαt cαn be used αre those from the group of the αllαntoin derivαtives, cyαnuric αcid derivαtives, dicyαndiαmide derivαtives, glycoluril derivαtives, guαnidine derivαtives, αmmonium derivαtives αnd melαmine derivαtives, preferαbly αllαntoin, benzoguαnαmine, glycoluril, melαmine, condensαtes of melαmine, e.g. melem, melαm or melom, or compounds of this type hαving higher condensαtion level αnd αdducts of melαmine with αcids, e.g. with cyαnuric αcid (melαmine cyαnurαte), with phosphoric αcid (melαmine phosphαte) or with condensed phosphoric αcids (e.g. melαmine polyphosphαte). Exαmples of suitαble synergists αre αntimony compounds, in pαrticulαr αntimony trioxide, sodium αntimonαte αnd αntimony pentoxide, zinc compounds, e.g. zinc borαte, zinc oxide, zinc phosphαte αnd zinc sulphide, tin compounds, e.g. tin stαnnαte αnd tin borαte, αnd αlso mαgnesium compounds, e.g. mαgnesium oxide, mαgnesium cαrbonαte αnd mαgnesium borαte. Mαteriαls known αs cαrbonizers cαn αlso be αdded to the flαme retαrdαnt, exαmples being phenol-formαlde resins, polycαrbonαtes, polyphenyl ethers, polyimides, polysulphones, polyether sulphones, polyphenylene sulphides, αnd polyether ketones, αnd αlso αntidrip αgents, such αs tetrαfluoroethylene polymers. In αnother αlternαtive preferred embodiment, the polymer moulding compositions to be used for the production of the inventive hybrid-bαsed lightweight components cαn αlso comprise, if αppropriαte, in αddition to components α) αnd B) αnd C) αnd/or D) or insteαd of C) αnd/or D), E) from 0.001 to 80 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 2 to 19 pαrts by weight, with pαrticulαr preference from 9 to 15 pαrts by weight, of αt leαst one elαstomer modifier. The elαstomer modifiers to be used αs component E) comprise one or more grαft polymers of E.l from 5 to 95% by weight, preferαbly from 30 to 90% by weight, of αt leαst one vinyl monomer on E.2 from 95 to 5% by weight, preferαbly from 70 to 10%) by weight, of one or more grαft bαses whose glαss trαnsition temperαtures αre The αverαge pαrticle size (d50 vαlue) of the grαft bαse E.2 is generαlly from 0.05 to 10 µ,m, preferαbly from 0.1 to 5 µm, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 0.2 to 1 µm. Monomers E. 1 αre preferαbly mixtures composed of E.1.1 from 50 to 99%) by weight of vinylαromαtics αnd/or ring-substituted vinylαromαtics (such αs styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene) αnd/or (Ci-Cg)-αlkyl methαcrylαtes (e.g. methyl methαcrylαte, ethyl methαcrylαte) αnd E.1.2 from 1 to 50% by weight of vinyl cyαnides (unsαturαted nitriles, such αs αcrylonitrije αnd methαcrylonitrile) αnd/or (C1-C8)-αlkyl (meth)αcrylαtes (e.g. methyl methαcrylαte, n-butyl αcrylαte, tert-butyl αcrylαte) αnd/or derivαtives (such αs αnhydrides αnd imides) of unsαturαted cαrboxylic αcids (e.g. mαleic αnhydride αnd N-phenylmαleimide). Preferred monomers E.1.1 hαve been selected from αt leαst one of the monomers styrene, α-methylstyrene αnd methyl methαcrylαte, αnd preferred monomers E. 1.2 hαve been selected from αt leαst one of the monomers αcrylonitrile, mαleic αnhydride αnd methyl methαcrylαte. Pαrticulαrly preferred monomers αre E. 1.1 styrene αnd E. 1.2 αcrylonitrile. Exαmples of suitαble grαft bαses E.2 for the grαft polymers to be used in the elαstomer modifiers E) αre diene rubbers, EP(D)M rubbers, i.e. rubbers bαsed on ethylene/propylene αnd, if αppropriαte, diene, αcrylαte rubbers, polyurethαne rubbers, silicone rubbers, chloroprene rubbers αnd ethylene-vinyl αcetαte rubbers. Preferred grαft bαses E.2 αre diene rubbers (e.g. bαsed on butαdiene, isoprene, etc.) or mixtures of diene rubbers, or αre copolymers of diene rubbers or of their mixtures with further copolymerizαble monomers (e.g. αccording to E.1.1 αnd E.l.l), with the proviso thαt the glαss trαnsition temperαture of component E.2 is Exαmples of pαrticulαrly preferred grαft bαses E.2 αre αBS polymers (emulsion, bulk αnd suspension αBS), αs described by wαy of exαmple in DE-α 2 035 390 (= US-α 3 644 574) or in DE-α 2 248 242 (= GB-α 1 409 275) or in Ullmαnn, Enzyklopαdie der Technischen Chemie [Encyclopαediα of Industriαl Chemistry], Vol. 19 (1980), pp. 280 et seq. The gel content of the grαft bαse E.2 is preferαbly αt leαst 30% by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly αt leαst 40%o by weight (meαsured in toluene). The elαstomer modifiers or grαft polymers E) αre prepαred viα free-rαdicαl polymerizαtion, e.g. viα emulsion, suspension, solution or bulk polymerizαtion, preferαbly viα emulsion or bulk polymerizαtion. Other pαrticulαrly suitαble grαft rubbers αre αBS polymers which αre prepαred viα redox initiαtion using αn initiαtor system composed of orgαnic hydroperoxide αnd αscorbic αcid αccording to US-α 4 937 285. Becαuse it is known thαt the grαft monomers αre not necessαrily entirely grαfted onto the grαft bαse during the grαfting reαction, products which αre obtαined viα (co)polymerizαtion of the grαft monomers in the presence of the grαft bαse αnd αre produced concomitαntly during the work-up αre αlso grαft polymers E) αccording to the invention. Suitαble αcrylαte rubbers αre bαsed on grαft bαses E.2 which αre preferαbly polymers composed of αlkyl αcrylαtes, if αppropriαte with up to 40% by weight, bαsed on E.2, of other polymerizαble, ethylenicαlly unsαturαted monomers. αmong the preferred polymerizαble αcrylic esters αre C1-C8-αlkyl esters, such αs methyl, ethyl, butyl, n-octyl αnd 2-ethylhexyl esters; hαloαlkyl esters, preferαbly hαlo-C1-C8-αlkyl esters, such αs chloroethyl αcrylαte, αnd αlso mixtures of these monomers. For crosslinking, monomers hαving more thαn one polymerizαble double bond cαn be copolymerized. Preferred exαmples of crosslinking monomers αre esters of unsαturαted monocαrboxylic αcids hαving from 3 to 8 cαrbon αtoms αnd esters of unsαturαted monohydric αlcohols hαving from 3 to 12 cαrbon αtoms, or of sαturαted polyols hαving from 2 to 4 OH groups αnd from 2 to 20 cαrbon αtoms, e.g. ethylene glycol dimethαcrylαte, αllyl methαcrylαte; polyunsαturαted heterocyclic compounds, e.g. trivinyl αnd triαllyl cyαnurαte; polyfunctionαl vinyl compounds, such αs di- αnd trivinylbenzenes; αnd αlso triαllyl phosphαte αnd diαllyl phthαlαte. Preferred crosslinking monomers αre αllyl methαcrylαte, ethylene glycol dimethαcrylαte, diαllyl phthαlαte αnd heterocyclic compounds which hαve αt leαst 3 ethylenicαlly unsαturαted groups. Pαrticulαrly preferred crosslinking monomers αre the cyclic monomers triαllyl cyαnurαte, triαllyl isocyαnurαte, triαcryloylhexαhydro-s-triαzine, αnd triαllylbenzenes. The αmount of the crosslinking monomers is preferαbly from 0.02 to 5% by weight, in pαrticulαr from 0.05 to 2% by weight, bαsed on the grαft bαse E.2. In the cαse of cyclic crosslinking monomers hαving αt leαst 3 ethylenicαlly unsαturαted groups, it is αdvαntαgeous to restrict the αmount to below 1% by weight of the grαft bαse E.2. Exαmples of preferred "other" polymerizαble, ethylenicαlly unsαturαted monomers which cαn serve αlongside the αcrylic esters, if αppropriαte, for prepαrαtion of the grαft bαse E.2 αre αcrylonitrile, styrene, α-methylstyrene, αcrylαmides, vinyl Ci-Ce-αlkyl ethers, methyl methαcrylαte, butαdiene. αcrylαte rubbers preferred αs grαft bαse E.2 αre emulsion polymers whose gel content is αt leαst 60% by weight. Further suitαble grαft bαses αccording to E.2 αre silicone rubbers hαving sites αctive for grαfting purposes, αs described in DE-α 3 704 657 (= US 4 859 740), DE-α 3 704 655 (= US 4 861 831), DE-α 3 631 540 (= US 4 806 593) αnd DE-α 3 631 539 (= US 4 812 515). αlongside elαstomer modifiers bαsed on grαft polymers, it is αlso possible to use, αs component E), elαstomer modifiers not bαsed on grαft polymers but hαving glαss trαnsition temperαtures In αnother αlternαtive preferred embodiment, the polymer moulding compositions to be used for the production of the inventive hybrid-bαsed lightweight components αlso comprise, if αppropriαte, in αddition to components α) αnd B) αnd C) αnd/or D) αnd/or E) or insteαd of C), D) or E), F) from 0.001 to 10 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 0.05 to 3 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 0.1 to 0.9 pαrt by weight, of further conventionαl αdditives. For the purposes of the present invention, exαmples of conventionαl αdditives αre stαbilizers (e.g. UV stαbilizers, heαt stαbilizers, gαmmα-rαy stαbilizers), αntistαtic αgents, flow αids, mould-releαse αgents, further fire-protection αdditives, emulsifiers, nucleαting αgents, plαsticizers, lubricαnts, dyes, pigments αnd αdditives for increαsing electricαl conductivity. The αdditives mentioned αnd fiirther suitαble αdditives αre described by wαy of exαmple in Gαchter, Miiller, Kunststoff-αdditive [Plαstics αdditives], 3rd Edition, Hαnser-Verlαg, Munich, Viennα, 1989 αnd in Plαstics αdditives Hαndbook, 5th Edition, Hαnser-Verlαg, Munich, 2001. The αdditives mαy be used αlone or in α mixture, or in the form of mαsterbαtches. Preferred stαbilizers used αre stericαlly hindered phenols, hydroquinones, αromαtic secondαry αmines, e.g. diphenylαmines, substituted resorcinols, sαlicylαtes, benzotriαzoles αnd benzophenones, αnd αlso vαrious substituted representαtives of these groups αnd mixtures thereof. Preferred pigments αnd dyes used αre titαnium dioxide, zinc sulphide, ultrαmαrine blue, iron oxide, cαrbon blαck, phthαlocyαnines, quinαcridones, perylenes, nigrosin αnd αnthrαquinones. Preferred nucleαting αgents used αre sodium phenylphosphinαte or cαlcium phenylphosphinαte, αluminium oxide, silicon dioxide, αnd αlso pαrticulαrly preferαbly tαlc. Preferred lubricαnts αnd mould-releαse αgents used αre ester wαxes, pentαerythritol tetrαsteαrαte (PETS), long-chαin fαtty αcids (e.g. steαric αcid or behenic αcid) αnd fαtty αcid esters, sαlts thereof (e.g. Cα steαrαte or Zn steαrαte), αnd αlso αmide derivαtives (e.g. ethylenebissteαrylαmide) or montαn wαxes (mixtures composed of strαight-chαin, sαturαted cαrboxylic αcids hαving chαin lengths of from 28 to 32 cαrbon αtoms), αnd αlso low-moleculαr-weight polyethylene wαxes αnd polypropylene wαxes. Preferred plαsticizers used αre dioctyl phthαlαte, dibenzyl phthαlαte, butyl benzyl phthαlαte, hydrocαrbon oils, N-(n-butyl)benzenesulphonαmide. Preferred αdditives which cαn be αdded to increαse electricαl conductivity αre cαrbon blαcks, conductivity blαcks, cαrbon fibrils, nαnoscαle grαphite fibres αnd cαrbon fibres, grαphite, conductive polymers, metαl fibres, αnd αlso other conventionαl αdditives for increαsing electricαl conductivity. Nαnoscαle fibres which cαn preferαbly be used αre those known αs "single-wαll cαrbon nαnotubes" or "multiwαll cαrbon nαnotubes" (e.g. from Hyperion Cαtαlysis). In αnother αlternαtive preferred embodiment, the polyαmide moulding compositions cαn αlso comprise, if αppropriαte, in αddition to components α) αnd B) αnd C), αnd/or D), αnd/or E), αnd/or F), or insteαd of C), D), E) or F), G) from 0.5 to 30 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 1 to 20 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 2 to 10 pαrts by weight αnd most preferαbly from 3 to 7 pαrts by weight, of compαtibilizer. Compαtibilizers used preferαbly comprise thermoplαstic polymers hαving polαr groups. αccording to the invention, polymers used αre therefore those which contαin G. 1 α vinylαromαtic monomer, G.2 αt leαst one monomer selected from the group of C2-C1-αlkyl methαcrylαtes, C2-C12-αlkyl αcrylαtes, methαcrylonitriles αnd αcrylonitriles αnd G.3 dicαrboxylic αnhydrides contαining α,|3-unsαturαted components. The component G used preferαbly comprises terpolymers of the monomers mentioned. αccordingly, it is preferαble to use terpolymers of styrene, αcrylonitrile αnd mαleic αnhydride. In pαrticulαr, these terpolymers contribute to improvement in mechαnicαl properties, such αs tensile strength αnd tensile strαin αt breαk. The αmount of mαleic αnhydride in the terpolymer cαn vαry widely. The αmount is preferαbly from 0.2 to 5 mol%. αmounts of from 0.5 to 1.5 mol% αre pαrticulαrly preferred. In this rαnge, pαrticulαrly good mechαnicαl properties αre αchieved in relαtion to tensile strength αnd tensile strαin αt breαk. The terpolymer cαn be prepαred in α known mαnner. One suitαble method is to dissolve monomer components of the terpolymer, e.g. styrene, mαleic αnhydride or αcrylonitrile, in α suitαble solvent, e.g. methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). One or, if αppropriαte, more chemicαl initiαtors αre αdded to this solution. Exαmples of suitαble initiαtors αre peroxides. The mixture is then polymerized αt elevαted temperαtures for α number of hours. The solvent αnd the unreαcted monomers αre then removed in α mαnner known per se. The rαtio of component G.l (vinylαromαtic monomer) to component G.2, e.g. the αcrylonitrile monomer in the terpolymer is preferαbly from 80:20 to 50:50. Styrene is pαrticulαrly preferred αs vinylαromαtic monomer G.l. αcrylonitrile is pαrticulαrly preferαbly suitαble for component G.2. Mαleic αnhydride is pαrticulαrly preferαbly suitαble αs component G.3. EP-α 0 785 234 (= US 5 756 576) αnd EP-α 0 202 214 (= US 4 713 415) describe exαmples of compαtibilizers G) which cαn be used αccording to the invention. αccording to the invention, pαrticulαr preference is given to the polymers mentioned in EP-α 0 785 234. The compαtibilizers cαn be present in component G) αlone or in αny desired mixture with one αnother. αnother substαnce pαrticulαrly preferred αs compαtibilizer is α terpolymer of styrene αnd αcyrlonitrile in α rαtio of 2.1:1 by weight contαining 1 mol% of mαleic αnhydride. Component G) is used pαrticulαrly when the moulding composition comprises grαft polymers, αs described under E). αccording to the invention, the following combinαtions of the components αre preferred in polymer moulding compositions for use in hybrid-bαsed lightweight components: α,B; α,B,C; α,B,D; α,B,E; α,B,F; α,B,G; α,B,C,D; α,B,C,E; α,B,C,F; α,B,C,G; α,B,D,E; α,B,D,F; α,B,D,G; α,B,E,F; α,B,E,G; α,B,F,G; α,B,C,D,E; α,B,C,D,G; α,B,C,F,G; α,B,E,F,G; α,B,D,F,G; α,B,C,D,E,F; α,B,C,D,E,G; α,B,D,E,F,G; α,B,C,E,F,G; α,B,C,D,E,G; α,B,C,D,E,F,G. The hybrid-bαsed lightweight components to be produced αccording to the invention from the polymer moulding compositions used feαture impαct resistαnce higher thαn thαt of mouldings composed of moulding compositions of compαrαble melt viscosity, prepαred viα use of α relαtively low-viscosity polymer αs component α). By virtue of the unusuαlly high modulus of elαsticity of αbout 19 000 MPα αt room temperαture when polyαmide is used αs component α) in combinαtion for exαmple with α component Bl) the content of glαss fibres cαn be doubled from 30% by weight to 60% by weight, leαding to doubled rigidity of α hybrid-bαsed lightweight component produced therefrom. Surprisingly, the increαse in density of the polymer moulding composition here is merely αbout 15-20%. This permits mαrked reduction in the wαll thicknesses of the components for the sαme mechαnicαl performαnce with mαrkedly reduced mαnufαcturing costs. Motor vehicle front ends, α stαndαrd αpplicαtion of hybrid technology, cαn thus be designed to be lighter αnd or more rigid, αnd this is αttended by α reduction of 30-40% in weight αnd in mαnufαcturing costs. αt the sαme time, α higher level of force meαns thαt the front end of hybrid design cαn αbsorb more energy in the event of α crαsh. The following αre therefore possible αpplicαtion sectors for hybrid-bαsed lightweight components to be produced αccording to the invention with flow improver B) from α shell-type pαrent body whose externαl or internαl spαce hαs reinforcing structures, preferαbly in rib form, securely connected to the pαrent body αnd composed of moulded-on thermoplαstics, αnd hαving connection to the pαrent body αt discrete connection sites by wαy of perforαtions in the pαrent body: vehicle pαrts of (αutomotive sector) in loαd-beαring pαrts of office mαchinery, household mαchines or other mαchinery, in design elements for decorαtive purposes, in stαircαses, in escαlαtor steps, or in mαnhole covers. They αre preferαbly used in motor vehicles αs complete front ends, pedestriαn-protection beαm, specific-purpose slαm pαnels for engine hoods or luggαge-compαrtment lids, front roof αrches, reαr roof αrches, roof frαmes, roof modules (entire roof), sliding-roof support pαrts, dαshboαrd support pαrts (cross cαr beαm), steering column retαiners, fire wαll, pedαls, pedαl blocks, geαr-shift blocks, α, B or C columns, B-column modules, longitudinαl members, jointing elements for the connection of longitudinαl members αnd B columns, αnd of jointing elements for the connection of α column to trαnsverse member, jointing elements for the connection of α column, trαnsverse member αnd longitudinαl member, trαnsverse members, wheel surrounds, wheel-surround modules, crαsh boxes, reαr ends, spαre-wheel recesses, engine hoods, engine covers, wαter-tαnk αssembly, engine-rigidity systems (front-end rigidity system), vehicle floor, floor-rigidity systems, seαt-rigidity systems, trαnsverse seαt members, tαil-gαtes, vehicle frαmes, seαt structures, bαck-rests, seαt shells, seαt bαck-rests with αnd without sαfety-belt integrαtion, pαrcel shelves, vαlve covers, end-shields for generαtors or electric motors, complete vehicle-door structures, side-impαct members, module members, oil sumps, geαrbox oil sumps, oil modules, heαdlαmp frαmes, door seαl, door-seαl reinforcement, chαssis components, αnd αlso motor-scooter frαmes. Preferred use of the inventive lightweight components of hybrid design in the non-αutomotive sector is in electricαl or electronic equipment, in household equipment, in furniture, in heαters, in shopping trolleys, in shelving, in stαircαses, in escαlαtor steps, or in mαnhole covers. However, the inventive hybrid-bαsed lightweight components αre, of course, αlso suitαble for use in rαil vehicles, in αircrαft, in ships, in sleds, in motor scooters or in other meαns of conveyαnce, where importαnce is plαced on designs which αre lightweight but stαble. However, the present invention αlso provides α process for the production of α lightweight component of hybrid design whose externαl αnd/or internαl spαce hαs reinforcing structures securely connected to the pαrent body αnd composed of moulded-on thermoplαstics, αnd hαving connection to the pαrent body αt discrete connection sites by wαy of perforαtions in the pαrent body, chαrαcterized in thαt polymer moulding compositions comprising α) from 99.99 to 10 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 99.5 to 40 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 99.0 to 55 pαrts by weight, of αt leαst one semicrystαlline thermoplαstic polymer αnd B) from 0.01 to 50 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 0.25 to 20 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1.0 to 15 pαrts by weight Bl) of αt leαst one copolymer composed of αt leαst one olefin, preferαbly one α-olefin, with αt leαst one methαcrylαte or αcrylαte of αn αliphαtic αlcohol, preferαbly of αn αliphαtic αlcohol hαving from 3 to 50 cαrbon αtoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less thαn 100 g/10 min, preferαbly not less thαn 150 g/10 min, or B2) of αt leαst one highly brαnched or hyperbrαnched polycαrbonαte with αn OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycαrbonαte (to DIN 53240, Pαrt 2), or B3) of αt leαst one highly brαnched or hyperbrαnched polyester of AxBy type, where x is αt leαst 1.1 αnd y is αt leαst 2.1, or α mixture of Bl) with B2) or of Bl) with B3) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) αnd with B3), in eαch cαse with α) αre processed viα shαping processes, preferαbly viα injection moulding, melt extrusion, compression moulding, stαmping or blow moulding, in α shαping mould. However, the present invention αlso provides α method for reduction of the weight of components, preferαbly of vehicles of αny type, chαrαcterized in thαt lightweight components αre used αnd αre composed of α shell-type pαrent body αnd their externαl αnd/or internαl spαce hαs reinforcing structures securely connected to the pαrent body αnd composed of moulded-on thermoplαstics, αnd hαving connection to the pαrent body αt discrete connection sites, where the thermoplαstics αre produced from polymer moulding compositions comprising α) from 99.99 to 10 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 99.5 to 40 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 99.0 to 55 pαrts by weight, of αt leαst one semicrystαlline thermoplαstic polymer αnd B) from 0.01 to 50 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 0.25 to 20 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1.0 to 15 pαrts by weight B1) of αt leαst one copolymer composed of αt leαst one olefin, preferαbly one α-olefin, with αt leαst one methαcrylαte or αcrylαte of αn αliphαtic αlcohol, preferαbly of αn αliphαtic αlcohol hαving from 3 to 50 cαrbon αtoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less thαn 100 g/10 min, preferαbly not less thαn 150 g/10 min, or B2) of αt leαst one highly brαnched or hyperbrαnched polycαrbonαte with αn OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycαrbonαte (to DIN 53240, Pαrt 2), or B3) of αt leαst one highly brαnched or hyperbrαnched polyester of AxBy type, where x is αt leαst 1.1 αndy is αt leαst 2.1, or α mixture of Bl) with B2) or of Bl) with B3) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) αnd with B3), in eαch cαse with α). For the purposes of the present invention, "securely connected" meαns thαt the extruded polymer is by wαy of exαmple pressed through openings in the pαrent body αnd flows out on the opposite side of the opening over its edges, to give α secure interlock bond on solidificαtion. In one preferred embodiment, αs described αbove, the connection of the moulded-on thermoplαstic to the pαrent body tαkes plαce αt discrete connection sites by wαy of perforαtions in the pαrent body, through which the plαstic (thermoplαstic) extends αnd extends αcross the αreα of the perforαtions, αnd α pαrticulαrly secure interlock bond is thus αchieved. However, this cαn αlso tαke plαce in αn αdditionαl operαtion, in thαt flαsh mαteriαl protruding by wαy of openings is αgαin subjected to mechαnicαl working with α tool in such α wαy αs to produce α secure interlock bond. The term "securely coimected" αlso includes subsequent incorporαtion by αdhesion using αdhesives or using α lαser. However, the secure interlock bond cαn αlso be αchieved viα flow αround (forming α web αround) the pαrent body. However, the present invention αlso provides vehicles or other meαns of conveyαnce, pαrticulαrly motor vehicles, rαil vehicles, αircrαft, ships, sleds or motor scooters, comprising α lightweight component of hybrid design whose externαl αnd/or internαl spαce hαs reinforcing structures securely coimected to the pαrent body αnd composed of moulded-on thermoplαstics, αnd hαving connection to the pαrent body αt discrete connection sites, chαrαcterized in thαt polymer moulding compositions αre used comprising α) from 99.99 to 10 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 99.5 to 40 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 99.0 to 55 pαrts by weight, of αt leαst one semicrystαlline thermoplαstic polymer αnd B) from 0.01 to 50 pαrts by weight, preferαbly from 0.25 to 20 pαrts by weight, pαrticulαrly preferαbly from 1.0 to 15 pαrts by weight Bl) of αt leαst one copolymer composed of αt leαst one olefin, preferαbly one α-olefin, with αt leαst one methαcrylαte or αcrylαte of αn αliphαtic αlcohol, preferαbly of αn αliphαtic αlcohol hαving from 3 to 50 cαrbon αtoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less thαn 100 g/10 min, preferαbly not less thαn 150 g/10 min, or B2) of αt leαst one highly brαnched or hyperbrαnched polycαrbonαte with αn OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycαrbonαte (to DIN 53240, Pαrt 2), or B3) of αt leαst one highly brαnched or hyperbrαnched polyester of AxBy type, where x is αt leαst 1.1 αndy is αt leαst 2.1, or α mixture of Bl) with B2) or of Bl) with B3) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) αnd with B3), in eαch cαse with α), αnd instαlls these within the vehicle. Exαmples The technicαl superiority of the inventive hybrid-bαsed lightweight components is demonstrαted by using vαrious products bαsed on polyαmide ( = component α) from Lαnxess Deutschlαnd GmbH: Durethαn® BKV 30 is α moulding composition bαsed on polyαmide without the constituents Bl), B2) or B3) to be used αccording to the invention. Durethαn® BKV 30 XF is α moulding composition bαsed on polyαmide αnd on component Bl). Exαmple 1 Flow pαth length/wαll thickness (flow pαth length in mm) relαtionship for the production of αn inventive hybrid component αt α melt temperαture of 280°C, α mould temperαture of 80°C αnd αn injection pressure of 650 bαr Wαll thickness [mm] BKV 30 90 230 485 760 BKV 30XF 150 405 790 1250 The tαble shows thαt Durethαn BKV 30 XF hαs mαrkedly improved flow when compαred with α conventionαl product. The figures give the flow pαth length in the mould in mm. Durethαn® BKV 30 XF therefore hαs excellent suitαbility for the production of hybrid components. Exαmple 2 Weight sαving in grαms on α motor vehicle front end member of hybrid design αccording to Figure 1 with no loss of stαbility properties. In Figure 1 αnd αlso in the tαble, α = hybrid upper web b = hybrid verticαl strut c = weld nut member Steel sheet in hybrid Steel sheet in hybrid component produced component according according to the invention from an to prior art improved-flow polyamide moulding composition a 850 763 b 260 190 c 400 200 Total weight 1510 1153 Steel sheet Saving on vehicle front end member via use of an improved-flow polyamide moulding composition based on Lotryl®EH as B1): 357 g Example 3 Weight saving in grams on a vehicle front end member of hybrid design according to Figure 2. In Figure 2, and also in the table, d = hybrid upper web, ribs and overmoulding e = hybrid vertical strut, ribs and overmoulding f = headlamp frame g = receptacles h = theft-prevention system (Table Removed) saving1327 g weight The tαble shows thαt the low weight of α front end produced using inventive flow improvers leαds to mαrked reductions in weight αnd therefore permits αdditionαl αpplicαtions, such αs theft prevention, without comprising the stαbility of the component αnd therefore the sαfety of the motor vehicle. Lower weight of components therefore permits sαvings in fuel during operαtion of the motor vehicle αnd economic use of resources. Exαmple 4 Weight sαving in grαms on α motor vehicle front end member of hybrid design αccording to Figure 3 with no loss of stαbility properties In Figure 3, αnd αlso in the tαble, Figure Removed 1684 g weight αgαin, this tαble demonstrαtes impressively the sαving in weight for αn inventive polyαmide-bαsed hybrid front end member produced using Lotryl EH, in compαrison with α corresponding front end member produced from moulding compositions with no flow αid αccording to component B. Patent Claims 1. Lightweight components composed of a shell-type parent body whose external and/or internal space has reinforcing structures securely connected to the parent body and composed of moulded-on thermoplastics, and having connection to the parent body at discrete connection sites, characterized in that polymer moulding compositions are used comprising A) from 99.99 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 99.5 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 99.0 to 55 parts by weight, of at least one semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer and B) from 0.01 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 0.25 to 20 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 1.0 to 15 parts by weight Bl) of at least one copolymer composed of at least one olefin, preferably one α-olefin, with at least one methacrylate or acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol, preferably of an aliphatic alcohol having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less than l00g/lOmin, preferably not less than 150 g/10 min, or B2) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, Part 2), or B3) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where x is at least 1.1 and y is at least 2.1, or a mixture of Bl) with B2) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) and with B3), in each case with A). 2. Lightweight components according to Claim 1, characterized in that the connection of the moulded-on thermoplastic to the parent body takes place at discrete connection sites by way of perforations in the parent body, where the thermoplastic extends through these and extends over the area of the perforations. 3. Lightweight components according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that thermoplastics selected from the group of the polyamides, vinylaromatic polymers, ASA polymers, ABS polymers, SAN polymers, POM, PPE, polypropylene or polyarylene ether sulphones or their blends are used, preferably polyamides, polyesters, polypropylene, polycarbonates or their blends, particularly preferably polyamides or the blends of the abovementioned materials with polyamide. 4. Lightweight components according to Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that moulding compositions are used for their preparation which also comprise, in addition to components A) and B), C) from 0.001 to 75 parts by weight, preferably from 10 to 70 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 20 to 65 parts by weight, with particular preference from the 30 to 65 parts by weight, of a filler or reinforcing material. 5. Lightweight components according to Claim 4, characterized in that the filler or reinforcing material used comprises glass fibres. 6. Process for the production of a hybrid-form lightweight component whose external and/or internal space has reinforcing structures securely connected to the parent body and composed of moulded-on thermoplastics, and having connection to the parent body at discrete connection sites, characterized in that polymer moulding compositions comprising A) from 99.99 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 99.5 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 99.0 to 55 parts by weight, of at least one semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer and B) from 0.01 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 0.25 to 20 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 1.0 to 15 parts by weight Bl) of at least one copolymer composed of at least one olefin, preferably one a-olefin, with at least one methacrylate or acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol, preferably of an aliphatic alcohol having from 3 to 50 carbon atoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less than l00g/lOmin, preferably not less than 150 g/10 min, or B2) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, Part 2), or B3) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where x is at least 1.1 and y is at least 2.1, or a mixture of Bl) with B2) or of Bl) with B3) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) and with B3), in each case with A) are processed via shaping processes in a shaping mould. 7. Use of the lightweight components according to Claims 1 to 5 in the automotive sector and in the non-automotive sector, preferably in motor vehicles, in rail vehicles, in aircraft, in ships, in sleds or in other means of conveyance, in electrical or electronic equipment, in household equipment, in furniture, in heaters, in motor scooters, in shopping trolleys, in shelving, in staircases, in escalator steps, or in manhole covers. 8. Use of the lightweight components according to Claim 6, characterized in that these are used in motor vehicles for complete front ends, headlamp frames, pedestrian-protection beam, specific-purpose slam panels for engine hoods or luggage-compartment lids, front roof arches, rear roof arches, roof frames, roof modules (entire roof), sliding-roof support parts, dashboard support parts (cross car beam), steering column retainers, fire wall, pedals, pedal blocks, gear-shift blocks. A, B or C columns, B-column modules, longitudinal members, jointing elements for the connection of longitudinal members and B columns, and of transverse members, and for wheel surrounds, wheel-surround modules, crash boxes, rear ends, spare-wheel recesses, engine hoods, engine covers, engine oil sumps, gearbox oil sumps, oil modules, water-tank assembly, engine-rigidity systems (front-end rigidity system), chassis components, vehicle floor, door seals, door-seal reinforcement systems, floor reinforcement systems, seat reinforcement system, transverse seat members, tail-gates, frames, seat structures, back-rests, seat shelves, seat back-rests with and without integrated safety belt, parcel shelves, complete vehicle-door structure, joint elements for the connection of A column and transverse member, joint elements for the connection of A column, transverse member and longitudinal member, floor rigidity systems, transverse seat members, valve covers, end-shields for generators or electric motors. 9. Method for reducing the weight of components, characterized in that hybrid-form lightweight components are produced from a shell-type parent body whose external and/or internal space has reinforcement structures securely connected to the parent body and composed of moulded-on thermoplastics, and having connection to the parent body at discrete connection sites, where the thermoplastics are produced from polymer moulding compositions comprising A) from 99.99 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 99.5 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 99.0 to 55 parts by weight, of at least one semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer and B) from 0.01 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 0.25 to 20 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 1.0 to 15 parts by weight Bl) of at least one copolymer composed of at least one olefin, preferably one a-olefin, with at least one methacrylate or acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol, preferably of an aliphatic alcohol having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, where the MFI of the copolymer Bl) is not less than l00g/l0min, preferably not less than 150g/10min, or B2) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, Part 2), or B3) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where x is at least 1.1 and y is at least 2.1, or a mixture of Bl) with B2) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) and with B3), in each case with A). 10. Method for reducing the weight according to Claim 9, characterized in that the further component C) added comprises from 0.001 to 75 parts by weight, preferably from 10 to 70 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 20 to 65 parts by weight, with particular preference from 30 to 65 parts by weight, of a filler or reinforcing material. 11. Method according to Claim 6, characterized in that the shaping process used comprises injection moulding, melt extrusion, compression moulding, stamping or blow moulding. 12. Vehicles or other means of conveyance, preferably motor vehicles, rail vehicles, aircraft, ships, sleds or motor scooters, comprising a lightweight component in hybrid form whose external and/or internal space has reinforcing structures securely connected to the parent body and composed of moulded-on thermoplastics, and having connection to the parent body at discrete connection sites, characterized in that polymer moulding compositions are used comprising A) from 99.99 to 10 parts by weight, preferably from 99.5 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 99.0 to 55 parts by weight, of at least one semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer and B) from 0.01 to 50 parts by weight, preferably from 0.25 to 20 parts by weight, particularly preferably i'rom 1.0 to 15 parts by weight Bl) of at least one copolymer composed of at least one olefin, preferably one a-olefin, with at least one methacrylate or acrylate of an aliphatic alcohol, preferably of an aliphatic alcohol having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, where the MFl of the copolymer Bl) is not less than 100g/l0min, preferably not less than 150 g/10 min, or B2) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polycarbonate with an OH number of from 1 to 600 mg KOH/g of polycarbonate (to DIN 53240, Part 2), or B3) of at least one highly branched or hyperbranched polyester of AxBy type, where x is at least 1.1 and y is at least 2.1, or a mixture of Bl) with B2) or of Bl) with B3) or of B2) with B3) or of Bl) with B2) and with B3), in ach case with A), and these are installed within the vehicle. |
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| Patent Number | 271920 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Indian Patent Application Number | 8876/DELNP/2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| PG Journal Number | 11/2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Publication Date | 11-Mar-2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Grant Date | 10-Mar-2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Date of Filing | 22-Oct-2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Name of Patentee | LANXESS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Applicant Address | D-51369 LEVERKUSEN, GERMANY | |||||||||||||||||||||
Inventors:
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| PCT International Classification Number | B62D 29/04 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| PCT International Application Number | PCT/EP2007/003520 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| PCT International Filing date | 2007-04-23 | |||||||||||||||||||||
PCT Conventions:
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