Title of Invention	"PB FREE COPPER ALLOY SLIDING MATERIAL."
Abstract	Abstract Pb Free copper Alloy Sliding Material A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, characterized in that it has a composition containing from 1 to 30% by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10% by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of Fe2P. Fe^P. FeB^ Fe2B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 \^m of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the Bi phase having smaller average particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix. Reference: Figure 1 12.

Title of Invention

"PB FREE COPPER ALLOY SLIDING MATERIAL."

Abstract

Abstract Pb Free copper Alloy Sliding Material A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, characterized in that it has a composition containing from 1 to 30% by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10% by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of Fe2P. Fe^P. FeB^ Fe2B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 \^m of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the Bi phase having smaller average particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix. Reference: Figure 1 12.

Full Text	• : DESCRIPTION 'I Technical Field [0001] The present invention relates to a copper-based sintered alloy. More particularly, the present invention relates to a copper-based sintered alloy, which is free of Pb but exhibits improved sliding properties. I Background Technique \| [0002] Pb, which is ordinarily added to the copper-alloy for sliding use, expands and is elongated on the sliding surface upon temperature rise during the shding. As a result, because Pb cools the sliding surface and simultaneously realizes its excellent selflubricating properties, seizure is, consequently, prevented. In addition, since Pb forms a soft dispersing phase, Pb has conformability and such property that foreign matters are embedded in Pb. However, Pb is liable to be corroded by acids otherj^han sjudferi^^acad. When Pb is present in the form of coarse particles in the Cu aUoy, the load ability of a bearing is lowered. Therefore, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Examined Patent Publication (kokoku) Hei 8-19945) proposes to disperse Pb in the form of fine particles expressed by a particular calculation equation. The equation can be interpreted to mean the following. The total Pb particles in the visual field of O.lmm^ (lO^Ura^ are observed. The average area ratio of these particles is converted to one particle, which is 0.1% or less. According to an example of this publication, a Cu-Pb-Sn pre-aUoy powder is used. In addition, it is described that a finer Pb structure is obtained at lower sintering temperature. It is, therefore, understood that the technique employed in this pubhcation is to suppress the precipitation and growth of Pb by low-temperature sintering. [0003] It is known from Patent Document 2 (Japanese Examined Patent Publication (kokoku) No. Hei 7-9046 that, in order to enhance the wear resistance of the sintered copper alloy, such carbides as Cr2C3, M02C, WC, VC and NbC are added in the sintered copper alloy as hard matters. According to this publication, the copper-alloy powder having from 10 to 100 M m of average particle-diameter and the hard-matter powder > 2 having 5 to 150Mm of the average particle-diameter are mixed by a V type blender, followed by compacting and sintering. The description that Pb is present in the grain t boundaries of the copper particles (column 4, lines 21 through 22) is not inconsistent with knowledge derived from an equilibrium phase diagram, that is, Pb is hardly not dissolved in the solid Cu. [0004] A Pb-free alloy, which attains the sliding properties equivalent to the Cu-Pb based sintered aUoy, is known from Patent Document 3 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No. Hei 10-330868. It is apparent from the drawings of this publication that the location of the Bi (alloy) phase is the grain-boundary triple points and the grain boundaries in the vicinity to the triple points. [0005] It is proposed in Patent Document 4 (Japanese Patent No. 3421724) that the hard matters incorporated into the Pb or Bi phase prevent Pb and Bi from flowing out of the sintered copper alloy; the Pb or Bi phase behaves as a cushion of the hard matters, the attacking property of which against the opposite shaft is mitigated; the separated hard matters are again captured by the Pb or Bi phase, thereby mitigating abrasive wear. In this patent, the presence of the hard matters is such that they are enveloped in the Bi phase. The dimension of the Bi phase is, therefore, larger than that of the hard matters. [0006] It is disclosed in Patent Document 5 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No. 2001-220630) that an intermetalUc compound is added to enhance the wear resistance of the Cu-Bi(Pb) based sintered alloy; its micro-structure is such that the intermetallic compound is present around the Bi or Pb phase. During sliding, the intermetaUic compound is convex and the Bi or Pb phase as well as the Cu matrix are concave on the surface of copper alloy to form oil reserving portions. As a result, seizure resistance and fatigue resistance of the sliding material are improved. An example of the sintering condition proposed is from 800 to 920'C for approximately 15 minutes. Patent Document 1: Japanese Examined Patent Publication (kokoku) No. Hei 8-19945 Patent Document 2: Japanese Examined Patent Publication (kokoku) No. Hei 7-9046 Patent Document 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No. Hei 10-330868 3 i Patent Document 4: Japanese Patent No. 3421724 Patent Document 5: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No. 2001-220630 Patent Document 6: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No. 2002-12902 Disclosure of Invention Problems to be Solved by Invention [0007] Pb and Bi are hardly not dissolved in the Cu matrix of the solid Cu alloy. In addition, neither Pb nor Bi forms an intermetallic compound. Pb and Bi form, therefore, a phase different from the Cu matrix. Such micro-structure and properties are utilized as the conformability of the copper alloy for shding use. On the other hand, the Pb and Bi phases are a low-strength portion and hence incur reduction of fatigue resistance. Consequently, the low-temperature sintering proposed in Patent Document 1 refines the Pb phase and is hence effective for lessening the drawbacks mentioned above. However, the low temperature required for suppressing the growth of Pb disadvantageously lowers the bonding strength of the copper alloy particles. [0008] The Bi phase in the Cu-Bi based alloys proposed in Patent Documents 3, 4 and 5 results in exudation or corrosion when the alloys are used at high temperature or in the degraded oil. As a result, the Bi content is decreased to a level lower than the added amount, thereby lowering the sliding performance. In addition, Bi may be dissolved out into the lubricating oil. However, when Bi is finely dispersed, the volume of each Bi phase is so small that exudation, corrosion and decrease in the Bi amount can be suppressed. Fine dispersion of Bi and the sintering property of the copper aUoy have an opposite relationship with one another. [0009] During sintering of the Bi-containing Cu-based alloys proposed in Patent Document 4 and Patent Document 5, the Bi phase is rendered a liquid phase, into which the components of the Cu matrix are liable to diffuse and form an intermetallic compound there. The intermetallic compound is, therefore, always present at the boundaries of the Bi phase and the Cu matrix. The holding effect of the intermetallic compound by the Cu matrix is, accordingly, low. Since the desired micro-structure is not obtained by ordinary sintering, the sintering is carried out for a long period of time to obtain the desired structure in Patent Document 5. It is understood that: as a result 4 of the sintering for a long period of time, the size of the Bi phase becomes larger than that of hard particles as shown in Fig. 2 of Patent Document 4; and, the presence ratio of hard particles described below is almost 100%. In addition. Figure 1 of Patent Document 5 shows a high "hard matter contact ratio" described herein below. Such Bi phase is the reason that fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance of the Cu-Bi based sintered alloy are reduced. Means for Solving Problem [0010] As is described hereinabove, the conformability, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance could not be compatible at a high level in the conventional Cu-Bi based alloy. The first invention provided taking into consideration of the above points resides in the Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, characterized in that it has a composition containing firom 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of hard matter particles having from 10 to 50 /zm of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the Bi phase having smaller average particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix. The second invention provided taking into consideration of the above points resides in the Pb-fi-ee copper-based sintered alloy, characterized in that it has a composition containing from 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of hard matter particles having from 10 to 50 Ilia of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the hard particles having 50% or less of a contact length ratio with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard particle, which is in contact with said Bi phase, are present in the ratio of 70% or more based on the entire number of the hard matter particles. The present invention is described in detail hereinafter. [0011] (1) Alloy Composition When the Bi content of the Cu-Bi based sintered alloy according to the present invention is less than 1 % by mass, seizure resistance is poor. On the other hand, when the Bi content is more than 30% by mass, the strength is low and fatigue resistance is poor. The Bi content is, therefore, firom 1 to 30% by mass, and preferably from 1 to 15% by mass. In the present invention, the hard matter particles may be those proposed in Patent Document 2, but is preferably such Fe-based compound as FogP, FegP, FeB, Fe^B 5 and FeaB, which is well sintered with the copper alloy. Since the Fe-based compound has low wettability with Bi and on the contrary high wettability with Cu, the contact ratio of the Bi phase with the hard particles is so low that the hard particles are liable to be held by the Cu matrix. This leads to the effect that the hard particles are difficult to be separated, and, further the hard particles are difficult to fracture. Reduction of wear resistance and seizure resistance due to the separation and fracture of the hard particles mentioned above can, therefore, be suppressed. When the content of the hard matters is less than 0.1 % by mass, the seizure resistance and the wear resistance are poor. On the other hand, when the content of the hard matters exceeds 10% by mass, the strength is low, and, not only is fatigue resistance poor, but also the opposite material is abraded by the hard matters and the sintering property is lowered. Preferable content of the hard matters is from 1 to 5% by mass. The balance of the composition described herein above is unavoidable impurities and Cu. The impurities are ordinary ones. Among them, Pb is also at an impurity level. If necessary, an additive element(s) may be added to the copper alloy. For example, 0.5 % by mass or less of P may be added to lower the melting point of Cu and enhance the sintering property. When the P content exceeds 0.5% by mass, the copper alloy embrittles. From 1 to 15% by mass of Sn may be added to enhance the strength and fatigue resistance. When the Sn content is less than 1% by mass, it is only slightly effective for strengthening. On the other hand, when the Sn content exceeds 15% by mass, an intermetalUc compound is liable to form and the alloy embrittles. In addition, from 0.1 to 5% by mass of Ni may be added to enhance the strength and fatigue resistance. When the Ni content is less than 0.1% by mass, Ni is only slightly effective for strengthening. On the other hand, when the Ni content exceeds 5% by mass, an intermetaUic compound is hable to form and the alloy embrittles. These elements are alloyed in Cu and constitute the matrix of the copper alloy. In addition, such solid lubricant as M0S2 and graphite may be added in an amount of 5% by weight or less as a complex component of the copper alloy. [0012] (2) Micro-structure of Alloy In the present first and second inventions, the average particle diameter of the hard matter particles is fi-om 10 to 50;Ci m. When the average particle diameter is less than 10 Um, the hard matters are only sUghtly effective for wear resistance. On the other hand, when the average particle diameter exceeds 50 U m, the strength of the sintered copper alloy is lowered. Preferable average particle diameter of the hard 6 matter particles is from 15 to 30 U m. The micro-structure of the alloy according to the present invention is such that the flow of the Bi phase is suppressed to as low as possible during sintering of the copper alloy, which flow causes the contact between the hard matter particles and the Bi phase. [0013] The conclusion mentioned above is specified in the present first invention as Dsi circle of the Bi phase, and, further, DH is the average particle diameter of the hard matters added. [0014] ^^ /TrTtiie present second inventio^the Bi phase in contact with the hard matter particles is speci5ed-as-feHows: The contact length ratio of the hard matter particles with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter particle, which is in contact with said Bi phase is, 70% or less. The presence ratio of the hard matter particles having 50% or less of the contact length is 70% or more of total hard matter particles. The "contact length ratio of the hard matter particles with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter particle, which is in contact with said Bi phase is referred to as "the hard matter contact ratio". When the hard matter contact ratio is 100%, one or more hard matter particles are in contact with a particular one Bi phase at the entire periphery of the hard particle(s). This readily indicates the hard matter particles are enveloped in the Bi phase. On the other hand, when the hard matter contact ratio is less than 100% but not 0, the hard matter particle(s) has necessarily a portion protruding out of the Bi phase, and this portion is in contact with the Cu alloy. In the present invention, the hard matter contact ratio is 50% or less so as to decrease the contact between the hard particles and the Bi phase to as small as possible, thereby thoroughly demonstrating the respective properties of the hard particles and the Bi phase. Next, the number ratio of the hard particles having 50% or less of the hard matter contact ratio relative to the entire hard particles is referred to as "the presence ratio of hard matters". When the presence ratio of hard matters is 100%, all of the hard matter particles have 50% or less of the hard matter contact ratio. On the other hand, when the presence ratio of hard matters is 0%, all of the hard particles have more than 50% of the hard matter contact ratio. In the present invention, the presence ratio of hard matters is limited to 70% or more, because the hard particles and the Bi phase slightly in contact with one another are relatively increased, thereby thoroughly 7 ^B demonstrating their respective properties. [0015] In order to realize the sintering process as described hereinabove, the Cu-Bi pre-alloy atomized powder or mixture of the Cu (alloy) atomized powder and the Cu-Bi alloy powder are preferably sintered for a short period by holding time of 2 minutes or less at the sintering temperature. Such short-time sintering can be carried out by means of the high-frequency sintering proposed by the present applicant in Patent Document 6 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Pubhcation (kokai) No. 2002-12902). [0016] (3) Properties of Alloy Generally speaking, in the copper-based sintered alloy according to the present invention, the Bi phase exhibits conformability. The hard matter particles are firmly held by the Cu matrix and are difficult to separate fi-om the Cu matrix. As a result, wear resistance and seizure resistance are enhanced, and strength and fatigue resistance are improved. (a) Since the Bi phase is finely dispersed in the entire sintered alloy, the properties of the material body are improved in the points of fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and strength. (b) Since most of the hard matter particles are held by the Cu or copperalloy matrix, the material at the sliding surface exhibits improved wear resistance. (c) Improved conformabihty is attained due to the Bi phase present on the sliding surface notwithstanding the absence of Pb. ; (d) Finely dispersed Bi phase brings about improved non-adhesiveness and seizure resistance. The present invention is hereinafter described with reference to the examples. - Best Mode for Carrying Out Invention \| [0017] : s The Cu-Bi pre-alloy powder having a composition shown in Table 1 (the particle diameter - 150 /z m or less, the atomized powder) and the hard-particle powder (the average particle-diameter shown in Table 1) were mixed and sprayed on a steel ^ sheet to a thickness of approximately 1 mm. The preliminary sintering was carried out in hydrogen reducing protective atmosphere at 750 - lOOO'C for 20 - 1800 seconds of the sintering time. Subsequently, the rolling and then the secondary sintering under the same conditions as the primary sintering were carried out, thereby obtaining the 8 sintered products. These products were used as the test samples. The sintering condition for a long period of time within the sintering-time range was intended to promote the diffusion of the Bi phase and hence to prepare the comparative samples outside the present invention. [0018] Testing Method of Seizure Resistance The surface of the copper alloy prepared by the above described method was lapped by paper to provide 1.0 p. m or less of the surface roughness (ten-point average roughness). A steel ball abutted on the so prepared sample material, and the steel ball under load was caused to slide in one direction. The steel ball after shding was observed and the area of Cu alloy adhered on the steel ball was measured. Since the material liable to adhere has poor seizure resistance, are small adhered surface indicates improved seizure resistance. Testing Machine: Stick-Slip Tester Load: 500g Material of Shaft: SUJ2 Lubricating Oil: None Temperature: gradual increase from room temperature to 200'C [0019] Corrosion Resistance The surface of the test materials was finished to 1.0 A^ m of roughness, and the test materials were immersed in oil. Weight change before and after the immersion was measured. As the weight change a smaller, the corrosion resistance is better. Kind of Oil: Degraded ATF Oil Temperature: 1801: Time: 24h [0020] Fatigue Resistance The fatigue strength and the tensile strength have good co-relationship. As the tensile strength is higher, fatigue resistance is more improved. The material strength (tensile strength) was measure by a tensile test stipulated by JIS and used as an alternative property of the fatigue strength. [0021] I The hard matter present ratio and the test results of the above mentioned I properties are shown in Table 1. \| X o X I P I g § 03 ?\|- CO (D K) (D 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 0 5 c n ^ ^ o 5 ^ ^ ^ - ' l - ' l - ' l - ' ^ - » c o o o . c » ^ l ^ ^ l - ' CO to t-* O K ) h - ' l - ' l - ' ^ ^ t O t v 3 l - ' l - ' l - » l - ' l - ' l - ' l - ' h - ' ( ^ C J i ( ^ CoO I o o t o o ' ^ ^ o o c n w w c n o o o o * ^ * - " * ^ wf^ I vo •^ I I — 1 1 — 1 PCDOP-SC? 1 a' H I Cd I ^ I ?\|B I \| l - ' l C \| \| \| 0 0 N ) W \| C O \| \| h - \| l - ' \| l C l - ' ^ SPS."^ I hj s ?+ o I i-j I 00 I l l l l l l l l l 4 ^ l \| W \| \| \| \| l l Z, I I ^ o l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^ O \| C o ^ o l c ^ o l ^ ^ l - ' N 3 l c t O H - ' ^ c ^ O l - ' f 3 " e o ' 5 I a T C n c n c ; i w i K ) O T W t ( i . C T c n r f » . c ; i c n c ; i m w c n ^ S-Jp'?? I i-« I o I (D f^ l - ' I S O l - ' C O C T \| C » O O C O C O C O ; e C » O O O O C D W C O O O .0 0 b O W O O t C C T l O S O O l - i b O l - ' M ^ ' . O O ^ t O l - i h t i . C O ^ S ^ > >\ pi SP I 3 p. cr> 2. c n w c n t o i - ' p ; Q „ _ , Q „ _ , — rt^Q-.h-'h-'i-'i-'^ "^JD CDC I 5 S "> m Sr l - ^ h - ' l - ' h - ' l - ' C O l - ' l - ' t C t O t C l C K l l C K l l O t O t C K j S S (a S"(to' ' t C t ( ^ W . o o o i t o c n ! . o o 0 5 0 o b o c » i ) ; i . c » o c ; i O b o t o f i . P ' "S-K;' f> m li &- £- 0 I; •^ i g O :^ W O I (jq rt> en CO to t— J-- p p p p p p p p p p o p g" 05^ OD' 3 I c o f ^ i - t o b i c o c n b 3 b o c o c o h P > . i o i o t o c o i o c o ° K = P=5^ S"E2 I (0 § 10 [0023] As is apparent from Table 1, the inventive examples exhibit comprehensively improved, seizure resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Brief Explanation of Drawings [0024] [Figure 1] a photograph (200 times) showing a microscopic structure of the sintered copper alloy according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 2] a photograph (500 times) showing a microscopic structure of the sintered copper alloy according to the example of the present invention. [Figure 3] a photograph (200 times) showing a microscopic structure of the sintered copper alloy according to a comparative example. [Figure 4] a photograph (500 times) showing a microscopic structure of the [ r sintered copper alloy according to the comparative example. [0025] In Figs. 1 and 2 are shown the microscopic photographs of the inventive f example No.4 at magnification of 200 times and 500 times, respectively. Similarly, in Figs. 3 and 4 are shown the microscopic photographs of the comparative example No. 3 f at the magnification of 200 times and 500 times, respectively. It is apparent that in the former Figs. 1 and 2, the contact ratio of the hard matters and the Bi phase is small, f while in the latter Figs. 3 and 4 the contact ratio of the hard matters and the Bi phase is large. Industrial Applicabihty [0026] The sintered copper alloy according to the present invention can be used for various bearings, for example AT (automatic transmission) bush and piston-pin bush. I The high levels of conformability, wear resistance, seizure resistance and fatigue f resistance achieved by the present invention are effectively utihzed for these applications. ' '• [ • We Claim: 1. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, wherein said alloy has a composition containing from 1 to 30% by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10% by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of Fe^P. Fe^P. FeB, Fe2B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the Bi phase having smaller average particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix. 2. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, wherein said alloy has a composition containing from 1 to 30% by mass of Bi, at least one of a group consisting of from 1 to 15% by mass of Sn, from 0.1 to 5% by mass of Ni, and 0.5% by mass or less of P, from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of FeaP, Fe^P^ FeB, Fe^B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further Bi phase having smaller average particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix. 3. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said alloy has a composition containing from 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of Fe^P, Fe^P, FeB, Fe^B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and further, the hard matter particles having 50% or less of a contact length ratio with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter, which is in contact with said Bi phase, are present in a ratio of 70 % or more based on the entire number of the hard matter particles. 4. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said alloy has a composition containing from 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi, at least one of a group consisting of from 1 to 1.5% by mass of Sn, from 0.1 to 5% by mass of Ni, and 0.5% by mass or less of P, and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of Fe2P. Fe^P, FeB, Fe2B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average partide diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further the hard matter particles having 50% or less of a contact length ratio with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter particles, which are in contact with said Bi phase, are present in a ratio of 70% or more based on the entire number of the hard matter particles. y Dated this 7 day of July 2006 y^ V y X \ j VM^ha Garg of AnaiuTand Anand Agent foi^he Applicant i •

Full Text

• :
DESCRIPTION
'I
Technical Field
[0001]
The present invention relates to a copper-based sintered alloy. More particularly, the
present invention relates to a copper-based sintered alloy, which is free of Pb but
exhibits improved sliding properties. I
Background Technique |
[0002]
Pb, which is ordinarily added to the copper-alloy for sliding use, expands and is
elongated on the sliding surface upon temperature rise during the shding. As a result,
because Pb cools the sliding surface and simultaneously realizes its excellent selflubricating
properties, seizure is, consequently, prevented. In addition, since Pb forms
a soft dispersing phase, Pb has conformability and such property that foreign matters
are embedded in Pb.
However, Pb is liable to be corroded by acids otherj^han sjudferi^^acad. When
Pb is present in the form of coarse particles in the Cu aUoy, the load ability of a bearing
is lowered. Therefore, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Examined Patent Publication
(kokoku) Hei 8-19945) proposes to disperse Pb in the form of fine particles expressed by
a particular calculation equation. The equation can be interpreted to mean the
following. The total Pb particles in the visual field of O.lmm^ (lO^Ura^ are observed.
The average area ratio of these particles is converted to one particle, which is 0.1% or
less. According to an example of this publication, a Cu-Pb-Sn pre-aUoy powder is used.
In addition, it is described that a finer Pb structure is obtained at lower sintering
temperature. It is, therefore, understood that the technique employed in this
pubhcation is to suppress the precipitation and growth of Pb by low-temperature
sintering.
[0003]
It is known from Patent Document 2 (Japanese Examined Patent Publication
(kokoku) No. Hei 7-9046 that, in order to enhance the wear resistance of the sintered
copper alloy, such carbides as Cr2C3, M02C, WC, VC and NbC are added in the sintered
copper alloy as hard matters. According to this publication, the copper-alloy powder
having from 10 to 100 M m of average particle-diameter and the hard-matter powder
>
2
having 5 to 150Mm of the average particle-diameter are mixed by a V type blender,
followed by compacting and sintering. The description that Pb is present in the grain t
boundaries of the copper particles (column 4, lines 21 through 22) is not inconsistent
with knowledge derived from an equilibrium phase diagram, that is, Pb is hardly not
dissolved in the solid Cu.
[0004]
A Pb-free alloy, which attains the sliding properties equivalent to the Cu-Pb
based sintered aUoy, is known from Patent Document 3 (Japanese Unexamined Patent
Publication (kokai) No. Hei 10-330868. It is apparent from the drawings of this
publication that the location of the Bi (alloy) phase is the grain-boundary triple points
and the grain boundaries in the vicinity to the triple points.
[0005]
It is proposed in Patent Document 4 (Japanese Patent No. 3421724) that the
hard matters incorporated into the Pb or Bi phase prevent Pb and Bi from flowing out of
the sintered copper alloy; the Pb or Bi phase behaves as a cushion of the hard matters,
the attacking property of which against the opposite shaft is mitigated; the separated
hard matters are again captured by the Pb or Bi phase, thereby mitigating abrasive
wear. In this patent, the presence of the hard matters is such that they are enveloped
in the Bi phase. The dimension of the Bi phase is, therefore, larger than that of the
hard matters.
[0006]
It is disclosed in Patent Document 5 (Japanese Unexamined Patent
Publication (kokai) No. 2001-220630) that an intermetalUc compound is added to
enhance the wear resistance of the Cu-Bi(Pb) based sintered alloy; its micro-structure is
such that the intermetallic compound is present around the Bi or Pb phase. During
sliding, the intermetaUic compound is convex and the Bi or Pb phase as well as the Cu
matrix are concave on the surface of copper alloy to form oil reserving portions. As a
result, seizure resistance and fatigue resistance of the sliding material are improved.
An example of the sintering condition proposed is from 800 to 920'C for approximately
15 minutes.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Examined Patent Publication (kokoku) No. Hei
8-19945
Patent Document 2: Japanese Examined Patent Publication (kokoku) No. Hei
7-9046
Patent Document 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No. Hei
10-330868
3 i
Patent Document 4: Japanese Patent No. 3421724
Patent Document 5: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No.
2001-220630
Patent Document 6: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (kokai) No.
2002-12902
Disclosure of Invention
Problems to be Solved by Invention
[0007]
Pb and Bi are hardly not dissolved in the Cu matrix of the solid Cu alloy. In
addition, neither Pb nor Bi forms an intermetallic compound. Pb and Bi form,
therefore, a phase different from the Cu matrix. Such micro-structure and properties
are utilized as the conformability of the copper alloy for shding use. On the other hand,
the Pb and Bi phases are a low-strength portion and hence incur reduction of fatigue
resistance. Consequently, the low-temperature sintering proposed in Patent Document
1 refines the Pb phase and is hence effective for lessening the drawbacks mentioned
above. However, the low temperature required for suppressing the growth of Pb
disadvantageously lowers the bonding strength of the copper alloy particles.
[0008]
The Bi phase in the Cu-Bi based alloys proposed in Patent Documents 3, 4 and
5 results in exudation or corrosion when the alloys are used at high temperature or in
the degraded oil. As a result, the Bi content is decreased to a level lower than the
added amount, thereby lowering the sliding performance. In addition, Bi may be
dissolved out into the lubricating oil. However, when Bi is finely dispersed, the volume
of each Bi phase is so small that exudation, corrosion and decrease in the Bi amount can
be suppressed. Fine dispersion of Bi and the sintering property of the copper aUoy
have an opposite relationship with one another.
[0009]
During sintering of the Bi-containing Cu-based alloys proposed in Patent
Document 4 and Patent Document 5, the Bi phase is rendered a liquid phase, into which
the components of the Cu matrix are liable to diffuse and form an intermetallic
compound there. The intermetallic compound is, therefore, always present at the
boundaries of the Bi phase and the Cu matrix. The holding effect of the intermetallic
compound by the Cu matrix is, accordingly, low. Since the desired micro-structure is
not obtained by ordinary sintering, the sintering is carried out for a long period of time
to obtain the desired structure in Patent Document 5. It is understood that: as a result
4
of the sintering for a long period of time, the size of the Bi phase becomes larger than
that of hard particles as shown in Fig. 2 of Patent Document 4; and, the presence ratio
of hard particles described below is almost 100%. In addition. Figure 1 of Patent
Document 5 shows a high "hard matter contact ratio" described herein below. Such Bi
phase is the reason that fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance of the Cu-Bi based
sintered alloy are reduced.
Means for Solving Problem
[0010]
As is described hereinabove, the conformability, fatigue resistance and
corrosion resistance could not be compatible at a high level in the conventional Cu-Bi
based alloy. The first invention provided taking into consideration of the above points
resides in the Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, characterized in that it has a
composition containing firom 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of
hard matter particles having from 10 to 50 /zm of average particle diameter, the
balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the Bi phase having
smaller average particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in
the Cu matrix. The second invention provided taking into consideration of the above
points resides in the Pb-fi-ee copper-based sintered alloy, characterized in that it has a
composition containing from 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of
hard matter particles having from 10 to 50 Ilia of average particle diameter, the
balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further, the hard particles
having 50% or less of a contact length ratio with the Bi phase based on the total
circumferential length of the hard particle, which is in contact with said Bi phase, are
present in the ratio of 70% or more based on the entire number of the hard matter
particles.
The present invention is described in detail hereinafter.
[0011]
(1) Alloy Composition
When the Bi content of the Cu-Bi based sintered alloy according to the present
invention is less than 1 % by mass, seizure resistance is poor. On the other hand, when
the Bi content is more than 30% by mass, the strength is low and fatigue resistance is
poor. The Bi content is, therefore, firom 1 to 30% by mass, and preferably from 1 to 15%
by mass.
In the present invention, the hard matter particles may be those proposed in
Patent Document 2, but is preferably such Fe-based compound as FogP, FegP, FeB, Fe^B
5
and FeaB, which is well sintered with the copper alloy. Since the Fe-based compound
has low wettability with Bi and on the contrary high wettability with Cu, the contact
ratio of the Bi phase with the hard particles is so low that the hard particles are liable to
be held by the Cu matrix. This leads to the effect that the hard particles are difficult to
be separated, and, further the hard particles are difficult to fracture. Reduction of
wear resistance and seizure resistance due to the separation and fracture of the hard
particles mentioned above can, therefore, be suppressed. When the content of the hard
matters is less than 0.1 % by mass, the seizure resistance and the wear resistance are
poor. On the other hand, when the content of the hard matters exceeds 10% by mass,
the strength is low, and, not only is fatigue resistance poor, but also the opposite
material is abraded by the hard matters and the sintering property is lowered.
Preferable content of the hard matters is from 1 to 5% by mass.
The balance of the composition described herein above is unavoidable
impurities and Cu. The impurities are ordinary ones. Among them, Pb is also at an
impurity level.
If necessary, an additive element(s) may be added to the copper alloy. For
example, 0.5 % by mass or less of P may be added to lower the melting point of Cu and
enhance the sintering property. When the P content exceeds 0.5% by mass, the copper
alloy embrittles. From 1 to 15% by mass of Sn may be added to enhance the strength
and fatigue resistance. When the Sn content is less than 1% by mass, it is only slightly
effective for strengthening. On the other hand, when the Sn content exceeds 15% by
mass, an intermetalUc compound is liable to form and the alloy embrittles. In addition,
from 0.1 to 5% by mass of Ni may be added to enhance the strength and fatigue
resistance. When the Ni content is less than 0.1% by mass, Ni is only slightly effective
for strengthening. On the other hand, when the Ni content exceeds 5% by mass, an
intermetaUic compound is hable to form and the alloy embrittles. These elements are
alloyed in Cu and constitute the matrix of the copper alloy.
In addition, such solid lubricant as M0S2 and graphite may be added in an
amount of 5% by weight or less as a complex component of the copper alloy.
[0012]
(2) Micro-structure of Alloy
In the present first and second inventions, the average particle diameter of the
hard matter particles is fi-om 10 to 50;Ci m. When the average particle diameter is less
than 10 Um, the hard matters are only sUghtly effective for wear resistance. On the
other hand, when the average particle diameter exceeds 50 U m, the strength of the
sintered copper alloy is lowered. Preferable average particle diameter of the hard
6
matter particles is from 15 to 30 U m.
The micro-structure of the alloy according to the present invention is such that
the flow of the Bi phase is suppressed to as low as possible during sintering of the
copper alloy, which flow causes the contact between the hard matter particles and the Bi
phase.
[0013]
The conclusion mentioned above is specified in the present first invention as
Dsi circle of the Bi phase, and, further, DH is the average particle diameter of the hard
matters added.
[0014] ^^
/TrTtiie present second inventio^the Bi phase in contact with the hard matter
particles is speci5ed-as-feHows: The contact length ratio of the hard matter particles
with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter particle,
which is in contact with said Bi phase is, 70% or less. The presence ratio of the hard
matter particles having 50% or less of the contact length is 70% or more of total hard
matter particles. The "contact length ratio of the hard matter particles with the Bi
phase based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter particle, which is in
contact with said Bi phase is referred to as "the hard matter contact ratio". When the
hard matter contact ratio is 100%, one or more hard matter particles are in contact with
a particular one Bi phase at the entire periphery of the hard particle(s). This readily
indicates the hard matter particles are enveloped in the Bi phase. On the other hand,
when the hard matter contact ratio is less than 100% but not 0, the hard matter
particle(s) has necessarily a portion protruding out of the Bi phase, and this portion is in
contact with the Cu alloy. In the present invention, the hard matter contact ratio is
50% or less so as to decrease the contact between the hard particles and the Bi phase to
as small as possible, thereby thoroughly demonstrating the respective properties of the
hard particles and the Bi phase.
Next, the number ratio of the hard particles having 50% or less of the hard
matter contact ratio relative to the entire hard particles is referred to as "the presence
ratio of hard matters". When the presence ratio of hard matters is 100%, all of the
hard matter particles have 50% or less of the hard matter contact ratio. On the other
hand, when the presence ratio of hard matters is 0%, all of the hard particles have more
than 50% of the hard matter contact ratio. In the present invention, the presence ratio
of hard matters is limited to 70% or more, because the hard particles and the Bi phase
slightly in contact with one another are relatively increased, thereby thoroughly
7
^B
demonstrating their respective properties.
[0015]
In order to realize the sintering process as described hereinabove, the Cu-Bi
pre-alloy atomized powder or mixture of the Cu (alloy) atomized powder and the Cu-Bi
alloy powder are preferably sintered for a short period by holding time of 2 minutes or
less at the sintering temperature. Such short-time sintering can be carried out by
means of the high-frequency sintering proposed by the present applicant in Patent
Document 6 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Pubhcation (kokai) No. 2002-12902).
[0016]
(3) Properties of Alloy
Generally speaking, in the copper-based sintered alloy according to the
present invention, the Bi phase exhibits conformability. The hard matter particles are
firmly held by the Cu matrix and are difficult to separate fi-om the Cu matrix. As a
result, wear resistance and seizure resistance are enhanced, and strength and fatigue
resistance are improved.
(a) Since the Bi phase is finely dispersed in the entire sintered alloy, the
properties of the material body are improved in the points of fatigue resistance,
corrosion resistance and strength.
(b) Since most of the hard matter particles are held by the Cu or copperalloy
matrix, the material at the sliding surface exhibits improved wear resistance.
(c) Improved conformabihty is attained due to the Bi phase present on the
sliding surface notwithstanding the absence of Pb. ;
(d) Finely dispersed Bi phase brings about improved non-adhesiveness
and seizure resistance.
The present invention is hereinafter described with reference to the
examples.
-
Best Mode for Carrying Out Invention |
[0017] :
s
The Cu-Bi pre-alloy powder having a composition shown in Table 1 (the
particle diameter - 150 /z m or less, the atomized powder) and the hard-particle powder
(the average particle-diameter shown in Table 1) were mixed and sprayed on a steel ^
sheet to a thickness of approximately 1 mm. The preliminary sintering was carried out
in hydrogen reducing protective atmosphere at 750 - lOOO'C for 20 - 1800 seconds of
the sintering time. Subsequently, the rolling and then the secondary sintering under
the same conditions as the primary sintering were carried out, thereby obtaining the
8
sintered products. These products were used as the test samples. The sintering
condition for a long period of time within the sintering-time range was intended to
promote the diffusion of the Bi phase and hence to prepare the comparative samples
outside the present invention.
[0018]
Testing Method of Seizure Resistance
The surface of the copper alloy prepared by the above described method
was lapped by paper to provide 1.0 p. m or less of the surface roughness (ten-point
average roughness). A steel ball abutted on the so prepared sample material, and the
steel ball under load was caused to slide in one direction. The steel ball after shding
was observed and the area of Cu alloy adhered on the steel ball was measured. Since
the material liable to adhere has poor seizure resistance, are small adhered surface
indicates improved seizure resistance.
Testing Machine: Stick-Slip Tester
Load: 500g
Material of Shaft: SUJ2
Lubricating Oil: None
Temperature: gradual increase from room temperature to 200'C
[0019]
Corrosion Resistance
The surface of the test materials was finished to 1.0 A^ m of roughness, and
the test materials were immersed in oil. Weight change before and after the
immersion was measured. As the weight change a smaller, the corrosion resistance is
better.
Kind of Oil: Degraded ATF
Oil Temperature: 1801:
Time: 24h
[0020]
Fatigue Resistance
The fatigue strength and the tensile strength have good co-relationship.
As the tensile strength is higher, fatigue resistance is more improved. The material
strength (tensile strength) was measure by a tensile test stipulated by JIS and used as
an alternative property of the fatigue strength.
[0021] I
The hard matter present ratio and the test results of the above mentioned I
properties are shown in Table 1. |
X o X
I P I g §
03 ?|- CO (D K)
(D
1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I
0 5 c n ^ ^ o 5 ^ ^ ^ - ' l - ' l - ' l - ' ^ - » c o o o . c » ^ l ^ ^ l - '
CO to t-* O
K ) h - ' l - ' l - ' ^ ^ t O t v 3 l - ' l - ' l - » l - ' l - ' l - ' l - ' h - ' ( ^ C J i ( ^ CoO I
o o t o o ' ^ ^ o o c n w w c n o o o o * ^ * - " * ^ wf^ I
vo •^ I
I — 1 1 — 1 PCDOP-SC? 1
a' H I
Cd I
^ I
?|B I
| l - ' l C | | | 0 0 N ) W | C O | | h - | l - ' | l C l - ' ^ SPS."^ I
hj s ?+ o I
i-j I
00 I
l l l l l l l l l 4 ^ l | W | | | | l l Z, I
I
^ o l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^ O | C o ^ o l c ^ o l ^ ^ l - ' N 3 l c t O H - ' ^ c ^ O l - ' f 3 " e o ' 5 I
a T C n c n c ; i w i K ) O T W t ( i . C T c n r f » . c ; i c n c ; i m w c n ^ S-Jp'?? I
i-« I
o I
(D f^
l - ' I S O l - ' C O C T | C » O O C O C O C O ; e C » O O O O C D W C O O O .0 0
b O W O O t C C T l O S O O l - i b O l - ' M ^ ' . O O ^ t O l - i h t i . C O ^ S
^ > >\ pi SP I 3 p. cr> 2.
c n w c n t o i - ' p ; Q „ _ , Q „ _ , — rt^Q-.h-'h-'i-'i-'*^ "^JD CDC I
5 S ">
m Sr
l - ^ h - ' l - ' h - ' l - ' C O l - ' l - ' t C t O t C l C K l l C K l l O t O t C K j S S (a S"(to' '
t C t ( ^ W . o o o i t o c n * ! . o o 0 5 0 o b o c » i ) ; i . c » o c ; i O b o t o f i . P ' "S-K;' f> m li
&- £- 0 I;
•^ i
g O :^ W O I
(jq rt> en CO to t— J-- p p p p p p p p p p o p g" 0*5^ OD' 3 I
c o f ^ i - t o b i c o c n b 3 b o c o c o h P > . i o i o t o c o i o c o ° K = P=5^ S"E2 I
(0 §
10
[0023]
As is apparent from Table 1, the inventive examples exhibit comprehensively
improved, seizure resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance.
Brief Explanation of Drawings
[0024]
[Figure 1] a photograph (200 times) showing a microscopic structure of the
sintered copper alloy according to an example of the present invention.
[Figure 2] a photograph (500 times) showing a microscopic structure of the
sintered copper alloy according to the example of the present invention.
[Figure 3] a photograph (200 times) showing a microscopic structure of the
sintered copper alloy according to a comparative example.
[Figure 4] a photograph (500 times) showing a microscopic structure of the [
r
sintered copper alloy according to the comparative example.
[0025]
In Figs. 1 and 2 are shown the microscopic photographs of the inventive
f
example No.4 at magnification of 200 times and 500 times, respectively. Similarly, in
Figs. 3 and 4 are shown the microscopic photographs of the comparative example No. 3 f
at the magnification of 200 times and 500 times, respectively. It is apparent that in the former Figs. 1 and 2, the contact ratio of the hard matters and the Bi phase is small, f
while in the latter Figs. 3 and 4 the contact ratio of the hard matters and the Bi phase is
large.
Industrial Applicabihty
[0026]
The sintered copper alloy according to the present invention can be used for
various bearings, for example AT (automatic transmission) bush and piston-pin bush. I
The high levels of conformability, wear resistance, seizure resistance and fatigue f
resistance achieved by the present invention are effectively utihzed for these
applications. '
'•
[
•

We Claim:
1. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, wherein said alloy has a composition containing
from 1 to 30% by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10% by mass of hard matter particles
selected from the group consisting of Fe^P. Fe^P. FeB, Fe2B and Fe^B and having from 10
to 50 pm of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable
impurities, and, further, the Bi phase having smaller average particle diameter than that
of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix.
2. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, wherein said alloy has a composition containing
from 1 to 30% by mass of Bi, at least one of a group consisting of from 1 to 15% by
mass of Sn, from 0.1 to 5% by mass of Ni, and 0.5% by mass or less of P, from 0.1 to 10
% by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of FeaP, Fe^P^ FeB,
Fe^B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average particle diameter, the balance
consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further Bi phase having smaller average
particle diameter than that of the hard matter particles is dispersed in the Cu matrix.
3. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said alloy has a
composition containing from 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of
hard matter particles selected from the group consisting of Fe^P, Fe^P, FeB, Fe^B and
Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average particle diameter, the balance consisting of
Cu and unavoidable impurities, and further, the hard matter particles having 50% or less
of a contact length ratio with the Bi phase based on the total circumferential length of the
hard matter, which is in contact with said Bi phase, are present in a ratio of 70
% or more based on the entire number of the hard matter particles.
4. A Pb-free copper-based sintered alloy, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said alloy has a
composition containing from 1 to 30 % by mass of Bi, at least one of a group consisting
of from 1 to 1.5% by mass of Sn, from 0.1 to 5% by mass of Ni, and 0.5% by mass or
less of P, and from 0.1 to 10 % by mass of hard matter particles selected from the group
consisting of Fe2P. Fe^P, FeB, Fe2B and Fe^B and having from 10 to 50 pm of average
partide diameter, the balance consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and, further
the hard matter particles having 50% or less of a contact length ratio with the Bi phase
based on the total circumferential length of the hard matter particles, which are in contact
with said Bi phase, are present in a ratio of 70% or more based on the entire number of
the hard matter particles. y
Dated this 7 * day of July 2006 y^ V y X
\ j VM^ha Garg
of AnaiuTand Anand
Agent foi^he Applicant
i
•

Documents:

http://ipindiaonline.gov.in/patentsearch/GrantedSearch/viewdoc.aspx?id=wtnMVCRWHTRbPA5GxdOuAg==&loc=+mN2fYxnTC4l0fUd8W4CAA==

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Patent Number

272090

Indian Patent Application Number

3934/DELNP/2006

PG Journal Number

12/2016

Publication Date

18-Mar-2016

Grant Date

17-Mar-2016

Date of Filing

07-Jul-2006

Name of Patentee

TAIHO KOGYO CO. LTD

Applicant Address

65 MIDORIGAOKA 3-CHOME, TOYOTA-SHI, AICHI 4710853, JAPAN.

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	YOKOTA HIROMI	C/O TAIHO KOGYO CO. LTD.,65 MIDORIGAOKA 3-CHOME, TOYOTA-SHI, AICHI 4710853, JAPAN.
2	YOSHITOME DAISUKE	C/O TAIHO KOGYO CO. LTD.,65 MIDORIGAOKA 3-CHOME, TOYOTA-SHI, AICHI 4710853, JAPAN.
3	KAWAGUTI HIROYUKI	C/O TAIHO KOGYO CO. LTD.,65 MIDORIGAOKA 3-CHOME, TOYOTA-SHI, AICHI 4710853, JAPAN
4	KOBAYASI HIROAKI	C/O TAIHO KOGYO CO. LTD.,65 MIDORIGAOKA 3-CHOME, TOYOTA-SHI, AICHI 4710853, JAPAN

PCT International Classification Number

C22C 9/00

PCT International Application Number

PCT/JP2005/000302

PCT International Filing date

2005-01-13

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	2004-008205	2004-01-15	Japan