Indian Patents
Title of Invention

RADIAL COUNTERFLOW VORTEX GAS SEPARATION AND SCRUBBING
Abstract This is an appratus for separating gases or other fluids into heavy and light components via radial counterflow currents. A tank contains an axis, upon which a pair of motorized impeller plates rotate in opposite directions to direct heavy fluids downward and lighter fluids upward. Lighter fluids are pumped out of the tank into the environment Heavier fluids are pumped out and collected beneath the tank. The impellers notably comprise vanes to more precisely direct the currents. The impellers flare outward relative to the axis of rotation, increasing centrifugal force separating heavy from light components.
Full Text

Patent Application of
Wilmot H. McCutchen
for
Radial Counterflow Carbon Capture and Flue Gas Scrubbing
Background of the Invention:
The present invention relate-s to moving centrifugal gas separation and to mechanically
assisted highly turbulent scrubbing of gaseous emission streams. No membranes or other dead-
end filtration media nor any means for electrostatic separation are involved. This is a new
method of carbon capture, suitable for high volume hot and dirty low concentration waste gas
streams such as flue gas from coal-fired power plants.
The separative method of the present invention comprises differential radial advection of
light and heavy fractions. Light fractions (including nitrogen and water vapor) are advected
radially inward by back pressure and axial suction, while simultaneously heavy fractions
(including carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx, and particulates) are advected radially outward by
centrifugal impellers. Flue gas from coal fired power plants is the principal application, but

other industrial waste gases, as well as natural gas, can be centrifugally separated and cleaned by
the apparatus and method disclosed herein.
In U.S. Pat. 5,688,377 to McCutchen (1997) I disclosed a peripherally fed mechanically
driven radial counterflow device for fluid mixture separation. Axial feed and application to flue
gas for particulate and other scrubbing is a non-obvious improvement with the advantage that in
a peripherally fed device such as McCutchen '377, the separated heavy fractions would mix with
incoming feed. Therefore carbon capture would be impossible.
By the term gaseous emission stream is meant a gaseous fluid mixture such as flue gas
nun: coal-fired utility and industrial boilers, exhaust from combustion of natural gas, diesel fuel,
or oil, as well as emissions from municipal and medical waste incinerators, cement and lime
kllns, metal smelters, petroleum refineries, glass furnaces, and sulfuric acid manufacturing
facilities. A gaseous emission stream comprises ncn-condensibie gases, such as carbon dioxide
and nitrogen, as well as condensible gases and aerosols. The various constituents, whether
gaseous, liquid, or solid, of a gaseous emission stream are fractions.
Wet scrubbing uses injected liquid to contact scrubbing targets in a gaseous emission
stream. The injected liquid could be water, in the case of aerosol scrubbing, or an aqueous
scrubbing slurry such as limestone and water in the case of SOx scrubbing. For NOx and SOx
scrubbing, a chemical reaction occurs between a reagent in the injected liquid and the target
fraction, producing harmless products. Carbon dioxide scrubbing by an injected aqueous amine
solution is one means for carbon capture known to the art. Dry scrubbing of SOx injects
limestone powder into flue gas. Wet scrubbing of fly ash agglomerates tiny particles by contact
with water to produce a fly ash slurry.

The purpose of scrubbing is to separate a gaseous emission stream into a stream of
concentrated unwanted fractions and a separate stream of desired fractions. For flue gas
scrubbing, the unwanted fractions include fly ash and other aerosols, NOx, SOx, and carbon
dioxide; desired fractions are nitrogen, water vapor, oxygen, and argon, all of which may be
safely discharged to the atmosphere. For natural gas scrubbing, the desired fraction is methane
and the unwanted fractions include carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water, particulates,
mercury, and niercaptans.
Advection is transport responding to a pressure gradient or body force. The term radial
aenotes a direction outward or inward with respect to some point or line. For example, a
centrifugal pump advects fluid radially outward from its axis of rotation.
Differential radial advection of a gaseous emission stream is advection of heavy fractions
radially outward and simultaneous advection of light fractions radially inward. The reference
line for said radial flow is the axis of rotation of said at least one centrifugal impeller. Different
advecting forces act in opposite directions and on different constituents. Heavy fractions are
advecied radially outward by momentum transport from the centrifugal impeller. Light fractions
are adverted radially inward by axiai suction and by back pressure, simultaneously.
Therefore differential radial advection is distinguishable from centrifugal gas separation
as presently known to the art. Two rotations in combination produce differential radial
advection: one rotation is of at least one centrifugal impeller, the other is vortices in a plane
normal to the impeller. The axes of the two rotations are approximately orthogonal.
Centrifugal gas separation is radial stratification by density about an axis of rotation due
to differential centrifugal force. A common radial acceleration affects all fractions This
common acceleration when multiplied by mass becomes differential centrifugal force, which

causes heavy fractions to concentrate at the periphery, displacing light fractions radially inward
to the axis of rotation. Although different in magnitude for light and heavy fractions, centrifugal
force is the same in direction for all fractions. There is no centrifugal force advecting heavy
fractions and centripetal force advecting light fractions. There is only one force, created by one
rotation.
Coal Smoke.
Carbonaceous fuel combustion produces a gaseous emission stream called smoke. Each
constituent of smoke is a fraction. Noxious fractions in smoke from coal-fired power plants
include sulfur oxides (SOx, principally S02 and S03), nitrogen oxides (NOx, principally NO and
NO:), aerosols (fly ash. mercury vapor, dust, trace metals), and carbon dioxide (CO;). There are
also benign fractions (nitrogen gas, oxygen, and water vapor) which constitute approximately
85°o of smoke by volume. Air used for combustion contains about 79 % gaseous nitrogen (N:),
which is inert, so flue gas is approximately 75% nitrogen. Water vapor (H2O) is created by
combination of the hydrogen in the fuel with atmospheric oxygen during combustion. Much of
the plume from flue gas stacks is water vapor forming a cloud as it contacts cool air.
The benign fractions in smoke have lower density (lower molar mass) than the noxious
fractions. Therefore nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and water vapor are referred to collectively as
light fractions, and the noxious fractions (aerosols, NOx, SOx, and carbon dioxide) are referred
to as heavy fractions. Carbon capture is the separation of carbon dioxide from the light fractions,
and scrubbing of flue gas in the present invention is the separation of the other noxious fractions
from carbon dioxide, so as to produce a carbon dioxide stream of acceptable purity for
downstream processing, including sequestration or making dry ice.

Coal is currently the dominant fuel in the power sector, accounting for 38% of electricity
generated in 2000, with hydro power 17.5%, natural gas 17.3%, nuclear 16.8%, oil 9%, and non-
hydro renewables 1.6%. Coal is projected to remain the dominant fuel for power generation in
2020 (about 36%), and natural gas power generation will become the second largest source,
surpassing hydro. To combat the urgent problem of global wanning, known post-combustion
carbon capture methods (chemical sorption, membrane separation, and cryogenic distillation)
would have to be scaled up to deal with the large streams of hot dirty dilute flue gas from coal
fired and natural gas fired power plants. None has proved economically feasible so far.
Carbon Capture.
According to the IPCC Report on Carbon Capture (September 2005): "the power and
industry sectors combined dominate current global C02 emissions, accounting for about 60% of
total C02 emissions. Future projections indicate that the share of these sectoral emissions will
decline to around 50% of global C02 emissions by 2050 (EA, 2002). The C02 emissions in
these sectors are generated by boilers and furnaces burning fossil fuels and are typically emitted
from large exhaust stacks.... The largest amount of C02 emitted from large stationary sources
originates from fossil fuel combustion for power generation, with an average annual emission of
3.9 MtC02 per source. Substantial amounts of C02 arise in the oil and gas processing industries
while cement production is the largest emitter from the industrial sector.... The ranges of the
technical capture potential relative to total C02 emissions are 9-12% (or 2.6-4.9 GtC02) by
2020 and 21- 45% (or 4.7-37.5 GtC02) by 2050."
Clearly there has long been a critical but unmet need for improved carbon capture from
the gaseous emission streams of power plants. Two obstacles stand in the way of economical
carbon capture. (1) the high volume percentage of nitrogen (~75%). known as nitrogen ballast;

and (2) the pollution of aerosols, NOx and SOx. Despite the efforts of many investigators having
more than ordinary skill in the art of flue gas scrubbing or the art of centrifugal gas separation,
no satisfactory answer to these two obstacles has been discovered. Any obvious steps using the
teachings of McCutchen '377, which was published in 1997, or other prior art for the solution of
such important problems, would have been evident long before now.
Three carbon capture processes are known to the art: cryogenic distillation, sorption, and
membranes. The present invention introduces a fourth.
Cryogenic distillation captures carbon by liquefaction and separates out NOx and SOx by
fractional distillation. Liquefaction is frustrated by nitrogen ballast, which compresses without
liquefaction. The small partial pressure of NOx and SOx in flue gas (very much less than 1% by
volume) and the small partial pressure of COz (10 -15% by volume) are both due to the high
nitrogen ballast (75%).
For sorbtion processes, nitrogen ballast makes carbon dioxide molecules like needles in a
haystack, so an inordinate amount of wastewater is generated in contacting enough targets to
achieve satisfactory collection efficiency. Fly ash, a fine glassy dust, plugs absorbers used in
sorbtion processes. NOx and SOx combine with water to become corrosive acids and heat stable
salts, causing loss in absorption capacity and coating of reclaimer tube surfaces. Aqueous amine
scrubbing of carbon dioxide from natural gas is much easier than the same process applied to
flue gas polluted by fly ash, NOx, and SOx.
Membranes or other dead-end filtration media are impractical for large scale carbon
capture from flue gas because of the presence of fly ash, which plugs the pores.
In view of these problems, a need exists for an alternative means for carbon capture, and
for improved scrubbing upstream of known carbon capture processes. Here is the position of the

U.S. Department of Energy: "The low pressure and dilute concentration dictate a high actual
volume of gas to be treated. Trace impurities in the flue gas tend to reduce the effectiveness of
the C02 adsorbing processes. Compressing captured C02 from atmospheric pressure to pipeline
pressure (1,200 - 2,000 pounds per square inch (psi)) represents a large parasitic load."
Both natural gas and coal-fired power plants emit voluminous streams of hot smoke,
comprising 10 -15% by volume carbon dioxide (CO-) at approximately atmospheric pressure.
These are low-concentration / low-partial-pressure sources, which are the most difficult for
carbon capture.
Nitrogen Extraction.
No means for extracting nitrogen from flue gas upstream of carbon capture are known.
Nitrogen (N2) is a harmless gas which constitutes 75% of the volume of flue gas from coal-fired
power plants. This is referred to as nitrogen ballast. Nitrogen might be safely discharged to the
Earth's atmosphere, which is already 78% nitrogen. Other benign light fractions in flue gas are
oxygen (O2) (4%), water vapor (5%), and argon (1%). Altogether, approximately 85% of flue
gas does not require any treatment at all, other than extraction. Extracting benign gases upstream
of carbon capture would increase concentration of carbon dioxide from only 10 - 15% in the
gaseous emission stream to over 90% in the feed gas to downstream carbon capture processes.
Concentration of carbon dioxide might make carbon capture economically feasible.
Extraction of nitrogen so as to concentrate carbon dioxide is theoretically possible
because nitrogen and the other light fractions have small molar mass compared to carbon dioxide
and the other heavy fractions. Centrifugal gas separation in an open system could theoretically
solve the problem of nitrogen extraction.
Centrifugal Gas Separation.

The molar mass of nitrogen gas (N2) is only 28 g/mol (grams per mole of gas); carbon
dioxide (CO;) is 36% denser at 44 g/mol. Centrifugal gas separators which might exploit this
36% density difference are of two classes: mechanically driven and pressure driven.
Mechanically driven gas separators can exploit gas density differences as low as 1.5% ,
far beyond the performance required for flue gas separation. The ultracentrifuge is a very
delicately balanced cylinder rotating at extreme speed and generating very high g force which
radially stratifies gases by density within the cylinder. Such rotating cylinder centrifugal gas
separators are dangerous because of their extremely high rotation speed.
Pressure driven devices include inertial collectors (also known as cyclones), and vortex
tubes. Cyclones and vortex tubes are axial counterflow devices, wherein flow goes in opposite
directions and the device is static.
Inertial collectors are used extensively to process gaseous emission streams to remove
most aerosols. Cyclones have no moving parts. Tangential feed injected through the wall of a
tank swirls downward along the wall in a first vortex, then swirls upward in a second vortex
inside the first vortex. This is axial counterflow. Solids are centrifugated out against the wall of
the tank and are collected at the bottom, and a cleaned gas exits the top with the second vortex.
Cyclones, even cascaded, are ineffective even for the relatively easy job of separating out 2.5
micron fly ash. Nitrogen extraction by inertial collectors has not been reported and would appear
to be impossible.
Another pressure driven centrifugal gas separation device without moving parts is the
vortex tube. The net effect of a vortex tube is to separate a high pressure stream into two low
pressure streams, one hotter and the other colder than the original gas stream. Pressurized feed
gas is tangentially injected into one end of a static tube having both ends open. The feed gas

spirals in a first vortex to the opposite end, where there is a conical central flow impedance. Hot
gas exits the tube around the flow impedance. A recirculation flow rebounds from the flow
impedance in a second vortex inside the first vortex and exits the feed end cooler than the feed
gas. Residence time in the vortex tube is on the order of milliseconds. There are a variety of
opinions about how the vortex rube effects separation of the feed gas by temperature.
Application of the vortex tube has also been made to the separation of liquefied air into
nitrogen and oxygen, to removing condensible vapors from natural gas, and to improving sorbent
mixing for carbon dioxide scrubbing. The presence of fly ash in flue gas, the high energy
requirement for pressurizing the feed, and the poor separation efficiency for gas/gas separation
(gas fractionation) would appear to make the vortex tube unsuitable for extracting nitrogen from
flue gas.
Fly Ash and other Aerosols.
Aerosols comprise fly ash, soot, condensible vapors, mist, and dust. These fractions are
airborne because they are very small. Scrubbing of aerosols agglomerates these fractions so they
can be separated more easily downstream. However, approximately 6% by mass of particle
emissions from pulverized bituminous and sub-bituminous coal combustion is in the form of
aerosols too small to separate by known processes or devices.
Fly ash is fine inorganic (principally silicon dioxide) particulate matter formed during
coal combustion. The most troublesome fly ash is in the form of minute glassy dust less than 2.5
millionths of a meter (micron) in diameter (PM-2.5). Collected fly ash is valuable as a concrete
additive and as a material for making durable and impervious bricks which require no firing. Fly
ash can therefore be seen as both a problem and an unexploited resource.

Soot, another particulate emission, is uncombusted fuel, which is usually not a problem in
power plants where combustion is complete. Combustion is frequently not complete, and in
gaseous emission streams from ships and vehicles, soot is a serious problem.
Other aerosols include vapors, mist, dust, and trace metals. Mercury and VOCs (volatile
organic compounds) are condensible vapors which are regulated emissions because of their
known harmful effect. Mist is tiny liquid droplets, including sulfuric acid droplets, water
droplets, and droplets from condensed condensible vapors. Dust is airborne fragments of
inorganic material. Trace metals in flue gas include uranium, arsenic, lead, cobalt, chromium,
and thorium.
Dry electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are the principal means used for collecting aerosols
from coal-fired flue gas. Other industries using ESPs for emission control are cement (dust),
pulp and paper (salt cake and lime dust), petrochemicals (sulfuric acid mist), and steel (dust and
fumes). A cathode in the flow path of a gaseous emission stream imparts a negative charge to
the entrained particles. A positively charged collector plate (anode) downstream in the flow path
attracts the negative charges. Charged aerosols adhere to the collector plate and agglomerate in a
coating. The coating is dislodged by rapping into a hopper.
ESPs, when working properly and with the right fuel, may have an overall collection
efficiency as high as 99.2%. Where ESPs fail is in collecting fly ash under 2.5 microns and other
fine particulates. The size limit for effective aerosol collection in ESPs is approximately 10
microns.
Even lower collection efficiency for fine particulates is found in the performance of
inertial collectors, such as cyclones. Estimated overall control efficiency for a cascade of
multiple cyclones is 94%, but fine particulates mostly escape collection. Cyclones are often used

as a precollector upstream of an ESP, fabric filter, or wet scrubber so that these devices can be
specified for lower particle loadings to reduce capital and/or operating costs.
Wet Scrubbers for NOx, SOx, and Aerosols.
The 94% overall collection efficiency for particulates in prior art wet scrubbers is inferior
to the maximum collection efficiency of ESPs. Mechanically aided wet scrubbers known to the
art spray liquid onto centrifugal fan blades as waste gas flows through the fan. The advantage of
mechanical assistance is less water usage and a smaller footprint. Collection takes place in the
spray and in the film that forms on the fan blades.
Wet particulate scrubbers have the disadvantage of trading an air pollution problem for a
water pollution problem.
Venturi scrubbers, the most turbulent of wet scrubbers, have the highest collection
efficiency. Venturis are pressure driven devices which jet a combined stream of waste gas and
liquid through a nozzle into a tank. However, Venturis have the disadvantage that turbulence
quickly dissipates into pressure. The time during which turbulent mixing occurs is short.
For NOx and SOx, the injected scrubbing liquid is an aqueous solution comprising
sorbents (lime or limestone for SOx, ammonia for NOx). The sorbents react with the target
gases to produce harmless products.
Removal efficiency for prior art wet SOx scrubbing ranges from 50 - 98%. As with all
prior art wet scrubbers, the price paid for high removal efficiency is a large volume of dilute
wastewater requiring storage and treatment and a consequent waste of space and resources. Dry
SOx scrubbers have a lower removal efficiency,
A known carbon capture process used in processing natural gas is wet scrubbing with
aqueous amine solution. NOx, SOx, and aerosols in flue gas complicate the application of this
known technology to high volume hot and dirty exhaust gas streams.
Low concentration of SOx and NOx (less than 1% by volume) in a high volume of
nitrogen and other benign fractions means that a large amount of liquid must be injected in order
to contact enough of the scarce scrubbing targets to achieve satisfactory removal efficiency.
Low concentration also means that condensation is more difficult, due to low partial pressure.
Summary of the Present Invention:
This is a new method of carbon capture, which separates a clean gaseous stream of
concentrated carbon dioxide from a gaseous emission stream dynamically in radial counterflow.
Cascading devices achieve satisfactory collection efficiency to permit atmospheric discharge of
axially extracted nitrogen and water vapor.
An apparatus for differential radial advection of heavy and light fractions in flue gas from
coal-fired power plants, or other gaseous emission streams, comprises means for axial feed
between coaxial counter-rotating centrifugal impellers. High molar mass fractions (heavy
fractions) such as carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx, mercury, and fly ash, are advected radially outward
by the impellers into a tank. Low molar mass fractions (light fractions), such as nitrogen and
water vapor, are advected radially inward by back pressure and axial suction, and are axially
extracted to discharge or further treatment. Radial vortices between the impellers provide
conduits for light fractions to flow radially inward, through the axial feed.
Highly turbulent mechanically assisted mixing and scrubbing during a long residence time
in the high shear between the impellers, in combination with said upstream axial extraction of

nitrogen ballast by differential radial advection, separates a clean stream of gaseous carbon
dioxide from flue gas.
Fly ash and precipitates are agglomerated into clumps of sludge by shear thickening in the
turbulence, and are recovered from the tank. Gases produced by sorbent reactions are
continuously removed from the shearing reaction zones at the periphery of turbulent vortices.
Continuous extraction of inert gases away from scrubbing targets and turbulent mechanically
assisted mixing minimize the volume of injected liquid required for satisfactory collection
efficiency of NOx, SOx, and aerosols.
The process may be thought of as organized turbulence. Tiny centrifugal separation
effects in turbulent eddies are integrated by a forcing regime to produce radially divergent streams
of heavy and light fractions, the heavy stream having a high concentration of carbon dioxide, and
the light stream having a high concentration of nitrogen.
Summary of the Drawing Figures:
Figure 1 shows a schematic elevational view of one half of the preferred embodiment, an
apparatus comprising counter-rotating centrifugal impellers for carbon capture and scrubbing.
Figure 2 shows a top view of half the work space of the preferred embodiment shown in
Fig. 1, with the top impeller and baffle invisible, showing an array of co-rotating radial vortices
between the impellers, a turbulent ring, and mixing zones between the radial vortices and the
impellers.
Figure 3a shows a detail of a side view of a portion of the work space, showing flow paths
for the heavy and light fractions, and the shear layer between the impellers.
Figure 3b shows a cross sectional view from the axis of rotation into the turbulent ring.

Figure 4 shows a detail of a side view of the impeller periphery and tank in the preferred
embodiment shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 5a shows a side cross-sectional view of a radial vortex in the vicinity of the axial t
exhaust port with vectors showing radial counterflow.
Figure 6 shows an alternative embodiment, comprising a single impeller within a casing.
Figure 7a shows a detail of the preferred drive means for causing counter-rotation of
centrifugal impellers in the preferred embodiment shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 7b shows a top view of the preferred embodiment and its preferred drive means.
Drawing Reference Numerals
1 - axial feed conduit
1 a - feed gas source
2 - axial feed port
3 - work space
4 - bottom impeller
5 - top impeller
6 -vanes
7 - drive means
8 - means for connection
9 - axial exhaust port

10 - exhaust conduit
11 - axial pump, ejector/eductor
12 - periphery of the impeller assembly
13-tank

14-baffle
15 - radial feed conduit
16 - injection port for scrubbing liquid
17 - pinch section of impeller assembly
18 - flare section of impeller assembly
19 - impeller assembly
20 - liquid source for scrubbing liquid
21 - radial vortices, sink conduits
.12 - mixing zones between the radial vortices
23 - laminar ring of the work space
24 - turbulent ring of the work space
25 - expansion ring of the work space
26 - cooling means
27 - gas vent
28- purge pump

29 - movable seal
30 - boundary layer
31 - shear layer
32 - recirculation flow pressure, back pressure
33 - source flow
34 - sink flow
35 - casing
36 - drive motor

37 - drive spindle
38 - drive wheel
39 - bearing seal
40 - movable seal
41 - centrifugal impeller
42 - impeller drive spindle
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment:
Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional elevational view of the preferred embodiment,
tvi. apparatus for concentrating and scrubbing a gaseous emission stream such as flue gas from
coal combustion. The axis of symmetry and the axis of rotation is the axis a - a. Discussion of
Fig. 1 will focus on application of the preferred embodiment to coal-fired flue gas treatment,
although it could be used for other gaseous emission streams.
Feed gas (coal-fired power plant flue gas) flows continously from a source la through an
axial feed conduit 1 and into a work space 3 through an axial feed port 2 in an impeller assembly
19. Other gaseous emission streams include those from cement plants, sulfuric acid factories,
medical waste incineration, industrial boilers, paper factories, steel mills, ships, and other
industrial facilities. The term feed gas will refer to these as well. The term fluid refers to gases,
liquids, and mixtures thereof. The term fluid mixture refers to mixtures of fluids, including
mixtures comprising solids. Flue gas is a fluid mixture comprising heavy fractions (carbon
dioxide, aerosols, sulfur oxides, mercury vapor, and nitrogen oxides) and light fractions (nitrogen,
oxygen, and water vapor).
The impeller assembly 19 comprises counter-rotatable centrifugal impellers 4,5 having a
common axis of rotation a - a and a periphery 12. The impellers are preferably constructed of

rigid material, such as steel. Rotation of the impellers advects fluid radially outward in a work
space 3 between the impellers. Suitable means (not shown) supporting the impellers maintain the
impellers in an opposed and spaced-apart position so as to maintain the work space 3 between
them. The preferred drive means shown in Fig. 7 maintains the impeller separation by the drive
wheel 38. As shown, the separation between the supported impellers varies radially outward from
their axis of rotation a - a, thereby defining a pinch section 17 and a flare section 18. Preferably,
the impeller assembly is grounded by suitable means (not shown) to prevent shock.
The centrifugal impellers 4,5 of the impeller assembly 19 are connected by suitable means
tor connection 8 to drive means 7. The preferred embodiment of the drive means and connection
means for causing approximately exact counter-rotation is shown in Figs. 7a and 7b. Shown in
Fig. 1 are alternative drive means 7 connected to each impeller. The impellers rotate
approximately at the same angular velocity but in opposite directions. Preferably, for flue gas
treatment on a large scale, rotation speed for each of the impellers is less than 1000 revolutions
per minute (rpm). Many suitable drive means 7 are known to the art, including separate motors
for each impeller, and various suitable means for connection 8 so as to cause counter-rotation of
the impellers are known, including belt drives and gears. For example, airplanes and helicopters
ha\ing counter-rotating propellers connected by planetary gears are known.
The impellers comprise vanes 6. Various vane designs are known to the art and could be
used, including curved vanes as shown in Fig. 2 or angled blades. Viewed in superposition, the
vanes of the top and bottom impellers cross. Therefore, during counter-rotation, there will be
numerous points in the work space where shear is high between the vanes, and there will be a
continuous radially outward movement of those points. Vanes in the flare section 18 at the
periphery 12 serve to compress fluid flowing through the periphery into an annular tank 13 and to

create a recirculation flow pressure 32. Vanes near the axial feed port 2 sen'e to advect feed gas
radially outward into the work space 3. Vanes near the axial exhaust port serve to protect flow
through the axial exhaust port from pollution of heavy fractions by advecting heavy fractions
radially outward away from the axial exhaust port 9. See Fig. 5.
Feed gas driven by the impellers 4,5 of the impeller assembly 19 flows from the axial
feed inlet 2 through the work space 3 to the periphery 12 and into a tank 13 in a radially outward
flow path between counter-rotating centrifugal impellers. Said flow radially outward from the
axis a - a will be referred to as source flow. Source flow comprises heavy fractions, injected
liquid, and unseparated light fractions. Source flow is turbulent due to high shear.
Source flow between the impellers is impeded at a pinch section 17 where the impeller
surfaces converge and become closely separated. The pinch section is effectively a convergent
nozzle, therefore source flow velocity decreases. Drag force opposes the source flow and
increases residence time of the feed gas in the high shear environment between the impellers.
Mixing of the feed gas with injected scrubbing liquid is enhanced by high turbulence which is
mechanically forced. Stalling of source flow at the pinch section differentially affects the light
fractions and aids in axial extraction of nitrogen and water vapor to concentrate the scrubbing
targets, as will be explained below.
After passing the pinch section 17, what remains of the feed gas after axial extraction of
the light fractions flows into a flare section 18, where the separation between the impellers
increases. Scrubbing targets, including particulates, NOx, and SOx, have been concentrated and
scrubbing liquid has been mixed into the flue gas. The flare section is effectively a divergent
nozzle. Vanes 6 on the impellers at the flare section, force fluid radially outward into a tank 13.
The rotation of the impellers pressurizes the tank.

A tank 13 receives flow through the periphery 12. Preferably, the tank is an annulus
disposed about the impeller periphery and connected to the impellers 4,5 through movable seals
29. The seals maintain tank pressure and permit the impellers to slide against the static tank wall.
Tank pressure aids in condensing SOx and NOx within the tank, as well as condensing mercury
vapor and water vapor. Impellers at the flare section 18 of the impeller assembly pressurize the
tank. A recirculation flow pressure 32 due to tank pressure is shown by the right-pointing arrow.
The tank comprises a gas vent 27 communicating with the tank interior and providing
means for releasing carbon dioxide out of the pressurized tank for further processing. The gas
v-'-'ni could be of many designs known to the art. The gas vent 27 could also be a Joule-Thomson
expansion valve. Carbon dioxide in the tank remains gaseous and monitoring means (not shown)
communicating with the gas vent regulate the purity of the stream allowed to escape from the tank
through the gas vent 27. The stream through the gas vent has a high concentration of carbon
dioxide and has been scrubbed of NOx, SOx and aerosols. If necessary, a second device of the
same design receives the output of the gas vent as feed. Cascading devices remove nitrogen,
NOx, SOx, and aerosols from the concentrated carbon dioxide stream coming through the gas
vent 27.
The tank also comprises a purge pump 28 communicating with the tank interior and
providing means for pumping solids and liquids out of the tank. The purge pump could be of
many designs known to the art, including a progressive cavity pump or simply a valve. Flow
through the purge pump 28 is a concentrated stream of heavy fractions, including injected liquid,
condensates, and particulates from the flue gas. Condensates include condensed NOx and SOx
and mercury. Particulates include agglomerated fly ash and other aerosols, as well as precipitates
produced by wet scrubbing. Fig. 4 shows a detail of the tank.

The work of the impellers 6 creates a recirculating flow pressure 32, or back pressure,
which opposes the source flow and also increases residence time in the pinch section 17. As can
be seen, the flare section 18 is effectively a convergent nozzle for back pressure 32 from the tank
13 and at the same time is a divergent nozzle for source flow. Back pressure 32 is focussed into
the shear layer and serves to drive light fractions radially inward. Heavy fractions flow along the
surfaces of the impellers radially outward into the tank, around the back pressure. Pressure in the
tank 13 condenses water vapor, unreacted NOx, unreacted SOx, and mercury, which flow through
a purge pump 28 to collection along with agglomerated aerosols and precipitates from scrubbing.
The combination of recirculating flow pressure and high shear between the impellers,
which have high tangential velocity at the periphery, causes very high turbulence in the flare
section 18. Reynolds numbers on the order of 107 have been reported for analogous von Karman
swirling flow in a closely shrouded closed system setup comprising exactly counter-rotating
impellers having a high aspect ratio. Therefore excellent mixing occurs in the flare section 18.
Mixing of injected liquid with the gas in the flare section, which has been concentrated by axial
extraction of nitrogen, wets particulates and contacts NOx and SOx and C02. Turbulent vortices
allow for radially inward extraction of gases produced by sorbent reactions, thus favoring the
forward reaction and improving scrubbing efficiency. Mechanically forced turbulence, unlike
pressure forced turbulence as with a venturi, will not dissipate and can be continued as long as
necessary. Residence time is superior to what is possible with centrifugal mechanically assisted
wet scrubbers known to the art, which are rapid flow-through devices.
Residence time in the flare section 18 and the tank 13 can be regulated by adjusting
impeller speed and tank evacuation to assure satisfactory scrubbing for a given feed flow. A

second device, using the output of the first device as feed gas, would permit tank evacuation even
before scrubbing were completed, in the event of a high feed flow.
Condensation of NOx and SOx and mercury occurs in the pressurized tank 13, leaving a
gaseous stream of concentrated carbon dioxide coming through the gas vent 27. Nitrogen ballast
has been axially extracted upstream of compression. The boiling point of sulfur dioxide is high at
-10°C (263 K) and sulfur trioxide is higher at 45°C. Nitrogen dioxide's boiling point is also high,
at 21.1 °C. Scrubbing of NOx, SOx, and mercury from the concentrated carbon dioxide stream by
condensation under the tank pressure and by the turbulent sorbent mixing induced by the impeller
assembly produces a liquid in the tank having a high concentration of these noxious fractions.
The liquid in the tank is evacuated from the tank through the purge pump 28.
An axial exhaust port 9 at the center of the top impeller 5 communicates with an axial
exhaust conduit 10. An axial pump 11 communicates with the axial exhaust conduit and provides
means for extracting fluid from the work space 3 while the impellers counter-rotate about the axis
a - a Said flow radially inward toward the axis a - a will be referred to as sink flow.
Sink flow is primarily of light fractions, including nitrogen, water vapor, and oxygen.
These gaseous fractions constitute approximately 85% of the volume of flue gas and other
industrial gaseous emission streams. Sink flow is driven by the suction of the axial pump 11 and
by recirculating flow pressure 32 caused by the impellers. The reason that light fractions are
differentially advected radially inward is that turbulent eddy vortices concentrate light fractions at
tiny vortex axes and away from the impellers, and radial vortices 21 provide coherent low
pressure gradients linking these capillaries into an arterial sink flow.
A shear layer 31 exists in the work space 3 due to counter-rotation of the impellers. The
shear layer is in a plane approximately equidistant from the impellers and approximately normal

to their axis of rotation. Against each impeller is an adherent boundary layer 30 of fluid which
rotates along with the impeller. These boundary layers shear each other. Radial vortices 21
created by shear of the boundary layers in the shear layer are an array of coherent tubular vortices
having axes radial to the impeller axis of rotation a - a, like spokes in a wheel with the axis a - a
as the axle. See Figs. 2,3a, 3b, and 5 for more on radial vortices.
The radial vortices 21 provide conduits for flow radially inward to the axial exhaust port
9, or sink flow. Said sink flow conduits exist although feed gas flows around them because there
is sufficient mass flow through the radial vortices to sustain coherence. Sink flow is forced by the
suction of an axial pump 11 and by the back pressure 32 caused by the impeller assembly pushing
fluid into a shrouding tank 13.
Von Karman swirling flow is the name given to the flow in a cylindrical vessel between
counter-rotating disks. Recirculation flow from the shrouding cylinder wall, together with the
shear between the impellers, can cause extremely high turbulence (Re - 107). However,
investigations of von Karman swirling flow have only considered closed vessels with close
shrouding walls and high aspect ratios. No flow-through device for performing useful tasks has
been disclosed.
A baffle 14 protects the axial exhaust port 9 from intrusion of feed gas. The baffle is
connected to the bottom impeller 4 by vanes 6. The baffle rotates along with the bottom impeller.
The vanes and baffle define spiral feed conduits 15 for introducing fluid into the work space 3.
Injection ports 16 in the spiral feed conduits communicate with a liquid source 20 and provide
means for introducing a liquid, such as water or sorbent slurry or solution, into the work space 3
along with the feed gas. Preferably, the injection port comprises a Lobestar ® vortex mixing
nozzle. Pressurized liquid injection through the injection ports or suction of liquid from the liquid

source by feed gas flow could both be used, but pressurized injection is preferable. Feed gas
mixes with injected liquid in the spiral feed conduits. The mixture swirls around the axes of the
radial vortices in radially outward source flow simultaneous with said radially inward sink flow of
light fractions through the radial vortices 21. Feed gas which may somehow enter the space
between the baffle and the top impeller is centrifugated out away from the axes of the radial
vortices and the eddies and collects at the impeller surfaces where it is advected radially outward
away from the axial exhaust port 9.
The foregoing simultaneous radial source-sink flow will be referred to as radial
counterflow. Radial counterflow is different from axial counterflow (as practiced in a cyclone or
a vortex tube) even though the counterflow is about the same axis. The difference is that the axis
of the counterflow vortices is radial to the axis of rotation of the driving device. Furthermore,
known axial counterflow devices are driven by feed pressure, whereas radial counterflow as
disclosed in the present invention is mechanically driven.
An axial pump 11 communicates with the work space 3 through the axial exhaust conduit
10 and the axial exhaust port 9. The suction of the axial pump 11 causes fluid to flow from the
work space 3 through the axial exhaust port 9 and through the axial exhaust conduit 10 while the
impellers 4, 5 are rotating.
Preferably, the axial pump is a steam ejector/eductor, which could be of various designs
known to the art, sized to assure constant flow through the axial exhaust port 9 as feed is
introduced through the axial feed port 2. Blowdown steam is abundant at the site of coal-fired
power plants and could be used for the ejector 11, which does not need to be extremely high tech
in order to provide the necessary sink flow. Alternative axial pumps are nitrogen ejectors or
blowers and other designs for gas flow known to the art.

Recirculation flow pressure 32 aids the axial pump 11 in extracting light fractions from
the work space. Flow through the axial exhaust conduit 10 is a stream having a high
concentration of light fractions, including nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor, at least higher than
the concentration of the light fractions in the feed. The flow through the axial exhaust conduit
could be feed for another device according to the present invention in order to scrub out
remaining pollutants, or might even be immediately emitted to the atmosphere if low enough
concentration of pollutants has been achieved in the first stage.
A cascade of scrubbers according to the design shown in Fig. 1 and using the output of the
axial exhaust conduit as feed for subsequent stages scrubs enough of the heavy fractions
remaining in the light fraction stream to permit discharge of the light fraction stream to the
atmosphere.
Nitric oxide (NO, molar mass 30 g/mol) which may be present in the light fraction stream
is decomposed in a catalytic converter (not shown) prior to discharge. The operation of the
catalytic converter is enhanced by the upstream scrubbing of particulates and other noxious
fractions.
Operation of the Preferred Embodiment.
Turbulence is conventionally regarded as a useless degradation of mechanical energy, and
therefore unworthy of interest except as a nuisance. In the present invention, turbulence is
harnessed for carbon capture and scrubbing of flue gas. The forcing regime of an axial pump and
a centrifugal impeller assembly, which force flow in opposite directions, integrates the tiny
centrifugation effects of turbulent vortices to produce differential radial advection of light and
heavy fractions in the gaseous emission stream. Simultaneous source-sink flow is possible

through the work space because radial vortices provide sink flow conduits through the source
flow.
Eddies in the shear layer and high turbulence between the counter-rotating impellers
provide low pressure gradients where low density fractions, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and water
vapor, concentrate. Said low pressure gradients communicate circuitously with the low pressure
in the axial exhaust conduit 10 caused by the suction of the axial pump 11. Radial vortices 21
provide sink flow conduits for high mass flow of light fractions radially inward. Sink flow is
forced by the suction of the axial pump 11 and by a recirculation flow pressure, or back pressure
32 caused by centrifugal flow increasing the tank pressure.
Because it is the light fractions which are in high concentration at the turbulent eddy
vortices squeezed by the back pressure and sucked by the axial pump, and it is the heavy fractions
which are in high concentration away from the eddy vortex axes and near the centrifugal
impellers, there is differentia] radial advection of heavy and light fractions. Radially outward
flow, or source flow, between the impellers has a high concentration of carbon dioxide, NOx,
SOx, and aerosols. Radially inward flow, or sink flow, has a high concentration of nitrogen,
oxygen, and water vapor. Different fractions are advected in different directions, and are thus
separated by density.
An array of co-rotating radial vortices 21 points to the impeller axis a - a like spokes in a
wheel (cf. von Karman swirling flow). The radial vortices 21 are sink flow conduits
communicating circuitously with the low pressure gradients at the eddy vortex axes, which serve
as capillaries feeding sink flow. Each radial vortex comprises coaxial source and sink flows. The
impellers drive a source flow swirling around the radial vortex axis and radially outward from the
impeller axis. Recirculation flow pressure 32 from the impellers and the suction of the axial

pump 11 drives a sink flow swirling inside said source flow and radially inward toward the
impeller axis. See Fig. 5.
At each eddy periphery is a concentration of heavy fractions, and adjacent eddies grind
heavy fractions together at their peripheries. Injected water, a heavy fraction, contacts
particulates and NOx and SOx, also heavy fractions, as they grind together at the eddy
peripheries. Fly ash contacted by injected water becomes fly ash slurry. Fly ash slurry at vortex
peripheries shear thickens into clumps of agglomerated particles. The clumps tumble in the
turbulence and adsorb other clumps and aerosols. Agglomerated aerosols and precipitates in the
tank are in large clumps of sludge and therefore are easy to separate from the wastewater.
Nitrogen and other gases which envelop scrubbing targets are stripped away into the eddy
vortex axes, thereby improving wetting of particulates, NOx and SOx. Also, gases produced by
scrubbing reactions are removed from the reaction zone through the radial vortices, favoring the
forward scrubbing reaction by removing reaction products. Residence time is long, turbulence is
high, therefore collection efficiency for even fine particulates is high.
It is important to recognize the difference between radial counterflow and axial
counterflow. Axial counterflow, as practiced by the vortex tube and the cyclone (both pressure
driven static devices) is coaxial source and sink flows centered on the centerline of a tube or a
conical tank. Radial counterflow (which is mechanically driven by counter-rotating centrifugal
impellers and an axial pump) is coaxial source and sink flows in a plane approximately normal to
a centrifugal impeller axis of rotation a - a. Fig. 5 shows the orthogonal axes characteristic of
radial counterflow.
The axial pump 11 draws light fractions (such as nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor)
radially inward toward the impeller axis through the radial vortices and stretches the radial vortex

axes, Flow swirling around the radial vortices and radially outward between the impellers also
stretches the vortex axes. Stretching the vortex axes increases vorticity and sustains coherence of
the radial vortices.
The axial pump 11 is not an essential feature, but is preferred. The addition of an axial
pump 11 is preferred because the volume of sink flow is large and the mass flow through conduits
downstream to eventual discharge needs to be aided to avoid stagnation of sink flow in the work
space. Approximately 85% of the feed (by volume) becomes sink flow, and extracting such a
large volume from the work space is easier with an axial pump to drive sink flow through the
adial vortices.
In addition to coal-fired flue gas, other feed gas from the feed gas source la could be
gaseous emissions from fossil fuel power plants such as natural gas generators, oil-fired boilers,
or internal combustion engines, as well as from cement plants, pulp and paper plants,
petrochemical plants, steel plants, municipal waste facilities, medical waste facilities, and other
sources of noxious gas mixtures. Also suitable for feed is polluted air from mines and buildings,
natural gas, or vacuum cleaner intake. These applications are covered by the claims.
Discussion focuses on use of the preferred embodiment as a pre-treatment device for
cleaning and concentrating a carbon dioxide stream out of a feed stream of flue gas from coal-
fired power plants. The carbon dioxide stream is to be feed for carbon capture processes. This
discussion is by way of illustration and is not intended to limit application of the preferred
embodiment to other gaseous feed streams.
Coal-fired power plant flue gas is a major culprit in global warming and air pollution.
This smoke is a high temperature gaseous emission stream comprising benign fractions including
nitrogen, water vapor and oxygen, which constitute approximately 85% by volume. The benign

fractions have low density relative to the other fractions in flue gas and therefore are called light
fractions. Nitrogen gas (N;) has a molar mass of 28 g'mol; water vapor (H20) is 18 g/mol; and
oxygen (O2) is 32 g/mol.
Heavy fractions in the smoke include carbon dioxide (CO2), which has a molar mass of 44
g/mol, nitrogen oxides (NOx, principally NO2 which has a molar mass of 46 g/mol), sulfur oxides
(SOx, principally S02 which is 64 g/mol, and SO3 which is 80 g/mol), mercury vapor (200 g/mol),
mist, fly ash. soot, and dust. The heavy fractions are significantly more dense than the light
fractions, hence the name heavy fractions.
To explain further the application of molar mass to density, a mole is Avogadro's Number
(6.022xl023) of gas molecules. Applied to a gas mixture, like flue gas, this many molecules of the
mixture occupy a certain volume according to their temperature and pressure, and whatever that
volume is, each constituent in the gas mixture contributes a certain mass, which is its molar mass.
Molar mass indicates relative density of the constituent gases in an emission stream. Nitrogen is
less dense at 28 g/mol (i.e. 28 grams per whatever volume the mole occupies) than carbon dioxide
at 44 g/mol. That is a density difference of 36%.
While the centrifugal impellers 4,5 of the impeller assembly 19 counter-rotate about their
axis a -a, fluid flow is simultaneous and continuous through the axial feed port 2, the axial
exhaust port 9, and the periphery 12. In other words, feed gas through the feed port 2 is
continously divided within the impeller assembly 19 into two continuous streams: (1) a radially
inward (toward the axis a -a) sink flow of light fractions (in flue gas: nitrogen gas, water vapor,
and oxygen) through the exhaust conduit 10, and (2) a radially outward source flow of heavy
fractions (in flue gas: carbon dioxide, liquids, mercury, fly ash, NOx and SOx) through the
periphery 12. In the tank 13 which receives the flow through the periphery 12, said heavy

fraction stream diverges into a concentrated carbon dioxide stream going through the gas vent27
and a stream of concentrated liquids, solids, NOx, and SOx going through the purge pump 28.
Pollution of sink flow by feed flow is prevented by the baffle 14 and also by the counter-
rotation of the centrifugal impellers, which create radial vortices that act as protective sink flow
conduits and create radial counterflow of source and sink flow. See Fig. 2. Each eddy vortex in
the mixing zone 22 of the turbulence between the impellers radially stratifies light and heavy
fractions and keeps them separate.
By the flare section 18 of the impeller assembly, the source flow of feed gas through the
axial feed port 2 has become a turbulent and enriched source flow of concentrated heavy
fractions, including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, fly ash, aerosols, and
injected liquid. Axial extraction of nitrogen, water vapor, and oxygen, has concentrated the
targets for scrubbing, and the turbulence in the flare section caused by the shear between the
impellers and the back pressure from the shrouding tank causes excellent mixing and shear
thickening of fly ash slurry produced by wet scrubbing.
Cooling of carbon dioxide captured in the tank by differential radial advection and
scrubbed by said turbulence occurs through axial extraction of light fractions together with their
heat through the axial exhaust conduit 10, by liquid injection, by expansion, and by heat transfer
with the impellers through the heat transfer means 26,26a. Expansion of the pressurized carbon
dioxide in the tank through the gas vent 27 cools it further. Suitable means known to the art can
use the concentrated, cooled and cleaned carbon dioxide stream issuing through the gas vent
change the stream into a form suitable for sequestration or other treatment.
Shear between the impellers should keep the flow path into the tank for heavy fractions
clear. Periodic injections of abrasive particles, such as bottom ash, through the axial feed conduit

1 while the impellers are in counter-rotation could clean the impeller surfaces.
The liquid injected depends on the wet scrubbing to be performed. For SOx, a slurry of
sorbents known to the art (lime or limestone for example) would be the liquid, for NOx the
sorbent known to the art is ammonia, and for fly ash plain water.
High shear between the counter-rotating impellers 4,5 creates high turbulence in the flow
path of feed gas through the work space 3, Turbulence results in a drag force which reduces the
velocity of radially outward flow, thus increasing time available for mixing liquid with with
aerosols and the NOx and SOx gases. Back pressure 32 from the shrouding tank 13 also increases
residence time for turbulent scrubbing. Turbulence causes aerosols to collide and cohere and
improves wetting of particles enveloped by adhering gas molecules.
Extraction of gases, such as carbon dioxide produced by wet scrubbing sorbent reactions,
into the eddy vortices favors the forward scrubbing reaction. Unreacted SOx and NOx is too
dense to join the sink flow of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide in the flare
section and tumbles in the turbulence of the flare section 18 until it is reacted. Long residence
time of SOx in this recirculation through high turbulence results in high collection efficiency.
Pressure in the tank 13 caused by the impeller assembly 19 improves collection efficiency by
condensing unreacted SOx and NOx.
Latent heat in water vapor and heat in the extracted nitrogen is available through the axial
exhaust conduit 10 to be recycled into power production, such as by preheating feedwater, instead
of going out the smokestack to heat the atmosphere, which could improve efficiency of power
generation by as much as 10%.
Cascading numerous devices of the present invention would further cool, concentrate, and
clean the carbon dioxide captured from the flue gas. The output of the first device (through the

gas vent 27) is the feed to a second radial counterflow separator, and so on, with the concentration
and purity of carbon dioxide increasing at each stage.
Dry scrubbing, without water injection, could also be practiced in the present invention,
with fine particulate matter agglomerating by collisions in the highly turbulent flow and cohering
by van der Waals force. Kinetic energy in turbulence, especially where eddy vortex peripheries
grind together, overcomes electrostatic repulsion and allows particles to stick together in inelastic
collisions. Dry scrubbing is aided by extraction of gases into the eddy vortices, which removes
the shielding envelope of gas surrounding fine particles. However, wet scrubbing is preferred for
the gaseous emission stream produced by coal-fired power plants because the water also captures
S03 and other gases, and it improves the collection of fly ash sludge by shear thickening.
Preferably, the impellers and the tank are cooled by suitable means known to the art 26,
26a such as air or liquid flow against the outside surfaces of the impeller assembly 19, so as to
enhance heat exchange with the hot gas in the work space 3.
The centrifugated sorbent, wet or dry, serves to drag feed gas radially outward through the
turbulence in the pinch section 17 between the impellers and into the flare section 18 of the
impeller assembly, where very high turbulence exists due to the combination of high tangential
velocity of the counter-rotating impellers and back pressure 32.
Those of ordinary skill in the art of emissions control will be able to adjust by theory or
experimentation the impeller separation, diameter, and rotation speed relative to the feed conduit
diameter and pressure and temperature conditions of the inlet and outlets to achieve the most
effective fluid separation for various fluid fractions and flow rates. It is important to note,
however, that the flow through the periphery 12 will have been reduced significantly in mass

from the flow through the feed conduit, due to the axial extraction of nitrogen and water vapor
through the axial exhaust conduit 10.
Figure 2 shows a top view of half of the work space 3 in the preferred embodiment shown
in Fig. 1 during counter-rotation of the impellers, looking toward the bottom impeller 4.
Direction of impeller rotation is shown by the arrow. Discussion focuses on use of the preferred
embodiment for capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas. The top impeller 5 is invisible and so is
the baffle 14. These are shown in Fig. 1 but not here.
Feed gas enters the work space 3 from the axial feed inlet 2 and is centrifugally impelled
radially outward from the impeller axis of rotation a - a by curved vanes 6. Shown are a plurality
of spiral vanes, but a variety of vane designs known to the art of centrifugal pumps could be used.
Injection ports 16 introduce liquid into the feed gas. Direction of rotation of the bottom impeller
4 is shown by an arrow. Rotation of the bottom impeller and its vanes 6 drives injected liquid and
feed gas into the work space and radially outward to the periphery 12. Injected liquid from the
injection ports 16 atomizes and the centrifugated droplets drag feed gas radially outward.
A shear layer 31 exists between the counter-rotating centrifugal impellers, and within the
shear layer is an array of coherent co-rotating radial vortices 21 pointing to the axis of rotation a -
a like spokes in a wheel having the impeller axis a - a as its hub. The radial vortices are shown
truncated approximately where the baffle 14 would be because the radial vortices extend to the
axial exhaust port 9, not shown here because the top impeller is invisible. The radial vortices are
conduits for sink flow of light fractions radially inward through the work space 3 toward the
impeller axis a - a.
The work space 3 comprises three concentric rings: a laminar ring 23 nearest the center of
the work space and the axis of rotation of the impellers^ a turbulent ring 24 distal to the laminar

ring, and an expansion ring 25 distal to the turbulent ring and extending to the periphery 12. Flow
is relatively less turbulent in the laminar ring than in the turbulent ring, but there is turbulence in
all rings. The turbulent ring 23 is at the pinch section 17 and the expansion ring 18 is at the flare
section of the impeller assembly 19. Turbulence in the expansion ring may be even greater than
in the turbulent ring. It is useful to picture the turbulence between the impellers as a chaotic
sponge of heavy fraction shells and light fraction voids. Centrifugal separation by radial density
stratification within vortices large and small creates the shells and voids.
Light fractions including nitrogen and water vapor concentrate along the axis of each
turbulent eddy vortex, forming voids or vacuoles having low density and low pressure. Heavy
fractions are centrifugated to the periphery of each vortex, forming shells, or crusts having high
density. High pressure exists in the heavy fractions because they are confined by the impellers
and grinding on each other as adjacent vortices rotate. When the shells grind together, fly ash,
NOx, and SOx mix with injected liquid. Shells can grind together a long time because turbulence
is mechanically forced by the impellers. Shear between adjacent vortices agglomerates and shear
thickens fly ash slurry into easily separable clumps of sludge.
Feed gas also stratifies radially by density about the impeller axis a - a, which is
orthogonal to the vortex axes in the shear layer. Differential radial advection drives heavy
fractions radially outward to the periphery 12 and light fractions radially inward through the
radial vortices 21 to the axial exhaust port 9. Extraction of nitrogen and water vapor from carbon
dioxide is continuous, both in the turbulent eddies and in the bulk. The present invention
provides means for connecting the heretofore useless centrifugal separation performed by
turbulent eddies with the centrifugal separation performed by centrifugal impellers and the axial

pump. The tiny effects in turbulence are integrated by the forcing regime to produce separation of
gaseous fluid mixtures by density.
Figure 3a shows a detailed schematic cross-section of the laminar ring 23 of the work
space between the impellers 4, 5 of the preferred embodiment shown in Fig. 1. A shear layer 31
between boundary layers 30 against the impellers has high vorticity due to counter-rotation of the
centrifugal impellers 4,5 as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3b. Feed gas is introduced through radial
feed conduits 15 as shown by an arrow. Highly turbulent mixing occurs in a mixing zone 22
between counter-rotating centrifugal impellers 4,5.
Eddy vortices in the mixing zone 22 centrifugate heavy fractions (including carbon dioxide,
NOx, SOx, and particulates) away from their vortex axes, where light fractions (including
nitrogen, water vapor, and oxygen) concentrate. Heavy fractions concentrate in the boundary
layers 30 against the impellers. Rotation of the impellers causes molecules of heavy fractions to
flow radially outward. Light fractions are preferentially advected radially inward toward the
impeller axis, in sink flow, by the suction of an axial pump shown in Fig. 1 and by back pressure
32 as explained under Fig. 1. Said differential radial advection of light and heavy fractions occurs
because of radial stratification of fractions by density in the vortices of the shear layer. See Fig. 5
for a more detailed explanation.
Radial vortices 21 in the shear layer 31 provide coherent conduits for sink flow 34 (shown
by arrows) of light fractions radially inward toward the impeller axis of rotation a - a. Each radial
vortex comprises a peripheral swirling source flow 33 of feed gas (first vortex) and a coaxial
interior swirling sink flow 34 of light fractions (second vortex). Both the source flow and the sink
flow stretch the vortex axis, increasing vorticity and sustaining coherence. Unlike the counterflow

in a vortex tube, this counterflow is not driven by feed pressure but by the centrifugal impellers
and the axial pump operating simultaneously.
Axes of the vortices in the shear layer are generally aligned in the plane of the shear layer
31. Should any axis stick out of the shear layer, it would be torqued back into the shear layer plane
by the counter-rotating boundary layers 30. The combined work of numerous tiny centrifugating
eddies in the bulk eventually concentrates heavy fractions away from the shear layer and toward
the surfaces of the impellers where they concentrate in the boundary layers 30. Concentration of
heavy fractions in the boundary layers advected by the impellers increases toward the impellers
and away from the impeller axis a - a.
Advection radially outward from the axis a - a preferentially affects heavy fractions,
which, due to eddy centrifugation, are in high concentration in the boundary layer 30. Source flow
therefore comprises high concentrations of heavy fractions. Once past the turbulent ring, the
concentrated heavy fraction stream and its carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx, particulates, mercury, and
injected liquid are churned in extreme turbulence in the expansion ring 25. Because nitrogen
ballast is axially extracted through the radial vortices, scrubbing targets are concentrated in this
turbulence. Gases produced by sorbent reactions are extracted away from the reaction zones at the
turbulent vortex peripheries into the turbulent vortex axes. Precipitates and agglomerated aerosols
are shear thickened into clumps, and the clumps snowball as they tumble in the turbulence,
becoming larger clumps.
Recirculation flow pressure 32 from the tank (not shown) and drag force from turbulent
impedance of source flow oppose radially outward source flow between the impellers, but the
heavy fractions gain enough momentum from the impellers to pass into the tank despite the

opposition. Said opposition preferentially adverts light fractions, which are in high concentration
in the shear layer and therefore receive little momentum from the impellers.
At the expansion ring 25 there is high turbulence between the impellers, which
concentrates light fractions at vortex axes. The eddy vortices are low pressure gradients serving as
capillaries for sink flow squeezed radially inward by the back pressure 32. The radial vortices
collect the flow from the capillaries in the expansion ring as well as the mixing zones 22 of the
turbulent ring 24 and the laminar ring 23.
Sink flow through the axial exhaust port 9 and the axial exhaust conduit 10 comprises high
concentrations of light fractions. The sink flow could become the feed for a second device of the
same design, in a cascade, so as to purify the light fraction stream prior to discharge into the
atmosphere. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is a simple, low-tech device
easily scalable to separate high volume dirty hot waste gas streams.
Figure 3b shows shows another cross-section of the work space 3 as seen from the impeller
axis a - a. A boundary layer 30 is in contact with the surfaces of the impellers 4, 5, and boundary
layer source flow is into the page due to impeller counter-rotation, shown by the arrows. Radial
vortices 21 co-rotate clockwise as shown by arrows. The radial vortices are conduits for sink flow,
out of the page. Adjacent vortices rotate counterclockwise, and smaller and smaller vortices
appear between the radial vortices 21. The space between radial vortices is a mixing zone 22. All
vortices, whether large or small, are driven by the forcing regime of the impellers and the axial
pump.
In the mixing zones 22 between the radial vortices, eddies, or fine-scale vortices, rotate in
different directions, as shown. The complex vortex structure in the mixing zone 22 comprises
shells and voids in a chaotic sponge; the representation in this drawing is merely a crude

7illustration of the complexity. In each vortex, radial stratification by density separates light from
heavy fractions in the feed gas. Peripheries of adjacent turbulent eddy vortices grind together, thus
contacting, pressuring, and mixing the heavy fractions, such as injected liquid and particulates,
NOx, SOx, and condensible vapors. Slurry from mixing injected liquid with particulates and other
aerosols shear thickens into clumps of sludge as the vortex peripheries grind on each other.
Clumps tumbling in the turbulence agglomerate and adhere aerosols. Momentum of clumps
advected radially outward assists source flow through the turbulent ring 24.
Two simultaneous radial stratifications separate the feed gas: one in the vortices of
turbulence, which are in a plane normal to the axis a - a , and another in source-sink flow with
respect to the axis a - a. The combination of the two simultaneous radial stratifications causes
differential radial advection of heavy and light fractions, with heavy fractions going radially
outward from the impeller axis of rotation, and light fractions going radially inward through radial
vortices. See Fig. 5.
Figure 4 is a detail of the tank shown in Fig. 1. The interior of the tank 13 communicates
with the work space 3 of the impeller assembly 19. The tank is pressurized by the impeller
assembly 19, which forces fluid into the tank through the periphery 12. Seals 29 between the tank
wall and the impellers 4,5 provide means for mamtaining the tank pressure and for isolating the
tank interior from the atmosphere. Vanes 6 on the impellers 4,5 impel fluid into the tank and also
create high shear in the tank. High shear in combination with back pressure 32 creates high
turbulence and therefore causes excellent mixing of scrubbing targets with sorbents, and of fly ash
with injected liquid.
The flare section 18 of the impeller assembly forms a convergent nozzle which
concentrates the recirculating flow pressure 32 into the shear layer between the impellers. The

back pressure squeezes sink flow through the vortices and increases residence time of heavy
fractions in the turbulence.
Flow through the periphery 12 into the tank 13 is a concentrated stream of carbon dioxide.
Preferably, suitable cooling means 26 cool the tank walls. Said cooling means 26 could be of
many types known to the art, including a water jacket connected to a brine chiller and means for
circulation of brine through the water jacket and the chiller. A gas vent 27 emits a concentrated
and pressurized stream of carbon dioxide out of the tank. A follow-on device of the same design
shown in Fig. 1 accepts the output of the gas vent as its feed and further concentrates and cleans
the carbon dioxide stream, if necessary.
Liquids and solids passing through the periphery 12 along with the carbon dioxide collect
at the bottom of the tank and pass through a purge pump 28 to disposal by suitable means.
Figure 5 shows a cutaway side view of a radial vortex near the axial exhaust port 9 shown
in Fig. 1 while the apparatus is in operation. The radial vortex axis b - b lies approximately in a
plane normal to the axis a - a of the impellers and in a shear layer between the impellers. Were
the radial vortex axis orientation other than parallel to the impellers, torque on the axis b - b from
the counter-rotating impellers would twist it back into the plane of the shear layer. Exact counter-
rotation of the impellers keeps the radial vortex axis approximately straight and normal to the axis
a-a.
The radial vortex 21 is a coherent structure in the turbulence forced by momentum
transport from rotation of the impellers and by suction of an axial pump, in an open system. An
array of radial vortices sets up in the shear layer as flow occurs through the apparatus shown in
Fig. 1. The impellers and the axial pump stretch the radial vortex axis b - b.

Source flow, i.e. flow away from the axis a - a, is shown by the arrows pointing left. Sink
flow, i.e. flow radially inward through the work space 3 toward the axis a - a, is shown by the
arrows pointing right. Magnitude of the vectors is indicated by the length of the arrows. Both
flows are helical about approximately the same axis of rotation b - b. Whether a fluid element
(particle) flows radially inward or outward with respect to the axis a - a in the radial vortex
depends on its distance from the radial vortex axis b - b. Particles distal to the axis b - b flow
radially outward from the axis a - a in source flow, while particles proximal to the axis b - b flow
radially inward toward the axis a - a in sink flow. Whether a particle is distal or proximal to the
aXIS b - b is determined by its density. Radial fractionation of fluid fractions by density occurs
within the radial vortex, and the radial fractionation determines whether the particle is advected
radially inward or outward with respect to the axis a - a.
Heavy fractions, including carbon dioxide, are centrifugated away from the axis b - b and
are advected radially outward from the axis a - a in source flow. Carbon dioxide is captured in a
tan!-' 13 in a gaseous state. The centrifugal impellers drive source flow.
Light fractions, including nitrogen and water vapor, concentrate near the radial vortex axis
b - b and are advected radially inward in sink flow. Pressure gradients drive sink flow, and the
pressure gradients are created by the suction of an axial pump 11 as well as a back pressure 32.
The radial vortex 21 is a sink flow conduit for light fractions to go to axial extraction
through the axial exhaust port 9. A greater concentration of light fractions is in the sink flow than
in the feed flow, leaving a concentrated stream of heavy fractions flowing away from the axis a -
a. The light fractions are very much more by volume (>85%) than the heavy fractions ( flue gas, so there is sufficient mass flow to sustain the coherence of the radial vortices.

As flow through the work space approaches the axial exhaust port 9, heavy fractions
entrained in the flow are centrifugated out from the radial vortex axis b - b to the impellers where
they join flow advected radially outward away from the axial exhaust port by contact with the top
impeller 5 and the baffle 14 which act as centrifugal impellers.
The forcing regime of differential radial advection creates helical counterflow (light
fractions flowing in a tornado toward the axial exhaust port, heavy fractions flowing in an
enveloping tornado away from it) about the axis b - b, which is source-sink flow with respect to
the impeller axis a - a. Hence the name radial counterflow is applied to the method of the present
invention.
The density difference between carbon dioxide (44 g/mol) and nitrogen (28 g/mol) is 36%.
Water vapor at 18 g/mol is even less dense than nitrogen, and the density difference between water
vapor and carbon dioxide is 59 %. NOx and SOx are even denser than carbon dioxide, so the
density difference between them and nitrogen is even more. Aerosols are much denser than said
gases, so the density difference between aerosols, especially agglomerated particulates, and
nitrogen gas is very very great. The denser the fluid fraction, the more distal it is from the axis b -
b and the more it is advected radially outward from the axis a - a.
Nitrogen, water vapor, and residual oxygen - the light fractions - predominate in sink flow
toward the axial exhaust port 9. The net separation effect from the forcing regime should be
evident from the foregoing discussion and may be determined more exactly by experiment or
computation by those of ordinary skill in the art
The radial vortex exists in an open system, i.e. a system having material flow in and out
more or less continuously. It is therefore distinguishable from the radial vortices which appear
under certain conditions in closed system von Karman swirling flow. Sustained coherent vortices

even in highly turbulent flow are possible because the system is open. The red spot of Jupiter is
one example.
Figure 6 shows an alternative embodiment for flue gas scrubbing, comprising a single
centrifugal impeller 41 having vanes 6 on both sides and disposed within a casing 35. A drive
spindle 42 connected to a motor 7 and connected to the casing through a bearing seal 39 causes the
centrifugal impeller 41 to rotate within the casing 35 and thereby to advect feed gas from a source
la through an axial feed conduit 1 and into the casing.
Scrubbing liquid from a source 20 is injected through an injection port 16 into the feed gas.
The scrubbing liquid mixes with the feed gas in high turbulence caused by shear of the fluid
between the impeller and the casing.
A tank 13 at the periphery of the casing receives flow advected by the impeller. Rotation
of the impeller 41 creates a recirculation flow pressure or back pressure 32 shown by the right-
pointing arrow which is in a direction pointing toward the impeller axis of rotation. The tank
comprises a gas vent 27 for evacuating carbon dioxide and a purge pump 28 for evacuating
condensates, liquid, and solids. Pressure within the tank is caused by the impeller 41 driving fluid
into the tank, and pressure causes mercury, NOx and SOx to condense and flow through the purge
pump.
The recirculation flow pressure 32 provides means for advection of light fractions in sink
flow radially inward toward the impeller axis a - a and into an axial exhaust conduit 10
communicating with an axial pump 11. The axial pump is preferably a steam ejector/eductor
powered by blowdown. The axial pump sucks light fractions through the axial exhaust conduit.
Thus light fractions including nitrogen, water vapor, and residual oxygen are axially extracted
from the flue gas within the casing, thereby increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the tank 13.

Shear in the work space 3 between the impeller vanes 6 and the casing 35 causes high
turbulence and many fine-scale eddy vortices in the work space 3. At the axes of all vortices are
low pressure gradients. In each vortex, light fractions concentrate at the vortex axes, and heavy
fractions are centrifugated to the vortex periphery. Adjacent vortices grind together at their
peripheries, causing contact of liquid with scrubbing targets and shear thickening of scrubbing
slurry.
Radial stratification by density takes place in each of the fine-scale eddy vortices, and
recirculation flow pressure 32 drives light fractions radially inward along the eddy vortex axes and
eventually into the axial exhaust conduit 10. The net effect of innumerable fine-scale vortices
working in unison is to separate heavy from light fractions. This net effect is harnessed by
differential radial advection forced by the axial pump 11 and the centrifugal impeller 41. Both the
axial pump and the recirculation flow pressure drive sink flow.
The axial pump is only one means for driving sink flow, and recirculation flow pressure
alone could be sufficient. However, for large scale gas separation such as flue gas at power plants,
where abundant blowdown steam is available for steam ejectors, and the volume of nitrogen and
other light fractions to be extracted is very large, an axial pump is a preferable feature.
Flow between the impeller 41 and the casing 35 radially inward to the axial exhaust conduit
10 will be very turbulent due to shear in the fluid between the impeller and the casing. However,
there is a macroscopic forcing which organizes the behavior of fluid in this space. Next to the
impeller 41 is a boundary layer which is advected radially outward from the axis a - a by impeller
rotation. Recirculation flow pressure 32 and the suction of the axial pump 11 drive light fractions
radially inward along the casing into the axial exhaust conduit 10. By the time gas reaches the
axial exhaust port 9 it will have a higher concentration of nitrogen and water vapor than the gas

passing through the axial feed port 2. Thus nitrogen and water vapor are axially extracted from
flue gas, leaving a concentrated carbon dioxide stream emitted through the gas vent 27.
Figure 7a shows the preferred drive means for causing counter-rotation of centrifugal
impellers 4, 5 of the impeller assembly 19. A drive wheel 38 connected by a drive spindle 37 to a
drive motor 36 engages the impellers at their periphery. The drive spindle goes through the tank
wall and the tank and drive spindle are separated by a movable seal. A transmission (not shown)
connected to the motor and the drive spindle provides means for high startup torque. Preferably,
on startup of the preferred embodiment, the tank is allowed to vent freely and remain
unpressurized, and the impellers, which have high rotational inertia, are gradually brought up to
speed before feed is introduced and the tank pressure increased by closing the gas vent 27.
Preferably, the drive wheel has a non-slip surface such that there is high friction between
the drive wheel and the impellers. Shown is a surface having a variety of angular protrusions in
different orientations. Another alternative is cogs which fit into grooves in the impellers, the
imr>eller grooves being unobstructed channels for flow of sludge radially outward and into the
tank. Other suitable means for increasing the friction between the drive wheel and the impellers
include rubber and abrasive surfaces. Rotation of the drive wheel drives the impellers in opposite
directions at the same angular velocity. The drive spindle engages the tank 13 at a bearing seal 39.
The drive wheel provides means for maintaining the impellers at a certain separation distance.
Figure 7b shows a top view of the preferred embodiment, comprising three equidistantly
spaced preferred counter-rotation drive means of Fig. 7a. Three or more drive units provide means
for maintaining the impellers separated, and more units are preferable so that if one unit breaks
during operation, it may be put into free wheeling mode until repair can be done.

Having the benefit in hindsight of instruction provided by the above detailed description of
the present invention, and the exposition of the problem to be solved and the prior art, those skilled
in the art of emissions control or centrifugal gas separation will see obvious modifications which
may be made to the invention. It is not intended that the admitted possibility of such future
modifications should imply any admission by the inventor that the best mode for practicing the
invention has not been disclosed. The best mode presently known to the inventor for the particular
application to flue gas concentration and scrubbing has been disclosed. Future improvements or
modifications by others should not alter or nullify the effect of the claims.
Nor should instructed hindsight on the pan of those of more than ordinary skill in the
particular art affected by the present invention be admitted as ex post facto evidence to the effect
that the present invention was obvious or that they could easily have conceived it had they
bothered, when the serious problem of flue gas pollution and global warming has remained
unsolved by so many for so long.
Obviously, cascading devices according to the present invention would improve collection
efficiency. In other words, the light fraction stream coming from the axial exhaust conduit 10 is
fed into a second device and separated further, and so on, until the light fraction stream is ready for
discharge or for use. Also, the heavy fraction stream coming from the tank vent 27 is made the
feed for a second device, etc.
It should also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in various other arts what particular
application may be made given the disclosure in the present invention. Dry scrubbing as well as
wet scrubbing is included. Dry particulate matter coheres by van der Waals forces due to
numerous inelastic collisions in a highly turbulent environment with gas being continuously
extracted so as to remove the envelope of gas particles from the scrubbing targets. Many

applications to separation of fluid mixtures other than flue gas are possible and should be obvious,
along with necessary modifications.
For example, natural gas scrubbing could be accomplished by the present invention, with
methane being the light fraction axially extracted, and hydrogen sulfide, condensible vapors,
carbon dioxide, and water being among the heavy fractions advected radially outward to
compression in a tank and scrubbed in high turbulence.
Vacuum cleaners using axially-fed counter-rotating centrifugal impellers would exhaust
gas and agglomerate even fine dry particles by van der Waals forces in highly turbulent
at the impeller periphery.
Improved air cleaners for mine or building ventilation are another obvious application of
the teachings herein. Therefore, it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the
specific embodiments described, which are merely illustrative of the present invention, i.e. the
disclosed apparatus and method for radial counterflow gas separation and highly turbulent
scrubbing, and not intended to have the effect of limiting the scope of the claims except as
specifically stated in the claims.

Non-Provisional Application No. 11/827,634
Radial Counterflow Carbon Capture and Flue Gas Scrubbing
Wilmot H. McCutchen, Applicant
I claim:
1. A method of mechanical carbon capture to separate carbon dioxide gas from a gaseous
emission stream, the gaseous emission stream comprising light fractions and heavy fractions, the
method comprising the simultaneous steps of:
feeding the gaseous emission stream axially into a work space between coaxial counter-
rotating centrifugal impellers,
causing flow of heavy fractions, including carbon dioxide gas, radially outward through
the work space and into a tank,
causing flow of light fractions, including nitrogen gas, radially inward through the work
space, and
axially extracting light fractions from between the impellers.
2. The method of claim 1, additionally including the further simultaneous steps of injecting
scrubbing liquid into the gaseous emission stream and purging liquid and agglomerated solids
from the tank.
3. Apparatus for separating a gaseous fluid mixture, the mixture comprising light fractions and
heavy fractions, the apparatus comprising:
an impeller assembly, the impeller assembly comprising

coaxial counter-rotatable centrifugal impellers connected to mechanical means
for causing counter-rotation and defining between them a work space, the impellers providing
means for advecting heavy fractions radially outward.
an axial feed port providing means for introducing the gaseous fluid mixture into
the work space while the impellers are counter-rotating, and
an axial exhaust port communicating with means for axially extracting light
fractions from the work space;
means for advecting fluid radially inward through the work space to the axial exhaust
port while the impellers are counter-rotating; and
a static tank communicating with the work space and disposed about the impeller
assembly, the tank providing means for pressurizing and collecting heavy fractions, including
carbon dioxide gas.
4. The apparatus of claim 3. additionally comprising a baffle connected by vanes to an impeller
having an axial feed port.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the impellers of the impeller assembly vary in their
separation distance radiaiiy outward from the impeller axis of rotation, forming a pinch section
and a flare section.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the impellers comprise vanes.

7. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the tank comprises a gas vent for evacuating gaseous
carbon dioxide and a purge pump for evacuating liquids and agglomerated solids.
8. The apparatus of claim 3 additionally comprising means for injecting scrubbing liquid into
the gaseous emission stream.
9 Apparatus for separating a gaseous mixture, the mixture comprising light fractions and heavy
fractions, the apparatus comprising:
a casing comprising an axial feed port and an axial exhaust port, the casing also
comprising at its periphery a gas vent for evacuation of non-condensible gases and a purge pump
for evacuation of liquids and solids,
a centrifugal impeller connected to mechanical means for causing rotation, the impeller
being disposed within the casing and defining a flow path radially outward between the impeller
and the casing on the side of the casing having the axial feed port and a flow path radially
inward between the impeller and the casing on the side of the casing having the axial exhaust
port, the centrifugal impeller and its drive means providing means for advecting heavy fractions
radially outward, and
means for advecting light fractions through said radially inward flow path and through
the axial exhaust port while the impeller rotates within the casing.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, additionally comprising means for injection of scrubbing liquid

into the gaseous mixture.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the impeller comprises vanes on both sides.
12. Apparatus for natural gas separation, comprising:
an impeller assembly, the impeller assembly comprising
coaxial counter-rotatable centrifugal impellers connected to means for causing
counter-rotation thereof and defining between them a work space, the impellers providing means
for advecting natural gas radially outward,
an axial feed port providing means for introducing natural gas to the work space
while the impellers are counter-rotating, and
an axial exhaust port communicating with means for axially extracting methane
from the work space while the impellers counter-rotate; and
a static tank communicating with the work space and disposed about the impeiler
assembly, the tank being pressurized by flow through the work space and providing means for
collecting concentrated heavy fractions including condensible vapors, water, mercury,
mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide.
13. Apparatus for turbulent scrubbing of a gaseous mixture, the gaseous mixture comprising
scrubbing targets and light fractions including nitrogen gas, the apparatus comprising
means for injecting scrubbing sorbents and/or liquid into the gaseous mixture;
an impeller assembly, the impeller assembly comprising

coaxial counter-rotatable centrifugal impellers connected to mechanical means
for counter-rotation thereof and defining between them a work space, the impellers providing
means for advecting fluid radially outward,
an axial feed port providing means for introducing the gaseous fluid mixture to
the work space while the impellers are counter-rotating, and
an axial exhaust port communicating with means for axially extracting light
fractions from the work space while the impellers counter-rotate;
means for advecting light fractions radially inward to the axial exhaust port while the
impellers are counter-rotating; and
a static tank having an interior communicating with the work space, the tank being
disposed about the impeller assembly and the tank being pressurized by flow through the work
space, and the back pressure from the tank in combination with shear from the impeller
assembly providing means for causing high turbulence in concentrated scrubbing targets, the
tank comprising a gas vent for evacuating non-condensible gases and a purge pump for
evacuating liquids and solids.
14. The turbulent scrubber of claim 13, comprising means for shear thickening of fly ash slurry.

This is an appratus for separating gases or other fluids into heavy and light components via radial counterflow
currents. A tank contains an axis, upon which a pair of motorized impeller plates rotate in opposite directions to direct heavy fluids
downward and lighter fluids upward. Lighter fluids are pumped out of the tank into the environment Heavier fluids are pumped
out and collected beneath the tank. The impellers notably comprise vanes to more precisely direct the currents. The impellers flare
outward relative to the axis of rotation, increasing centrifugal force separating heavy from light components.

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Patent Number 279281
Indian Patent Application Number 4526/KOLNP/2009
PG Journal Number 03/2017
Publication Date 20-Jan-2017
Grant Date 17-Jan-2017
Date of Filing 29-Dec-2009
Name of Patentee MCCUTCHEN CO.
Applicant Address 2444 S.E. TIBBETTS ST., PORTLAND, OREGON 97202 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 MCCUTCHEN, WILMOT, H. MCCUTCHEN CO., 2444, S.E. TIBBETTS ST., PORTLAND, OREGON 97202 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PCT International Classification Number B01D 45/14
PCT International Application Number PCT/US2007/081886
PCT International Filing date 2007-10-19
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 11/827,634 2007-07-11 U.S.A.