Title of Invention	"AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR THE REDUCTION OF POLLUTANTS FROM EFFLUENTS OF CANE SUGAR, DISTILLERY AND PAPER & PULP INDUSTRIES"
Abstract	This invention relates to an improved process tor the reduction of pollutants fromeffluents of cane sugar, distillery and paperfe pulp industries.More particularly the invention relates to an improved method for the treatment ofwaste water from cane sugar industry and allied industries (Distillery and Paper &Pulp Mill) to reduce COD, BOD, TDS and color simultaneously.The process does not involve any use of mineral acid, thus avoiding corrosionproblems. The process does not involve use of any expensive chemicals or enzymes,thus it is a cost effective easy to handle process. As the end products are nothazardous the process is eco-friendly.

Title of Invention

"AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR THE REDUCTION OF POLLUTANTS FROM EFFLUENTS OF CANE SUGAR, DISTILLERY AND PAPER & PULP INDUSTRIES"

Abstract

This invention relates to an improved process tor the reduction of pollutants fromeffluents of cane sugar, distillery and paperfe pulp industries.More particularly the invention relates to an improved method for the treatment ofwaste water from cane sugar industry and allied industries (Distillery and Paper &Pulp Mill) to reduce COD, BOD, TDS and color simultaneously.The process does not involve any use of mineral acid, thus avoiding corrosionproblems. The process does not involve use of any expensive chemicals or enzymes,thus it is a cost effective easy to handle process. As the end products are nothazardous the process is eco-friendly.

Full Text	This invention relates to an improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper& pulp industries. More particularly the invention relates to an improved method for the treatment of waste water from cane sugar industry and allied industries (Distillery and Paper & Pulp Mill) to reduce COD, BOD, IDS and color simultaneously. In recent years industrial effluents have been regarded as common source of pollution, because of lack of efficient treatment and improper mode of disposal of effluents generated by industries. Under these circumstances aquatic life suffers, resulting in loss of productivity natural waters and deterioration of water quality to such an extent that the water becomes unusable. It is obvious that the proper treatment of Cane sugar industry waste water, Distillery effluent (Spent Wash) and effluent from Pulp & Paper industry (Black Liquor) is quite necessary. Cane sugar industry is generally flanked by the ancillary industries like Distillery which uses molasses generated from Cane sugar industry as a raw material and Paper & Pulp industry which uses bagasse from Cane sugar industry as raw material. Cane sugar industry produces mainly two types of wastes viz. solid i.e. Bagasse and Pressmud and liquid wastes i.e. Floor washing & boiler blow down, Soda and acid wastes, Excess condensate & condenser cooling water : Bagasse : The residue remaining after extracting the juice from cane is known as bagasse. It is used as a low grade fuel for boilers. The consumption for boilers in full is not possible and thus surplus creating a problem for disposal. This can be used for Pulp & Paper mill Industry and Cardboard Industry. If the bagasse is not fully utilized in the paper mill it becomes a great nuisance to store it as it is auto-cumbustible and has to be disposed off in any way. Liquid Waste as mentioned above contains grease, oils, spill over of the juice in floor washing along with inorganic salts from boiler blow down. The caustic soda and hydrochloric acid are used for removal of scales of tubing which enters the waste water stream contributing the high COD and BOD & TDS. In recent years industrial effluents have been regarded as common source of pollution, because of lack of efficient treatment and improper mode of disposal of effluents generated by industries. Under these circumstances aquatic life suffers, resulting in loss of productivity natural waters and deterioration of water quality to such an extent that the water becomes unusable. It is obvious that the proper treatment of Distillery effluent (Spent Wash) and effluent from Pulp & Paper industry (Black Liquor) is quite necessary. The alcohol industry in India is based on molasses as the principal raw material. Molasses contains around 15% of fermentable sugars, out of which 9% is utilized for conversion into alcohol during fermentation. The balance organic & inorganic chemicals in the molasses find their way into the effluent popularly known as spent wash which is acidic in nature. Spent wash which is dark in color has high BOD,COD & TDS. The origin of dark color is mainly due to plant pigments, melanoidins, polyphenolic compounds and caramels which are produced by thermal degradation and condensation reactions of sugar. The paper and board industries generally use bamboo, straws, bagasse, rags, waste papers and other agricultural residues as raw materials in their manufacturing units. There are several types of processes involved, for which the volume and characteristics of waste water known as black liquor, differ from mill to mill. Black liquor mainly contains 3 -6% of lignin originated from the bark of the plant, which is not easily bio-degradable, along with other organic and inorganic impurities. The dark color of the black liquor is mainly due to presence of polyphenolic bodies like coniferyl, sinapyl and p- coumaryl alcohols produced during partial degradation of lignin. The pulp & paper industry uses large amounts of water which is recycled and reused resulting in temperature rise and dissolution of more solids in water enhancing problems e.g. corrosion, slime and other deposits. Directly or indirectly all of these viz. COD, BOD, Color and toxicity may affect aquatic life. In order to conform to environmental quality guidelines a number of primary and secondary treatment systems such as clarifires, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, biomethanation and other biological systems are installed. All these treatments remove reasonably good amount of COD,BOD but not color toxicity and inorganic impurities. Due to stringent environmental norms such partially treated effluents of distillery and paper industries are not allowed to be mixed in the natural stream, in the prior art the following methods are used to remove COD, BOD, TDS and color of Black Liquor and Spent Wash separately. Several methods hitherto used are described in brief herein bellow : Water management in Mauritius. Baguant, J.; Ramjeawon, T. (University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius). Int. Sugar J., 98(1171), 351-358 (English) 1996. CODEN: ISUJA3. ISSN: 0020-8841. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 52, 61, CA 125: 229505 Baguant & Ramjeawon have shown that the cane sugar industry in Mauritius requires 45-50 Mm3 of water, 10% of the island's total annual water demand, to process 5-6 million tonnes of cane during the crop season (June - Dec.). Mauritius is a water-poor country, with an annual fresh water availability of 1550 mVcapita. A shortage of fresh water limits industrial and economic growth, and environmental regulations add to the problem. It is important to minimize water use for sugar manufacture through recycling and process modifications, and to adopt wastewater treatment systems. A water utilization study used in a factory crushing 100 tones cane/h to demonstrate the potential for saving water. A high-rate anaerobic treatment system (UASB) was investigated using a wastewater characterization survey of 6 sugar factories. Under certain conditions, the UASB reactor reduced the COD concentrated by 90%, and produced methane gas at a rate of 0.2 m3/kg COD. Cogeneration in the Hawaiian sugar industry. Kinoshita, C. M. (Hawaii Nat. Energy Inst., Univ. Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA). Bioresour. Technol., 35(3), 231-7 (English) 1991. CODEN: BIRTEB. ISSN: 0960-8524. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 52 (Electrochemical, Radiational, and Thermal Energy Technology) Section cross-reference^): 44, 60, CA 116:217952 A review with 7 references of cogeneration in the Hawaiian sugar industry and steam vapor utilization and conservation practices in Hawaiian sugar factories. Conversion of sugarcane residues to power: case histories of commercial plants and potential impacts of new technology. Kadyszewski, John P. (Winrock Int., Arlington, VA 22209, USA). Energy Biomass Wastes, 14, 569-600 (English) 1991. CODEN: EBWADU. ISSN: 0277-7851. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 52 (Electrochemical, Radiational, and Thermal Energy Technology) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 116:87497 A review with 11 references of sugarcane residue conversion to power includes efficiency of steam production and use in sugar factories, potential for sugar factories to export electricity, background on the Hawaiian sugar industry followed by specific information for sugar factories in Costa Rica and Thailand, and new technologies with regard to equipment to collect sugarcane field residues, bagasse dryers, and advanced gas turbine systems. Treatment of alcohol distillery effluent using sugar cane pith. Lopez Hernandez, J. (Natl. Univ. Tucuman, Argent.). Int. Sugar J., 93(1112), 155-8 (English) 1991. CODEN: ISUJA3. ISSN: 0020-8841. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 16 (Fermentation and Bioindustrial Chemistry), CA116:126948 Harnandez has discussed a method for alcohol distillery effluent treatment using sugar cane pith to be combined with vinasse so that it can be burnt in the conventional boilers of the sugar factory. The method is based on the fact that pith can absorb more than five times its own weight of vinasse without draining. When one part of pith is mixed with one part of vinasse, the mixture contains 70% moisture. This can be reduced to 50% by using 53% of the flue gases from the boilers of the sugar factory at 250° C in the pneumatic transport dryer. The dried mixture of pith and vinasse can be burned in the conventional boilers of the sugar factory. The calorific value of the solids in vinasse is the same as that of bagasse and they contribute heat that is equal to 15% of the heat liberated by the bagasse producing steam in excess of the distillery requirements. The ash from the boiler is rich in potassium and can be used as fertilizer. The proposed method solves entirely the problem of pollution by stillage, and the net value of the heat from the solids in vinasse, plus the fertilizer value of the ash, exceeds the net profit obtained from the alcohol produced by the distillery. Environmentally balanced sugar refinery complex. Nemerow, Nelson L.; Dasgupta, Avijit (Roy F. Weston, Inc., West Chester, PA, USA). J. Environ. Eng. (N. Y.), 112(2), 229-35 (English) 1986. CODEN: JOEEDU. ISSN: 0733-9372. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 44, CA 104:188563 (Industrial Carbohydrates) Nemerow & Dasgupta have studied that a sugar refinery designed as an environmentally balanced industrial complex to attain potential zero pollution would contain a sugarcane refinery, an agricultural area for growing sugarcane, an alcohol production plant, and a power plant producing both steam and electricity. An anaerobic digester for bagasse-cachaza mixture is the heart of the complex and handles residual wastes generated in sugar manufacture. The complex would produce 4 major products, i.e., electrical energy, refined sugar, alcohol, and molasses, and use 4 products within the complex, i.e., fermentation mash, digested and filtered sludge, digester gas, and steam. No wastes would be released to the air or water. Biological treatment of distillery waste. McNeil, K. E.; Anderson, P. J.; Bartholomew, H.; Hutchinson, R. T. (Sugar Res. Inst., Mackay, Australia). Proc. Conf. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 301-10 (English) 1982. CODEN: PAUTDL. ISSN: 0726-0822. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, 52, CA 104:188563 McNeil et al have studied that wastes are biol. treated by aerobic and anaerobic methods to reduce COD from £40,000 to mesophilic processes, -0.35 m3 CH4 [74-82-8] was formed per 1 kg COD removal. Neither color nor inorganic salts are removed. Decolorization of melanoidin pigment from distillery spentwash. Patil, N. B.; Kapadnis, B. P. (School Environmental Sciences, University of Poona, Pune, India). Indian J. Environ. Health, 37(2), 84-7 (English) 1995. CODEN: IJEHBP. ISSN: 0367-827X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA 123:207790 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Patil & Kapadnis have studied decolorization of spentwash melanoidin pigment by chemical and biological methods. Spentwash from an anaerobic digester was treated with hydrogen peroxide, calcium oxide and soil bacteria. At 144 h. of incubation at varied concentrations of hydrogen peroxide the maximum decolorization and COD reduction was 98.67 and 88.40%, respectively An absorption mechanism for the decolorization of melanoidin by Rhizoctonia sp. D-90. Sirianuntapiboon, Suntud; Sihanonth, Prakitsin; Somchai, Praphaisri; Atthasampunna, Poonsook; Hayashida, Shinsaku (Thailand Inst. Scientific Technological Res., Bangkok 10900, Thailand). Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 59(7), 1185-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: BBBIEJ. ISSN: 0916-8451. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 16, CA 123:151772 Sirianuntapiboon et al have observed that Rhizoctonia species D-90 decolorized molasses melanoidin medium and a synthetic melanoidin medium by 87.5% and 84.5%, respectively , under experimental growth conditions. Mycelia grown in solns. of melanoidin turned dark brown; however, the melanoidin (dark brown in color) could be eluted from mycelia by washing in a NaOH soln., and the max. yield of melanoidin from mycelia reached 96.1%. Mycelia grown in potato dextrose medium did not have any electron-dense materials in the cytoplasm or around the cell membrane, but when such mycelia were transferred to melanoidin media, abundant electron-dense material appeared in the cytoplasm and around cell membranes. Subsequently, the electron-dense materials disappeared when the mycelia were returned to the potato dextrose medium for further growth. The Rhizoctonia species D-90 melanoidin decolorization mechanism involved melanoidin pigment absorption by the cells as a macromol. and its intracellular accumulation in the cytoplasm and around the cell membrane as a melanoidin complex, which was then gradually decolorized by intracellular enzymes. Removal of dissolved organic carbon in winery and distillery wastewater by application to soil. Chapman, J.A.; Correll, R.N.; Ladd, J.N. (Department of Soil Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia). Rev. Fr. Oenol., 152, 47-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: RFOEE4. ISSN: 0395-899X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:121955 Chapman et al have reported that wineries produce about 2-5 L wastewater/L of table wine manufactured. Wastewater is gaining recognition as a potential source of supplementary irrigation water, particularly in districts where restrictions have been placed on the use of groundwater for irrigation. Winery wastewater is usually lagooned, to allow solids to settle, before applying the effluent to soil. Lagooned winery and distillery effluents contain about 0.5-2 and 3-15 g org. C/L, respectively. This solution C must be removed from the effluent to avoid unacceptable increases in the organic C in groundwater receiving excess water from the irrigated sites. The removal of solution organic C from winery and distillery wastewaters by adsorption and microbial decay in soils, was detected under different levels of C loading. Decolorization and degradation of melanoidins in wastewater by ionizing radiation. Sekiguchi, M.; Tanabe, T.; Sawai, T. (Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center, Tokyo 158, Japan). JAERI-Conf, 95-003(Proceedings of the 6th Japan-China Bilateral Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, 1994), 280-4 (English) 1995. CODEN: JECNEC. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:92173 Sekiguchi et al have investigated the decolorization and degrdn. of molasses pigments (melanoidins) in wastewater from yeast factories by ionizing radiation. In the case of samples with the same value of chromaticity (4000), the reduction degree of chromaticity of dialyzed sample reached 27.5% and 75% at a dose of 4.5 kGy and 14 kGy, respectively, and was greater than that of non-dialyzed sample. Organic acids such as oxalic acid, formic acid and glycolic acid were formed with increasing dose, and the biodegradability (BOD/COD) of wastewater was increased with decrease in pH. The relationships between the value of chromaticity/TOC and molecular weight of molasses pigments, were obtained from subsequent experiment using dialyzed and non-dialyzed samples with the same value of TOC. Color removal from a waste effluent by combined use of Fe(II), lime and bone charcoal. Shen, X.; Bousher, A.; Edyvean, R. G. J. (Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK). IChemE Res. Event-Eur. Conf. Young Res. Chem. Eng., 1st, Volume 1, 469-71. Inst. Chem. Eng.: Rugby, UK. (English) 1995. CODEN: 61OUA9. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 45, 49, CA 123:122024 A study was conducted by Shen et al to remove color from a chemical manufacturing effluent. The effluent contained high levels of soluble organic compounds. The effluent was intensely black; the high solubility of colored constituents made common coagulation or adsorption techniques unsuitable for color removal. Results showed that a combination of FeCl2.4H2O (as a reducing agent), lime, and bone charcoal removed 97% of the color. Removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater. Ishida, Koji; Iwabe, Hideki; Minami, Hirokazu; Kamisaka, Taichi (Kubota Kk, Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07214093 A2 15 August 1995 Heisei, 4 pp. (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C02F009-00. ICS: C02F009-00; B01D019-00; C02F001-20; C02F001-78; C02F003-30. APPLICATION: JP 94-10156 1 Feb 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 123:321319 The title process includes oxidizing COD-contaminated wastewater with 03 to convert the COD to biological decomposing of organic substances or HNO3-N, treating biol. in an aerobic tank under aerobic condition to oxidize and decomposition the biological decomposing organic substances and also to convert the residual N to HNO3-N, and treating biol. in an anaerobic tank under anaerobic condition to remove the biological decomposing organic substances and HNO3-N. Removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater. Ishida, Koji; Iwabe, Hideki; Minami, Hirokazu; Kamisaka, Taichi (Kubota Kk, Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07214092 A2 15 Aug 1995 Heisei, 4 pp. (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C02F009-00. ICS: C02F009-00; B01D019-00; C02F001-20; C02F001-58; C02F001-70; C02F001-78; C02F003-28. APPLICATION: JP 94-10157 1 Feb 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 123:349361 The title process includes oxidizing COD-containing wastewater by contacting with 01in an 03 contactor, blowing Nj into the oxidizing treated water in a dissolved O2- removing tank to remove completely dissolved 62, and biological treating in an anaerobic filtration bed under anaerobic condition. Radiation degradation of molasses pigment (II). Molecular weight fraction. Sawai, Teruko; Sekiguchi, Masayuki; Tanabe, Hiroko (Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center, Tokyo 158, Japan). Tokyo-toritsu Aisotopu Sogo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 13, 57-63 (Japanese) 1996. CODEN: TASHEK. ISSN: 0289-6893. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 17, CA 125:307983 Due to the scarcity of water sources within the city, Tokyo is dependent on water from other prefectures. Recycling municipal wastewater is an effective means of coping with water shortage in Tokyo. Radiation treatment of wastewater for water recycling was studied by Sawai et al, specifically, degradation of molasses pigments in yeast manufacturing effluent. Dialyzed molasses pigments and non-dialyzed samples in wastewater were compared by chromaticity, UV absorption, color difference, and COD content. Dialysis and fractionation by permeable membrane were conducted with seamless cellulose tubing (Union Carbide Corporation) and spectra/Por membrane (Spectrum Medical Industries, Inc.). Total organic C (TOC) concentration decreased and the dark brown color faded with increasing dose. High mol. wt. components of molasses pigments were degraded to lower mol. wt. substances and decomposed to CO2. The relationships between chromaticity/TOC and molasses pigments mol. wt. were obtained by radiation. Removal of carboxylic acids from wastewaters using polyaluminum chlorohydrate. Brown, William M.; Trevino, Maria (Baker Hughes, Inc., USA). U.S. US 5395536 A 7 Mar 1995, 5 pp. (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: 1CM: C02F001-56. NCL: 210727000. APPLICATION: US 93-57879 7 May 1993. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 123:40265 After or during initial contact of the wastewater with the composition comprising polyaluminum chlorohydrate and a cationic polyelectrolyte, an organic liquid may optionally be added after which separation into an aqueous phase and an organic phase occurs whereby the organic acids are removed in the organic phase which was reported by Brown & Trevino. The preferred polyaluminum chlorohydrate is aluminum chlorohydrate, and the preferred cationic polyelectrolyte is a high mol. wt. poly(di-Me diallyl)ammonium chloride. State and methods of wastewater treatment in sugar industry. Stuchl, Ivan (Vyzk. Ustav Cukrovarnicky, CUKRSPOL Praha - Modrany, a. s., Prague-Modrany, Czech Rep.). Listy Cukrov. Reparske, 111(1), 14-20 (Czech) 1995. CODEN: LCUREK. ISSN: 1210-3306. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 122:321440 In a review with 10 references, treatment of wastewaters from sugar industry in Czech Republic and many other European countries is evaluated. Treatment of wastewater from sugar manufacture. Alexoiu, N. Eilena (Intreprinderea pentru Industrializarea Sfeclei de Zahar, Tandarei, Rom.). Rom. RO 100158 Bl 25 Oct 1991, 5 pp. (Romania). CODEN: RUXXA3. CLASS: ICM: C02F001-52. ICS: C02F001-72. APPLICATION: RO 87-131339 28 Dec 1987. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 119:55336 Alexoiu has reported that treatment of wastewater containing >10 g biodegradable organic substances/L includes (1) sedimentation for 40-140, (2) oxidation and chlorination for 120-160 minutes with 0.2-1.5 mol NaOCl/L and (3) 2-stage coagulation-flocculation with 50-500 ml Al sulfate/L followed by decantation. The treatment saves electrical energy and treatment agents. Typically, the treatment decreases the BOD 5 value of the wastewater from 5000 to 60 mg/L. Treatment of kraft bleaching effluents by Hgnin-degrading fungi. I. Decolorization of kraft bleaching effluents by the lignin-degrading fungus IZU-154. Lee, Seon Ho; Kondo, Ryuichiro; Sakai, Kokki; Nishida, Tomoaki; Takahara, Yoshimasa (Fac. Agric., Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka 812, Japan). Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 39(4), 470-8 (English) 1993. CODEN: MKZGA7. ISSN: 0021-4795. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 119:273687 Three white-rot fungi (IZU-154, Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds and Coriolus versicoloy (L. ex Fr.) Quel.) were tested by Lee et al for their abilities to decolorize kraft bleaching effluents from the 1st alkaline extraction stage. The fungus IZU-154 exhibited the effective decolorization of not only hardwood but also softwood kraft pulp bleaching effluent. For the softwood bleach plant effluent containing 10,000 color units (CU) , treatment with IZU-154 in the presence of a small amount of glucose (0.5%) resulted in 78% and 89% reduction of the color after one- and two-day incubation, respectively. On the other hand, when the effluent was treated under the same conditions, only 32% and 36% of the decolorization with C. versicolor and 49% and 72% of the decolorization with P. chrysosporium were observed within one- and two-day incubations, respectively. In comparison with 53% and 78% of color reductions achieved by IZU-154 with the softwood bleach plant effluent including glucose, addition of glucono-d-lactone to the effluent showed remarkable decolorizations of 83% and 94% within 12- and 24-h incubations respectively. Furthermore, the color of the effluent was effectively removed by the addition of acetic acid as an additive. Therefore, a greater color reduction by IZU-154 can be expected for a possible biotechnological application. Biological decolorization of paper mill wastewater. Nghiem, Nhuan P. (Nalco Chemical Co., USA). U.S. US 5407577 A 18 April 1995, 10 pp. (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: C02F003-34. NCL: 210606000. APPLICATION: US 93-80933 22 Jun 1993. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 43, CA 123:92323 Nghiem, has investigated a process for removing color from a pulp and paper wastewater includes treating the wastewater with an enzyme, which is capable of oxidizing at least a portion of the color forming components of the wastewater, followed by treatment with a tannin-degrading microorganism capable of degrading at least a portion of the oxidized color-forming components. Molecular adsorption on porous styrenc-divinylbenzene copolymers. II. Froelich, Peter; Schwachula, Gerhard; Sarodnik, Eberhard (Sekt. Chem., Martin-Luther-Univ., Halle, Fed. Rep. Ger.). Plaste Kautsch., 27(10), 557-9 (German) 1980. CODEN: PLKAAM. ISSN: 0048-4350. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 36 (Plastics Manufacture and Processing) Section cross-reference(s): 66, CA 94:31432 Froelich et al have observed that the sorption-desorption properties of humic acids, colored substances in molasses, and the antibiotic Turimycin [39405-35-1] on anion exchangers and porous divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer [9003-70-7] (or terpolymers with acrylic compounds.) indicate that polymeric adsorbents can be used to advantage in removing organophilic substances from polar solvents. Wastewater treatment. Sakurai, Shigeru (Taisei Road Construction Co., Ltd., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 54051250 21 April 1979 Showa, 3 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: C02C005-12; C02C005-04. APPLICATION: JP 77-117659 30 Sep 1977. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Sewage and Wastes) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 91:78574 Sakurai et al have described a following method, FbA is added to wastewater, then the pH is adjusted to £4, and the wastewater is electrolyzed with a Fe anode to oxidize soluble pollutants. The insoluble pollutants are flocculated by adjusting the pH to 6.0-8.5. Thus, molasses manufactured wastewater containing 125 ppm COD was mixed with 0.5 ml 35% H2O2 solution./L, then the pH was adjusted to 2.9, and the wastewater was electrolyzed 20 min at 4.5-6.8 V with aeration. The treated wastewater was treated with NaOH to pH 8, then with polymer coagulant. The treated wastewater contained 8.0 ppm COD. Purification of molasses. Kaga, Toshio; Hiramoto, Toshitaka; Hamanaka, Kenji; Sato, Matsukichi; Tokida, Yoshiyasu (Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd.; Japan Organo Co., Ltd., Japan). Japan. Kokai JP 52108035 10 Sep 1977 Showa, 7 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: C13J001-08. APPLICATION: JP 76-22259 3 Mar 1976. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 44 (Industrial Carbohydrates), CA 88:75566 Kaga et al have used granular active carbon to decolorize brown liquors and molasses and regenerated by baking. Thus, a brown liquor of Brix 62-3, pH 8.1-8.3, and Stammer color 5.2-5.4 was passed through a regenerated active carbon column at 75- 8° and solids-carbon ratio 100 with 64% decolorization, and molasses having Brix 34- 6, pH 5.8, and Stammer color 70 was passed through the same column at 72-3° and solids-carbon ratio 3 with 82% decolorization. The active carbon was regenerated by heating at 800-50° in steam for 15 min. Apparatus for decolorizing molasses. Chida, Takayuki; Tsuboi, Hidefumi (Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan). Japan. Kokai JP 52090639 30 Jul 1977 Showa, 3 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: C13F003-00. APPLICATION: JP 76-6846 23 Jan 1976. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 44 (Industrial Carbohydrates), CA 88:24490 Chida et al have shown that molasses was decolorized with active carbon in an adsorption tower containing plate electrodes impressed with D.C. voltage. The pigments were dielectric polarized by the electrodes and adsorbed by active carbon. Thus, molasses was decolorized 98% in an adsorption tower containing granular active carbon and vertical carbon electrodes at 10 cm intervals at 0.1 A/dm2 and 8 V with retention time 3 h. Removal of coloring substances from molasses solutions. Shvets, V. R; Knogotkova, E. I.; Pavlyuchenko, L. N. (Kiev. Tekhnol. Inst. Pishchevoi Prom., Kiev, USSR). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Pishch. Tekhnol., (4), 31-5 (Russian) 1977. CODEN: IVUPA8. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 44 (Industrial Carbohydrates), CA 88:8827 Shvets, et al have studied the filtration of molasses diluted to -35% with water through a column filled with AV-16 GS [12626-33-4] anion exchanger in the chloride form removed >50% of the colored substances and organic impurities. The effectiveness of the removal of these substances decreased in the order invert sugar>melanoidins>caramels. The decrease of the molasses concentration improved its decolorization by the exchanger. Colored substances in molasses could be coagulated by D.C. and removed by filtration, but the procedure was effective only below 5% molasses concentration. Colored substances in molasses were not absorbed by Soviet AGS-4 activated carbon. Separation of organic acids from kraft black liquors using membranes. Bowe, John (United States Dept. of Agriculture, USA). U. S. Pat. Appl. US 725720 AO 20 Dec 1985, 19 pp. Avail. NTIS Order No. PAT-APPL-6-725 720. (English). (United States of America). CODEN: XAXXAV. APPLICATION: US 85-725720 22 Apr 1985. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products), CA 104:151147 A method was described by Bowe to recover low mol. wt. aliphatic organic acids from kraft black liquor by ultracentrifugation (UC) of liquor followed by electrodialysis (E) of UC permeate, treating deionate from E with acid to precipitate lignin and electrolytic F^O-splitting of resulting solution. Research on the decolorization of melanoidin by microorganisms. Part III. Detection of lactic acid and amino acids from melanoidin decolorized by enzymes of Coriolus versicolor Ps4a. Ohmomo, Sadahiro; Aoshima, Ikuko; Tozawa, Yukiko; Ueda, Kiyomoto (Inst. Appl. Biochem., University Tsukuba, Sakura 305, Japan). Agric. Biol. Chem., 49(9), 2767- 8 (English) 1985. CODEN: ABCHA6. ISSN: 0002-1369. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 10 (Microbial Biochemistry), CA 103:175323 Ohmomo, et al have studied decolorization of melanoidin, a dark brown pigment in molasses wastewater, by enzymes from C. versicolor which produced lactic acid and various amino acids, such as, glycine, valine, glutamate, leucine, serine, etc. The amount of lactic acid was equivalent to 10.5% of the C in melanoidin, whereas the amounts of amino acids were equivalent to 4-6% of the N in melanoidin. Treatment of molasses wastewater with the decolorizing enzymes reduced the color d. and at the same time some useful organic acids were produced. Kraft overload recovery Beaupre, Marc F.; Cambron, Emile A.; Cambron, Emily T. (Canada ). U.S. US 4470876 A 11 Sep 1984,5 pp. (English). (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: 1C: D21C011-12. NCL: 162016000. APPLICATION: US 82- 400960 22 Jul 1982. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products), CA 101:194014 Beaupre, has described a process, in which a portion of black liquor (BL) is coned, to at least 40%, cooled to 5-50°, acidified with H2SO4 containing Na2SO4, from C1O2 prepn., to pH 4.5, heated to -60° to separate lignin [9005-53-2], neutralized with NaOH, treated with the 1st portion of BL and burned in furnace to recover inorganic., was described for augmenting the recovery capacity of kraft system. Recovery of inorganic compounds from kraft pulping black liquors. (Domtar, Inc., Can.). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 58036292 A2 3 Mar 1983 Showa, 5 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: D21C011-04. APPLICATION: JP 82-128830 23 Jul 1982. PRIORITY: CA 81-382387 23 Jul 1981. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products), CA 99:89814 Na compounds from kraft pulping black liquors are recovered by first acidifying the cooled liquor with acids containing H2SO4 to pH liquor at -60°, filtering the liquor, and finally cooling the filtrate to form crystallized Na2SO4 for recycling. Thus, kraft pulping black liquor (solids -50%) was cooled to -40°, acidified with H2SO4 to pH -3.5, heated at -60°, filtered, and cooled to -0° to give recyclable Na2SO4. Recovery of solids from black liquors. Caperos Sierra, Alberto (Institute Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain). Span. ES 2006964 A6 16 May 1989, 4 pp. (Spain) CODEN: SPXXAD. CLASS: ICM: D21C009-00. ICS: D21C011-00. APPLICATION: ES 88-1697 27 May 1988. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 114:26042 Caperos et al have studied that solids in black liquors are recovered as precipitate by mixing 1 part black liquor with 0.1-1.0 part reactive precipitating agents and separating the precipitate Thus, 1000 cm3 black liquor of E. globulus was mixed with 1000 cm3 saturated solution of CaCl2 in EtOH to form precipitate which was separated with a centrifuge and washed with a 1:1 EtOH-water mixture to give precipitate 134, organic components 105, lignin 53, and pentosans 8 g, with 85% yield. Research on the decolorization of melanoidin by microorganisms. Part X. Continuous decolorization of molasses waste water using immobilized Lactobacillus hilgardii cells. Ohmomo, Sadahiro; Yoshikawa, Hiroshi; Nozaki, Kazuhiko; Nakajima, Tomoyoshi; Daengsubha, Wiwut; Nakamura, Isei (Inst. Appl. Biochem., University Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305, Japan). Agric. Biol. Chem., 52(10), 2437-41 (English) 1988. CODEN: ABCHA6. ISSN: 0002-1369. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 109:236219 The continuous decolorization of molasses wastewater (MWW) by immobilized cells of Lactobacillus hilgardii W-NS was studied by Ohmomo et al. The immobilized cells showed the maximal decolorization efficiency in the presence of 1% glucose with a medium pH of 5.0 at 45°. On successive decolorization of MWW with recycling of the immobilized cells, >90% of the maximal decolorization yield was maintained for 1 mo when 0.05% peptone was added to MWW. In contrast, on continuous decolorization in a column type reactor, a sufficient decolorization yield could not be maintained, the decolorization yield dropped to half the maximal level during operation for 5 days. Removal of lignin from alkaline waste pulping liquors. Ishikawa, Hisao; Koide, Kazuo (Oji Paper Co., Ltd., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 62090389 A2 24 April 1987 Showa, 7 pp. (Japan) CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: D21C011-04. ICS: C02F001-44. APPLICATION: JP 85-226870 14 Oct 1985. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products), CA 107:79808 Ishikawa & Koide, have reported the title removal to involve colloidizing the solution lignin, followed by ultrafiltration. Thus, beech chips were cooked at effective alkali 14%, sulfidity 25%, liquor ratio 4, and 165°. The resulting black liquor was filtered, adjusted pH to 11, 10, and 9 with CO2, and ultrafiltered to give delignification 89%, 94%, and 97%, respectively Radiation degradation of molasses pigment The fading color and product. Sawai, Teruko; Sekiguchi, Masayuki; Tanabe, Hiroko; Sawai, Takeshi (Tokyo Metrop. Isot. Res. Cent., Setagaya 158, Japan). Tokyo-toritsu Aisotopu Sogo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 10, 1-9 (Japanese) 1993. CODEN: TASHEK. ISSN: 0289-6893. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 121:16954 Decolorization of wastewater treatment plant effluent containing, molasses pigment by gamma irradiation was studied by Sawai et al. The COD decreased and the dark brown color of the effluent faded away with increasing radiation dosage. The high mol. wt. components of molasses pigment were degraded to lower mol. wt. substances and were decomposed, finally to carbon dioxide. Org. acids, such as formic, acetic, oxalic, citric, and succinic acid were formed as intermediates. The radiation treatment was enhanced by the addition of H2O2 Treatment of black pulping liquor by coacervation and precipitation. Zhang, Muen (Peop. Rep. China). Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1057079 A 18 Dec 1991, 5 pp. (People's Republic of China). CODEN: CNXXEV. CLASS: ICM: D21C011-04. APPLICATION: CN 90-104181 5 Jun 1990. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 117:173646 Black pulping liquor is treated by adding solid CaCl2 or aqueous solution containing. CaC\2 (2-5 g/100 ml) to black pulping liquor, coagulating, and precipitating, to remove lignin and recover dild. NaOH soln which was reported by Zhang. Thus, 17.5 g lignin and 6 g/L NaOH aqueous solution were recovered by adding 3 g CaCl2 in 100 ml sulfate black liquor (from preparation of pine pulp), precipitating and filtration. Decolorization and polysaccharide production from molasses waste water by fungus D-l. Thananonniwat, Direk; Jatikavanich, Suchada; Sihanonth, Prakitsin (Fac. Sci., Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok 10330, Thailand). Microb. Util. Renewable Resour., Volume Date 1990, 7, 457-64 (English) 1991. CODEN: MURRE6. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 16,44,CA 117:55118 Thananonniwat et al have screened of 380 fungal strains isolated from Thai soil, fungal strain D-l to decolorize molasses wastewater and produce polysaccharides at the same time. Conditions such as environmental factors and medium compn. that affected growth, decolorization efficiency, and polysaccharide production were studied. Molasses wastewater supplemented with 2.5% glucose and 0.1% yeast extract with the initial pH adjusted to 5.0, agitated on rotary shaker at 200 rpm, and incubated at 30° gave the maximum growth rate of -0.6257 g dried mycelia weight per 100 ml of medium, maximum decolorization activity of -97%, maximum polysaccharide production of-0.355 g, and the maximum dried matter weight per 100 ml of medium. Treatment of molasses wastewater by o/onization and biological treatment. Ichikawa, Hiroyasu; Taira, Naohide; Wada, Shinji; Tatsumi, Kenji (Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Department, National Institute Resources and Environment, Tsukuba 305, Japan). Mizu Kankyo Gakkaishi, 19(12), 1004-1008 (Japanese) 1996 Nippon Mizu Kankyo Gakkai CODEN: MKGAEY. ISSN: 0916-8958. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 126:135031 A solution of molasses wastewater, pretreated by activated sludge, was ozonated and then completely decolorized by ozone by Ichikawa et al. Total organic. C (TOC) could be reduced only to ~50% during a period of 60 min ozonization. The ozonated solution after being mixed with activated sludge culture, was incubated for 10 days at 25°, and biodegradability was then assessed by dissolved organic C (DOC) reduction DOC of the nonozonated solnution could hardly be reduced even after 10 days incubation, indicating biodegradability. For the ozonated solution of pretreated molasses wastewater, a DOC removal of >70% was achieved and DOC in the solution was In hitherto known processes attempts have been made to treat sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor separately. The objective of the present invention is to provide an improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper& pulp industries. The process of the present invention removes COD, BOD TDS and color simultaneously at 20 to 40°C temperature from a mixture of sugar factory effluent, spent wash from distillery and black liquor from pulp and paper industry, thus saving energy cost, the operation does not involve any use of mineral acid thus, avoiding corrosion problems. The novelty of the process lies in the use of flocculating agent, comprising a mixture of salt of Group III elements and transition metals, mixture of natural earths along with an oxide of alkaline earth metal followed by the use of combination of ion exchange resins . There is a continued interest on development of new improved process for removal of color, lignin, TDS, COD, BOD & other organic and inorganic matter produced during the manufacture of sugar, alcohol fermentation and alkali digestion of pulp. It is a well known fact that lignin and color in such types of effluents are not easily biodegradable and hence, have disposal problems in the natural environment. The pollutants like oil & grease, spill-over of juice, soda and acids from tube washings originating from sugar factory effluent also have disposal problems. Indion 840 is strong acid macroporous cation exchange resin having styrene matrix with sulphite as functional group and Indion -930 A is a strong base macroporous Type I anion exchange resin having polyacrylic links with quaternary ammonium functional groups. The adsorption on these resins is reversible and the resins are resistant to organic fouling. Accordingly the present invention provides an improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper & pulp industries which comprises treating the effluent of industry selected from cane sugar, distillery, paper& pulp and a mixture thereof with a flocculating agent selected from mixture of sulphate or chloride or nitrate of element selected from Group III elements and transition metals along with an oxide of alkali or alkaline earth metal such as calcium along with natural earth metals dolomite and bentonite and a natural adsorbant ,for a period of 10 - 30 minutes, at a temperature in the range 25-35°C, allowing the effluent to settle for a period of 3 to 4 hours, separating the supernatant and contacting the said supernatant with a mixture of ion exchange resin of the kind as herein described , for a period ranging from 5- 30 minutes, allowing it to settle and separating the supernatant to obtain the desired pollutants reduced effluent. In an embodiment of the present invention the ratio of sugar factory effluent to spent wash used in a mixture of effluents of cane sugar and distillery waste is in the range of 20-50:20-50. In an another embodiment the ratio of sugar factory effluent to black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent and black liquor is in the ratio of 20-50 : 20 - 50. In yet another embodiment the ratio of sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor is in the range of 90-100 : 45-55 : 45-55, preferably in the range of 100 : 50: 50. In yet another embodiment the flocculating agent used is a mixture of sulphate or chloride or nitrate of element selected from Group III elements and transition metals along with an oxide of alkali or alkaline earth metal such as calcium along with natural earth metals dolomite and bentonite and a natural adsorbant. In yet another embodiment the flocculating agent used comprising the ratio of aluminum sulphate : ferrous sulphate : dolomite : bentonite : charcoal powder in the range of 35-45 : 45-55 : 3-6 : 3-6: 2-4, preferably in the range of 40 : 50 : 5 : 5: 3. In yet another embodiment the mixture of ion exchange resins used is a mixture of atleast two different commercially available resins selected from the group consisting of IR -120, IR- 400, MB-106, Gel-A 23, ADS-600, Indion-840 and Indion-930 A, preferably a mixture of Indion 840 and Indion 930 A.in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). In yet another embodiment the pollutants reduced from the effluents are colour, liginins, total dissolved solid (TDS), COD,BOD and other organic and inorganic materials. Novelty of the process lies in the reduction of pollutants of Spent wash, Black liquor and Sugar factory effluent. There is no reference available mentioning, this type of simultaneous effluent treatment. The process does not involve any use of mineral acid, thus avoiding corrosion problems. The process does not involve use of any expensive chemicals or enzymes, thus it is a cost effective easy to handle process. As the end products are not hazardous the process is eco-friendly. The process of the present invention is described herein below with reference to the examples which are illustrative only and should not be construed to the limit of scope of the present invention in any manner. Example -1 In the first step of the treatment an effluent from sugar industry 100ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm) was taken in 250 ml beaker, to which a flocculent (100 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite and bentonite, charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide Ig was added and poured in a 100ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD -2924 ppm, BOD-1246 ppm, TDS- 4820 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 80%. In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -1897ppm, TDS -490 ppm and color reduction was 91%. Example 2 In the first step of the treatment an effluent from sugar industry 100 ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm) was taken in 250 ml beaker, to which a flocculent (25 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite and bentonite, charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 0.25g was added and poured in a 100 ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD -3201 ppm, BOD-1204 ppm, TDS- 3070 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 40%. In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -2197ppm, TDS - 300 ppm and color reduction was 78%. Example 3 In the first step of the treatment a mixture containing an effluent from sugar industry 50ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS-2760 ppm) and 50ml spent wash from distillery ( COD - 12726,TDS- 20640 ppm, BOD - 1810 ppm) to which 200ml water was added. The mixture was taken in a 500ml beaker (COD - 2885 ppm, BOD - 1610,TDS- 4750 ppm) to which a flocculent (100 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite, bentonite and charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 2g was added and poured in a 500 ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD - 2173 ppm, BOD-406 ppm, TDS- 2720 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 70%. In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -790ppm, TDS - 350 ppm and color reduction was 87.3%. Example 4 In the first step of the treatment a mixture containing an effluent from sugar industry 100ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm), 50ml spent wash from distillery ( COD - 12726, TDS - 20640 ppm, BOD - 1810 ppm) and 50ml black liquor from paper mills ( COD - 10908 ppm, BOD - 4420 ppm, TDS - 12710 ppm) to which 400ml water was added. The mixture was taken in a 1000 ml beaker (COD - 2687 ppm, BOD - 705,TDS- 3290 ppm) to which a flocculent (200 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite, bentonite and charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 5g was added and poured in a 1000 ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD - 1818 ppm, BOD- 480 ppm, TDS- 3190 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 76%. In the second step of the treatment 50 ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the ifrst treatment was taken separately in 100 ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature lor 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD - 585 ppm, TDS - 85 ppm and color reduction was 90%. Example 5 In the first step of the treatment a mixture containing an effluent from sugar industry 75ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm) and 75ml black liquor from paper mill ( COD - 10908, TDS - 12710 ppm, BOD -4420 ppm) to which 300ml water was added. The mixture was taken in a 1000 ml beaker (COD -3043 ppm, BOD - 805, TDS - 3390 ppm) to which a flocculent (150 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite, bentonite and charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 3g was added and poured in a 500ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480 nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD - 2450 ppm, BOD-684 ppm, IDS- 3190 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 70%. In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -984ppm, TDS - 250 ppm and color reduction was 90%. Advantages of the invention The present invention involves the treatment of effluent from sugar mill, spent wash from distillery and black liquor from pulp & paper mill simultaneously. The present invention involves removal of COD, BOD, TDS and color simultaneously at 35°C temperature thus saving energy cost. The process does not involve any use of mineral acid, thus avoiding corrosion problems. The process does not involve use of any expensive chemicals or enzymes, thus it is cost effective. The process does not involve use of any special equipment, thus it is easy to handle. The process end products are not hazardous in nature, thus it is an eco-friendly process. We claim 1. An improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper & pulp industries which comprises treating the effluent of industry selected from cane sugar, distillery, paper & pulp and a mixture thereof with a flocculating agent selected from mixture of sulphate or chloride or nitrate of element selected from Group III elements and transition metals along with an oxide of alkali or alkaline earth metal such as calcium along with natural earth metals dolomite and bentonite and a natural adsorbant, for a period of 10 - 30 minutes, at a temperature in the range 25- 35°C, allowing the effluent to settle for a period of 3 to 4 hours, separating the supernatant and contacting the said supernatant with a mixture of ion exchange resin of the kind such as herein described , for a period ranging from 5- 30 minutes, allowing it to settle and separating the supernatant to obtain the desired pollutants reduced effluent. 2. An improved process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of sugar factory effluent to spent wash used in a mixture of effluents of cane sugar and distillery waste is in the range of 20-50 : 20 - 50. 3. An improved process as claimed in claims 1& 2, wherein the ratio of sugar factory effluent to black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent and black liquor is in the ratio of 20-50 : 20 - 50. 4. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-3, wherein the ratio of sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor is in the range of 90-100 : 45-55 : 45-55, preferably in the range of 100 : 50 : 50. 5. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-4, wherein the flocculating agent used comprising the ratio of aluminum sulphate : ferrous sulphate : dolomite : bentonite : charcoal powder in the range of 35-45 : 45-55 : 3-6 : 3-6: 2-4, preferably in the range of 40 : 50 : 5 : 5: 3. 6. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-5, wherein the mixture of ion exchange resins used is a mixture of strong acid macroporous cation exchange resin having styrene matrix with sulphite as functional group and a strong base macroporous Type 1 anion exchange resin having polyacrylic links with quaternary ammonium functional groups , in a ratio of 1 : 1 (v/v). 7. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-6, wherein the pollutants reduced from the effluents are colour, lignins, total dissolved solid (TDS), COD,BOD and other organic and inorganic materials. 8. An improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper & pulp industries, substantially as herein described with reference to the examples accompanying this specification.

Full Text

This invention relates to an improved process for the reduction of pollutants from
effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper& pulp industries.
More particularly the invention relates to an improved method for the treatment of
waste water from cane sugar industry and allied industries (Distillery and Paper &
Pulp Mill) to reduce COD, BOD, IDS and color simultaneously.
In recent years industrial effluents have been regarded as common source of pollution,
because of lack of efficient treatment and improper mode of disposal of effluents
generated by industries. Under these circumstances aquatic life suffers, resulting in
loss of productivity natural waters and deterioration of water quality to such an extent
that the water becomes unusable. It is obvious that the proper treatment of Cane sugar
industry waste water, Distillery effluent (Spent Wash) and effluent from Pulp & Paper
industry (Black Liquor) is quite necessary.
Cane sugar industry is generally flanked by the ancillary industries like Distillery
which uses molasses generated from Cane sugar industry as a raw material and Paper
& Pulp industry which uses bagasse from Cane sugar industry as raw material.
Cane sugar industry produces mainly two types of wastes viz. solid i.e. Bagasse and
Pressmud and liquid wastes i.e. Floor washing & boiler blow down, Soda and acid
wastes, Excess condensate & condenser cooling water :
Bagasse : The residue remaining after extracting the juice from cane is known as
bagasse. It is used as a low grade fuel for boilers. The consumption for boilers in full
is not possible and thus surplus creating a problem for disposal. This can be used for
Pulp & Paper mill Industry and Cardboard Industry. If the bagasse is not fully utilized
in the paper mill it becomes a great nuisance to store it as it is auto-cumbustible and
has to be disposed off in any way.
Liquid Waste as mentioned above contains grease, oils, spill over of the juice in floor washing along with inorganic salts from boiler blow down. The caustic soda and hydrochloric acid are used for removal of scales of tubing which enters the waste water stream contributing the high COD and BOD & TDS.
In recent years industrial effluents have been regarded as common source of pollution, because of lack of efficient treatment and improper mode of disposal of effluents generated by industries. Under these circumstances aquatic life suffers, resulting in loss of productivity natural waters and deterioration of water quality to such an extent that the water becomes unusable. It is obvious that the proper treatment of Distillery effluent (Spent Wash) and effluent from Pulp & Paper industry (Black Liquor) is quite necessary.
The alcohol industry in India is based on molasses as the principal raw material. Molasses contains around 15% of fermentable sugars, out of which 9% is utilized for conversion into alcohol during fermentation. The balance organic & inorganic chemicals in the molasses find their way into the effluent popularly known as spent wash which is acidic in nature. Spent wash which is dark in color has high BOD,COD & TDS. The origin of dark color is mainly due to plant pigments, melanoidins, polyphenolic compounds and caramels which are produced by thermal degradation and condensation reactions of sugar.
The paper and board industries generally use bamboo, straws, bagasse, rags, waste papers and other agricultural residues as raw materials in their manufacturing units. There are several types of processes involved, for which the volume and characteristics of waste water known as black liquor, differ from mill to mill. Black liquor mainly contains 3 -6% of lignin originated from the bark of the plant, which is not easily bio-degradable, along with other organic and inorganic impurities. The dark
color of the black liquor is mainly due to presence of polyphenolic bodies like coniferyl, sinapyl and p- coumaryl alcohols produced during partial degradation of lignin. The pulp & paper industry uses large amounts of water which is recycled and reused resulting in temperature rise and dissolution of more solids in water enhancing problems e.g. corrosion, slime and other deposits. Directly or indirectly all of these viz. COD, BOD, Color and toxicity may affect aquatic life.
In order to conform to environmental quality guidelines a number of primary and secondary treatment systems such as clarifires, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, biomethanation and other biological systems are installed. All these treatments remove reasonably good amount of COD,BOD but not color toxicity and inorganic impurities. Due to stringent environmental norms such partially treated effluents of distillery and paper industries are not allowed to be mixed in the natural stream, in the prior art the following methods are used to remove COD, BOD, TDS and color of Black Liquor and Spent Wash separately. Several methods hitherto used are described in brief herein bellow : Water management in Mauritius.
Baguant, J.; Ramjeawon, T. (University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius). Int. Sugar J., 98(1171), 351-358 (English) 1996. CODEN: ISUJA3. ISSN: 0020-8841. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 52, 61, CA 125: 229505
Baguant & Ramjeawon have shown that the cane sugar industry in Mauritius requires 45-50 Mm3 of water, 10% of the island's total annual water demand, to process 5-6 million tonnes of cane during the crop season (June - Dec.). Mauritius is a water-poor country, with an annual fresh water availability of 1550 mVcapita. A shortage of fresh water limits industrial and economic growth, and environmental regulations add
to the problem. It is important to minimize water use for sugar manufacture through recycling and process modifications, and to adopt wastewater treatment systems. A water utilization study used in a factory crushing 100 tones cane/h to demonstrate the potential for saving water. A high-rate anaerobic treatment system (UASB) was investigated using a wastewater characterization survey of 6 sugar factories. Under certain conditions, the UASB reactor reduced the COD concentrated by 90%, and produced methane gas at a rate of 0.2 m3/kg COD. Cogeneration in the Hawaiian sugar industry.
Kinoshita, C. M. (Hawaii Nat. Energy Inst., Univ. Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA). Bioresour. Technol., 35(3), 231-7 (English) 1991. CODEN: BIRTEB. ISSN: 0960-8524. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 52 (Electrochemical, Radiational, and Thermal Energy Technology) Section cross-reference^): 44, 60, CA 116:217952
A review with 7 references of cogeneration in the Hawaiian sugar industry and steam vapor utilization and conservation practices in Hawaiian sugar factories. Conversion of sugarcane residues to power: case histories of commercial plants and potential impacts of new technology.
Kadyszewski, John P. (Winrock Int., Arlington, VA 22209, USA). Energy Biomass Wastes, 14, 569-600 (English) 1991. CODEN: EBWADU. ISSN: 0277-7851. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 52 (Electrochemical, Radiational, and Thermal Energy Technology) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 116:87497
A review with 11 references of sugarcane residue conversion to power includes efficiency of steam production and use in sugar factories, potential for sugar factories to export electricity, background on the Hawaiian sugar industry followed by specific
information for sugar factories in Costa Rica and Thailand, and new technologies with regard to equipment to collect sugarcane field residues, bagasse dryers, and advanced gas turbine systems.
Treatment of alcohol distillery effluent using sugar cane pith. Lopez Hernandez, J. (Natl. Univ. Tucuman, Argent.). Int. Sugar J., 93(1112), 155-8 (English) 1991. CODEN: ISUJA3. ISSN: 0020-8841. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 16 (Fermentation and Bioindustrial Chemistry), CA116:126948 Harnandez has discussed a method for alcohol distillery effluent treatment using sugar cane pith to be combined with vinasse so that it can be burnt in the conventional boilers of the sugar factory. The method is based on the fact that pith can absorb more than five times its own weight of vinasse without draining. When one part of pith is mixed with one part of vinasse, the mixture contains 70% moisture. This can be reduced to 50% by using 53% of the flue gases from the boilers of the sugar factory at 250° C in the pneumatic transport dryer. The dried mixture of pith and vinasse can be burned in the conventional boilers of the sugar factory. The calorific value of the solids in vinasse is the same as that of bagasse and they contribute heat that is equal to 15% of the heat liberated by the bagasse producing steam in excess of the distillery requirements. The ash from the boiler is rich in potassium and can be used as fertilizer. The proposed method solves entirely the problem of pollution by stillage, and the net value of the heat from the solids in vinasse, plus the fertilizer value of the ash, exceeds the net profit obtained from the alcohol produced by the distillery.
Environmentally balanced sugar refinery complex.
Nemerow, Nelson L.; Dasgupta, Avijit (Roy F. Weston, Inc., West Chester, PA, USA). J. Environ. Eng. (N. Y.), 112(2), 229-35 (English) 1986. CODEN: JOEEDU.
ISSN: 0733-9372. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 44, CA 104:188563
(Industrial Carbohydrates)
Nemerow & Dasgupta have studied that a sugar refinery designed as an
environmentally balanced industrial complex to attain potential zero pollution would
contain a sugarcane refinery, an agricultural area for growing sugarcane, an alcohol
production plant, and a power plant producing both steam and electricity. An
anaerobic digester for bagasse-cachaza mixture is the heart of the complex and
handles residual wastes generated in sugar manufacture. The complex would produce
4 major products, i.e., electrical energy, refined sugar, alcohol, and molasses, and use
4 products within the complex, i.e., fermentation mash, digested and filtered sludge,
digester gas, and steam. No wastes would be released to the air or water.
Biological treatment of distillery waste.
McNeil, K. E.; Anderson, P. J.; Bartholomew, H.; Hutchinson, R. T. (Sugar Res. Inst.,
Mackay, Australia). Proc. Conf. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 301-10 (English)
1982. CODEN: PAUTDL. ISSN: 0726-0822. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, 52, CA
104:188563
McNeil et al have studied that wastes are biol. treated by aerobic and anaerobic
methods to reduce COD from £40,000 to mesophilic processes, -0.35 m3 CH4 [74-82-8] was formed per 1 kg COD removal.
Neither color nor inorganic salts are removed.
Decolorization of melanoidin pigment from distillery spentwash.
Patil, N. B.; Kapadnis, B. P. (School Environmental Sciences, University of Poona,
Pune, India). Indian J. Environ. Health, 37(2), 84-7 (English) 1995. CODEN:
IJEHBP. ISSN: 0367-827X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA 123:207790 (Waste Treatment and Disposal)
Patil & Kapadnis have studied decolorization of spentwash melanoidin pigment by chemical and biological methods. Spentwash from an anaerobic digester was treated with hydrogen peroxide, calcium oxide and soil bacteria. At 144 h. of incubation at varied concentrations of hydrogen peroxide the maximum decolorization and COD reduction was 98.67 and 88.40%, respectively
An absorption mechanism for the decolorization of melanoidin by Rhizoctonia sp. D-90.
Sirianuntapiboon, Suntud; Sihanonth, Prakitsin; Somchai, Praphaisri; Atthasampunna, Poonsook; Hayashida, Shinsaku (Thailand Inst. Scientific Technological Res., Bangkok 10900, Thailand). Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 59(7), 1185-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: BBBIEJ. ISSN: 0916-8451. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 16, CA 123:151772
Sirianuntapiboon et al have observed that Rhizoctonia species D-90 decolorized molasses melanoidin medium and a synthetic melanoidin medium by 87.5% and 84.5%, respectively , under experimental growth conditions. Mycelia grown in solns. of melanoidin turned dark brown; however, the melanoidin (dark brown in color) could be eluted from mycelia by washing in a NaOH soln., and the max. yield of melanoidin from mycelia reached 96.1%. Mycelia grown in potato dextrose medium did not have any electron-dense materials in the cytoplasm or around the cell membrane, but when such mycelia were transferred to melanoidin media, abundant electron-dense material appeared in the cytoplasm and around cell membranes. Subsequently, the electron-dense materials disappeared when the mycelia were
returned to the potato dextrose medium for further growth. The Rhizoctonia species D-90 melanoidin decolorization mechanism involved melanoidin pigment absorption by the cells as a macromol. and its intracellular accumulation in the cytoplasm and around the cell membrane as a melanoidin complex, which was then gradually decolorized by intracellular enzymes.
Removal of dissolved organic carbon in winery and distillery wastewater by application to soil.
Chapman, J.A.; Correll, R.N.; Ladd, J.N. (Department of Soil Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia). Rev. Fr. Oenol., 152, 47-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: RFOEE4. ISSN: 0395-899X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:121955 Chapman et al have reported that wineries produce about 2-5 L wastewater/L of table wine manufactured. Wastewater is gaining recognition as a potential source of supplementary irrigation water, particularly in districts where restrictions have been placed on the use of groundwater for irrigation. Winery wastewater is usually lagooned, to allow solids to settle, before applying the effluent to soil. Lagooned winery and distillery effluents contain about 0.5-2 and 3-15 g org. C/L, respectively. This solution C must be removed from the effluent to avoid unacceptable increases in the organic C in groundwater receiving excess water from the irrigated sites. The removal of solution organic C from winery and distillery wastewaters by adsorption and microbial decay in soils, was detected under different levels of C loading. Decolorization and degradation of melanoidins in wastewater by ionizing radiation.
Sekiguchi, M.; Tanabe, T.; Sawai, T. (Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center, Tokyo 158, Japan). JAERI-Conf, 95-003(Proceedings of the 6th Japan-China
Bilateral Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, 1994), 280-4 (English) 1995. CODEN: JECNEC. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 123:92173
Sekiguchi et al have investigated the decolorization and degrdn. of molasses pigments (melanoidins) in wastewater from yeast factories by ionizing radiation. In the case of samples with the same value of chromaticity (4000), the reduction degree of chromaticity of dialyzed sample reached 27.5% and 75% at a dose of 4.5 kGy and 14 kGy, respectively, and was greater than that of non-dialyzed sample. Organic acids such as oxalic acid, formic acid and glycolic acid were formed with increasing dose, and the biodegradability (BOD/COD) of wastewater was increased with decrease in pH. The relationships between the value of chromaticity/TOC and molecular weight of molasses pigments, were obtained from subsequent experiment using dialyzed and non-dialyzed samples with the same value of TOC.
Color removal from a waste effluent by combined use of Fe(II), lime and bone charcoal.
Shen, X.; Bousher, A.; Edyvean, R. G. J. (Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK). IChemE Res. Event-Eur. Conf. Young Res. Chem. Eng., 1st, Volume 1, 469-71. Inst. Chem. Eng.: Rugby, UK. (English) 1995. CODEN: 61OUA9. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 45, 49, CA 123:122024
A study was conducted by Shen et al to remove color from a chemical manufacturing effluent. The effluent contained high levels of soluble organic compounds. The effluent was intensely black; the high solubility of colored constituents made common coagulation or adsorption techniques unsuitable for color removal. Results showed
that a combination of FeCl2.4H2O (as a reducing agent), lime, and bone charcoal
removed 97% of the color.
Removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater.
Ishida, Koji; Iwabe, Hideki; Minami, Hirokazu; Kamisaka, Taichi (Kubota Kk, Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07214093 A2 15 August 1995 Heisei, 4 pp. (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C02F009-00. ICS: C02F009-00; B01D019-00; C02F001-20; C02F001-78; C02F003-30. APPLICATION: JP 94-10156 1 Feb 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 123:321319
The title process includes oxidizing COD-contaminated wastewater with 03 to convert the COD to biological decomposing of organic substances or HNO3-N, treating biol. in an aerobic tank under aerobic condition to oxidize and decomposition the biological decomposing organic substances and also to convert the residual N to HNO3-N, and treating biol. in an anaerobic tank under anaerobic condition to remove the biological decomposing organic substances and HNO3-N. Removal of COD and nitrogen from wastewater.
Ishida, Koji; Iwabe, Hideki; Minami, Hirokazu; Kamisaka, Taichi (Kubota Kk, Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07214092 A2 15 Aug 1995 Heisei, 4 pp. (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C02F009-00. ICS: C02F009-00; B01D019-00; C02F001-20; C02F001-58; C02F001-70; C02F001-78; C02F003-28. APPLICATION: JP 94-10157 1 Feb 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA 123:349361
The title process includes oxidizing COD-containing wastewater by contacting with 01in an 03 contactor, blowing Nj into the oxidizing treated water in a dissolved O2-
removing tank to remove completely dissolved 62, and biological treating in an anaerobic filtration bed under anaerobic condition.
Radiation degradation of molasses pigment (II). Molecular weight fraction.
Sawai, Teruko; Sekiguchi, Masayuki; Tanabe, Hiroko (Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center, Tokyo 158, Japan). Tokyo-toritsu Aisotopu Sogo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 13, 57-63 (Japanese) 1996. CODEN: TASHEK. ISSN: 0289-6893. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 17, CA 125:307983
Due to the scarcity of water sources within the city, Tokyo is dependent on water from other prefectures. Recycling municipal wastewater is an effective means of coping with water shortage in Tokyo. Radiation treatment of wastewater for water recycling was studied by Sawai et al, specifically, degradation of molasses pigments in yeast manufacturing effluent. Dialyzed molasses pigments and non-dialyzed samples in wastewater were compared by chromaticity, UV absorption, color difference, and COD content. Dialysis and fractionation by permeable membrane were conducted with seamless cellulose tubing (Union Carbide Corporation) and spectra/Por membrane (Spectrum Medical Industries, Inc.). Total organic C (TOC) concentration decreased and the dark brown color faded with increasing dose. High mol. wt. components of molasses pigments were degraded to lower mol. wt. substances and decomposed to CO2. The relationships between chromaticity/TOC and molasses pigments mol. wt. were obtained by radiation.
Removal of carboxylic acids from wastewaters using polyaluminum chlorohydrate.
Brown, William M.; Trevino, Maria (Baker Hughes, Inc., USA). U.S. US 5395536 A
7 Mar 1995, 5 pp. (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: 1CM:
C02F001-56. NCL: 210727000. APPLICATION: US 93-57879 7 May 1993.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal), CA
123:40265
After or during initial contact of the wastewater with the composition comprising
polyaluminum chlorohydrate and a cationic polyelectrolyte, an organic liquid may
optionally be added after which separation into an aqueous phase and an organic
phase occurs whereby the organic acids are removed in the organic phase which was
reported by Brown & Trevino. The preferred polyaluminum chlorohydrate is
aluminum chlorohydrate, and the preferred cationic polyelectrolyte is a high mol. wt.
poly(di-Me diallyl)ammonium chloride.
State and methods of wastewater treatment in sugar industry.
Stuchl, Ivan (Vyzk. Ustav Cukrovarnicky, CUKRSPOL Praha - Modrany, a. s.,
Prague-Modrany, Czech Rep.). Listy Cukrov. Reparske, 111(1), 14-20 (Czech) 1995.
CODEN: LCUREK. ISSN: 1210-3306. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General
Review CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s):
44, CA 122:321440
In a review with 10 references, treatment of wastewaters from sugar industry in Czech
Republic and many other European countries is evaluated.
Treatment of wastewater from sugar manufacture.
Alexoiu, N. Eilena (Intreprinderea pentru Industrializarea Sfeclei de Zahar, Tandarei, Rom.). Rom. RO 100158 Bl 25 Oct 1991, 5 pp. (Romania). CODEN: RUXXA3. CLASS: ICM: C02F001-52. ICS: C02F001-72. APPLICATION: RO 87-131339 28
Dec 1987. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 119:55336
Alexoiu has reported that treatment of wastewater containing >10 g biodegradable organic substances/L includes (1) sedimentation for 40-140, (2) oxidation and chlorination for 120-160 minutes with 0.2-1.5 mol NaOCl/L and (3) 2-stage coagulation-flocculation with 50-500 ml Al sulfate/L followed by decantation. The treatment saves electrical energy and treatment agents. Typically, the treatment decreases the BOD 5 value of the wastewater from 5000 to 60 mg/L. Treatment of kraft bleaching effluents by Hgnin-degrading fungi. I. Decolorization of kraft bleaching effluents by the lignin-degrading fungus IZU-154.
Lee, Seon Ho; Kondo, Ryuichiro; Sakai, Kokki; Nishida, Tomoaki; Takahara, Yoshimasa (Fac. Agric., Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka 812, Japan). Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 39(4), 470-8 (English) 1993. CODEN: MKZGA7. ISSN: 0021-4795. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 119:273687
Three white-rot fungi (IZU-154, Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds and Coriolus versicoloy (L. ex Fr.) Quel.) were tested by Lee et al for their abilities to decolorize kraft bleaching effluents from the 1st alkaline extraction stage. The fungus IZU-154 exhibited the effective decolorization of not only hardwood but also softwood kraft pulp bleaching effluent. For the softwood bleach plant effluent containing 10,000 color units (CU) , treatment with IZU-154 in the presence of a small amount of glucose (0.5%) resulted in 78% and 89% reduction of the color after one- and two-day incubation, respectively. On the other hand, when the effluent was treated under the same conditions, only 32% and 36% of the decolorization with C. versicolor and 49%
and 72% of the decolorization with P. chrysosporium were observed within one- and two-day incubations, respectively. In comparison with 53% and 78% of color reductions achieved by IZU-154 with the softwood bleach plant effluent including glucose, addition of glucono-d-lactone to the effluent showed remarkable decolorizations of 83% and 94% within 12- and 24-h incubations respectively. Furthermore, the color of the effluent was effectively removed by the addition of acetic acid as an additive. Therefore, a greater color reduction by IZU-154 can be expected for a possible biotechnological application. Biological decolorization of paper mill wastewater.
Nghiem, Nhuan P. (Nalco Chemical Co., USA). U.S. US 5407577 A 18 April 1995, 10 pp. (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: C02F003-34. NCL: 210606000. APPLICATION: US 93-80933 22 Jun 1993. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 43, CA 123:92323
Nghiem, has investigated a process for removing color from a pulp and paper wastewater includes treating the wastewater with an enzyme, which is capable of oxidizing at least a portion of the color forming components of the wastewater, followed by treatment with a tannin-degrading microorganism capable of degrading at least a portion of the oxidized color-forming components. Molecular adsorption on porous styrenc-divinylbenzene copolymers. II. Froelich, Peter; Schwachula, Gerhard; Sarodnik, Eberhard (Sekt. Chem., Martin-Luther-Univ., Halle, Fed. Rep. Ger.). Plaste Kautsch., 27(10), 557-9 (German) 1980. CODEN: PLKAAM. ISSN: 0048-4350. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 36 (Plastics Manufacture and Processing) Section cross-reference(s): 66, CA 94:31432
Froelich et al have observed that the sorption-desorption properties of humic acids, colored substances in molasses, and the antibiotic Turimycin [39405-35-1] on anion exchangers and porous divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer [9003-70-7] (or terpolymers with acrylic compounds.) indicate that polymeric adsorbents can be used to advantage in removing organophilic substances from polar solvents. Wastewater treatment.
Sakurai, Shigeru (Taisei Road Construction Co., Ltd., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 54051250 21 April 1979 Showa, 3 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: C02C005-12; C02C005-04. APPLICATION: JP 77-117659 30 Sep 1977. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 60 (Sewage and Wastes) Section cross-reference(s): 44, CA 91:78574
Sakurai et al have described a following method, FbA is added to wastewater, then the pH is adjusted to £4, and the wastewater is electrolyzed with a Fe anode to oxidize soluble pollutants. The insoluble pollutants are flocculated by adjusting the pH to 6.0-8.5. Thus, molasses manufactured wastewater containing 125 ppm COD was mixed with 0.5 ml 35% H2O2 solution./L, then the pH was adjusted to 2.9, and the wastewater was electrolyzed 20 min at 4.5-6.8 V with aeration. The treated wastewater was treated with NaOH to pH 8, then with polymer coagulant. The treated wastewater contained 8.0 ppm COD. Purification of molasses.
Kaga, Toshio; Hiramoto, Toshitaka; Hamanaka, Kenji; Sato, Matsukichi; Tokida, Yoshiyasu (Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd.; Japan Organo Co., Ltd., Japan). Japan. Kokai JP 52108035 10 Sep 1977 Showa, 7 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: C13J001-08. APPLICATION: JP 76-22259 3 Mar 1976. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 44 (Industrial Carbohydrates), CA 88:75566
Kaga et al have used granular active carbon to decolorize brown liquors and molasses
and regenerated by baking. Thus, a brown liquor of Brix 62-3, pH 8.1-8.3, and
Stammer color 5.2-5.4 was passed through a regenerated active carbon column at 75-
8° and solids-carbon ratio 100 with 64% decolorization, and molasses having Brix 34-
6, pH 5.8, and Stammer color 70 was passed through the same column at 72-3° and
solids-carbon ratio 3 with 82% decolorization. The active carbon was regenerated by
heating at 800-50° in steam for 15 min.
Apparatus for decolorizing molasses.
Chida, Takayuki; Tsuboi, Hidefumi (Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan). Japan.
Kokai JP 52090639 30 Jul 1977 Showa, 3 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN:
JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: C13F003-00. APPLICATION: JP 76-6846 23 Jan 1976.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 44 (Industrial Carbohydrates), CA
88:24490
Chida et al have shown that molasses was decolorized with active carbon in an
adsorption tower containing plate electrodes impressed with D.C. voltage. The
pigments were dielectric polarized by the electrodes and adsorbed by active carbon.
Thus, molasses was decolorized 98% in an adsorption tower containing granular
active carbon and vertical carbon electrodes at 10 cm intervals at 0.1 A/dm2 and 8 V
with retention time 3 h.
Removal of coloring substances from molasses solutions.
Shvets, V. R; Knogotkova, E. I.; Pavlyuchenko, L. N. (Kiev. Tekhnol. Inst.
Pishchevoi Prom., Kiev, USSR). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Pishch. Tekhnol., (4),
31-5 (Russian) 1977. CODEN: IVUPA8. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section:
44 (Industrial Carbohydrates), CA 88:8827
Shvets, et al have studied the filtration of molasses diluted to -35% with water
through a column filled with AV-16 GS [12626-33-4] anion exchanger in the
chloride form removed >50% of the colored substances and organic impurities. The
effectiveness of the removal of these substances decreased in the order invert
sugar>melanoidins>caramels. The decrease of the molasses concentration improved
its decolorization by the exchanger. Colored substances in molasses could be
coagulated by D.C. and removed by filtration, but the procedure was effective only
below 5% molasses concentration. Colored substances in molasses were not absorbed
by Soviet AGS-4 activated carbon.
Separation of organic acids from kraft black liquors using membranes.
Bowe, John (United States Dept. of Agriculture, USA). U. S. Pat. Appl. US 725720
AO 20 Dec 1985, 19 pp. Avail. NTIS Order No. PAT-APPL-6-725 720. (English).
(United States of America). CODEN: XAXXAV. APPLICATION: US 85-725720
22 Apr 1985. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper,
and Other Wood Products), CA 104:151147
A method was described by Bowe to recover low mol. wt. aliphatic organic acids
from kraft black liquor by ultracentrifugation (UC) of liquor followed by
electrodialysis (E) of UC permeate, treating deionate from E with acid to precipitate
lignin and electrolytic F^O-splitting of resulting solution.
Research on the decolorization of melanoidin by microorganisms. Part III.
Detection of lactic acid and amino acids from melanoidin decolorized by enzymes
of Coriolus versicolor Ps4a.
Ohmomo, Sadahiro; Aoshima, Ikuko; Tozawa, Yukiko; Ueda, Kiyomoto (Inst. Appl.
Biochem., University Tsukuba, Sakura 305, Japan). Agric. Biol. Chem., 49(9), 2767-
8 (English) 1985. CODEN: ABCHA6. ISSN: 0002-1369. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 10 (Microbial Biochemistry), CA 103:175323
Ohmomo, et al have studied decolorization of melanoidin, a dark brown pigment in
molasses wastewater, by enzymes from C. versicolor which produced lactic acid and
various amino acids, such as, glycine, valine, glutamate, leucine, serine, etc. The
amount of lactic acid was equivalent to 10.5% of the C in melanoidin, whereas the
amounts of amino acids were equivalent to 4-6% of the N in melanoidin. Treatment
of molasses wastewater with the decolorizing enzymes reduced the color d. and at the
same time some useful organic acids were produced.
Kraft overload recovery
Beaupre, Marc F.; Cambron, Emile A.; Cambron, Emily T. (Canada ). U.S. US
4470876 A 11 Sep 1984,5 pp. (English). (United States of America). CODEN:
USXXAM. CLASS: 1C: D21C011-12. NCL: 162016000. APPLICATION: US 82-
400960 22 Jul 1982. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin,
Paper, and Other Wood Products), CA 101:194014
Beaupre, has described a process, in which a portion of black liquor (BL) is coned, to
at least 40%, cooled to 5-50°, acidified with H2SO4 containing Na2SO4, from C1O2
prepn., to pH 4.5, heated to -60° to separate lignin [9005-53-2], neutralized with
NaOH, treated with the 1st portion of BL and burned in furnace to recover inorganic.,
was described for augmenting the recovery capacity of kraft system.
Recovery of inorganic compounds from kraft pulping black liquors.
(Domtar, Inc., Can.). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 58036292 A2 3 Mar 1983 Showa,
5 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: 1C: D21C011-04.
APPLICATION: JP 82-128830 23 Jul 1982. PRIORITY: CA 81-382387 23 Jul 1981.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other
Wood Products), CA 99:89814
Na compounds from kraft pulping black liquors are recovered by first acidifying the
cooled liquor with acids containing H2SO4 to pH liquor at -60°, filtering the liquor, and finally cooling the filtrate to form crystallized
Na2SO4 for recycling. Thus, kraft pulping black liquor (solids -50%) was cooled to
-40°, acidified with H2SO4 to pH -3.5, heated at -60°, filtered, and cooled to -0° to
give recyclable Na2SO4.
Recovery of solids from black liquors.
Caperos Sierra, Alberto (Institute Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain).
Span. ES 2006964 A6 16 May 1989, 4 pp. (Spain) CODEN: SPXXAD. CLASS:
ICM: D21C009-00. ICS: D21C011-00. APPLICATION: ES 88-1697 27 May 1988.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other
Wood Products) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 114:26042
Caperos et al have studied that solids in black liquors are recovered as precipitate by
mixing 1 part black liquor with 0.1-1.0 part reactive precipitating agents and
separating the precipitate Thus, 1000 cm3 black liquor of E. globulus was mixed with
1000 cm3 saturated solution of CaCl2 in EtOH to form precipitate which was
separated with a centrifuge and washed with a 1:1 EtOH-water mixture to give
precipitate 134, organic components 105, lignin 53, and pentosans 8 g, with 85%
yield.
Research on the decolorization of melanoidin by microorganisms. Part X.
Continuous decolorization of molasses waste water using immobilized
Lactobacillus hilgardii cells.
Ohmomo, Sadahiro; Yoshikawa, Hiroshi; Nozaki, Kazuhiko; Nakajima, Tomoyoshi; Daengsubha, Wiwut; Nakamura, Isei (Inst. Appl. Biochem., University Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305, Japan). Agric. Biol. Chem., 52(10), 2437-41 (English) 1988. CODEN: ABCHA6. ISSN: 0002-1369. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 109:236219 The continuous decolorization of molasses wastewater (MWW) by immobilized cells of Lactobacillus hilgardii W-NS was studied by Ohmomo et al. The immobilized cells showed the maximal decolorization efficiency in the presence of 1% glucose with a medium pH of 5.0 at 45°. On successive decolorization of MWW with recycling of the immobilized cells, >90% of the maximal decolorization yield was maintained for 1 mo when 0.05% peptone was added to MWW. In contrast, on continuous decolorization in a column type reactor, a sufficient decolorization yield could not be maintained, the decolorization yield dropped to half the maximal level during operation for 5 days.
Removal of lignin from alkaline waste pulping liquors.
Ishikawa, Hisao; Koide, Kazuo (Oji Paper Co., Ltd., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 62090389 A2 24 April 1987 Showa, 7 pp. (Japan) CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: D21C011-04. ICS: C02F001-44. APPLICATION: JP 85-226870 14 Oct 1985. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products), CA 107:79808
Ishikawa & Koide, have reported the title removal to involve colloidizing the solution lignin, followed by ultrafiltration. Thus, beech chips were cooked at effective alkali 14%, sulfidity 25%, liquor ratio 4, and 165°. The resulting black liquor was filtered, adjusted pH to 11, 10, and 9 with CO2, and ultrafiltered to give delignification 89%, 94%, and 97%, respectively
Radiation degradation of molasses pigment The fading color and product.
Sawai, Teruko; Sekiguchi, Masayuki; Tanabe, Hiroko; Sawai, Takeshi (Tokyo
Metrop. Isot. Res. Cent., Setagaya 158, Japan). Tokyo-toritsu Aisotopu Sogo
Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 10, 1-9 (Japanese) 1993. CODEN: TASHEK. ISSN:
0289-6893. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and
Disposal), CA 121:16954
Decolorization of wastewater treatment plant effluent containing, molasses pigment
by gamma irradiation was studied by Sawai et al. The COD decreased and the dark
brown color of the effluent faded away with increasing radiation dosage. The high
mol. wt. components of molasses pigment were degraded to lower mol. wt. substances
and were decomposed, finally to carbon dioxide. Org. acids, such as formic, acetic,
oxalic, citric, and succinic acid were formed as intermediates. The radiation treatment
was enhanced by the addition of H2O2
Treatment of black pulping liquor by coacervation and precipitation.
Zhang, Muen (Peop. Rep. China). Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu
CN 1057079 A 18 Dec 1991, 5 pp. (People's Republic of China). CODEN:
CNXXEV. CLASS: ICM: D21C011-04. APPLICATION: CN 90-104181 5 Jun
1990. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and
Other Wood Products) Section cross-reference(s): 60, CA 117:173646
Black pulping liquor is treated by adding solid CaCl2 or aqueous solution containing.
CaC\2 (2-5 g/100 ml) to black pulping liquor, coagulating, and precipitating, to
remove lignin and recover dild. NaOH soln which was reported by Zhang. Thus, 17.5
g lignin and 6 g/L NaOH aqueous solution were recovered by adding 3 g CaCl2 in 100
ml sulfate black liquor (from preparation of pine pulp), precipitating and filtration.
Decolorization and polysaccharide production from molasses waste water by fungus D-l.
Thananonniwat, Direk; Jatikavanich, Suchada; Sihanonth, Prakitsin (Fac. Sci., Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok 10330, Thailand). Microb. Util. Renewable Resour., Volume Date 1990, 7, 457-64 (English) 1991. CODEN: MURRE6. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 16,44,CA 117:55118
Thananonniwat et al have screened of 380 fungal strains isolated from Thai soil, fungal strain D-l to decolorize molasses wastewater and produce polysaccharides at the same time. Conditions such as environmental factors and medium compn. that affected growth, decolorization efficiency, and polysaccharide production were studied. Molasses wastewater supplemented with 2.5% glucose and 0.1% yeast extract with the initial pH adjusted to 5.0, agitated on rotary shaker at 200 rpm, and incubated at 30° gave the maximum growth rate of -0.6257 g dried mycelia weight per 100 ml of medium, maximum decolorization activity of -97%, maximum polysaccharide production of-0.355 g, and the maximum dried matter weight per 100 ml of medium.
Treatment of molasses wastewater by o/onization and biological treatment. Ichikawa, Hiroyasu; Taira, Naohide; Wada, Shinji; Tatsumi, Kenji (Hydrospheric Environmental Protection Department, National Institute Resources and Environment, Tsukuba 305, Japan). Mizu Kankyo Gakkaishi, 19(12), 1004-1008 (Japanese) 1996 Nippon Mizu Kankyo Gakkai CODEN: MKGAEY. ISSN: 0916-8958. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 16, CA 126:135031
A solution of molasses wastewater, pretreated by activated sludge, was ozonated and then completely decolorized by ozone by Ichikawa et al. Total organic. C (TOC) could be reduced only to ~50% during a period of 60 min ozonization. The ozonated solution after being mixed with activated sludge culture, was incubated for 10 days at 25°, and biodegradability was then assessed by dissolved organic C (DOC) reduction DOC of the nonozonated solnution could hardly be reduced even after 10 days incubation, indicating biodegradability. For the ozonated solution of pretreated molasses wastewater, a DOC removal of >70% was achieved and DOC in the solution was In hitherto known processes attempts have been made to treat sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor separately.
The objective of the present invention is to provide an improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper& pulp industries.
The process of the present invention removes COD, BOD TDS and color simultaneously at 20 to 40°C temperature from a mixture of sugar factory effluent,
spent wash from distillery and black liquor from pulp and paper industry, thus saving energy cost, the operation does not involve any use of mineral acid thus, avoiding corrosion problems. The novelty of the process lies in the use of flocculating agent, comprising a mixture of salt of Group III elements and transition metals, mixture of natural earths along with an oxide of alkaline earth metal followed by the use of combination of ion exchange resins .
There is a continued interest on development of new improved process for removal of color, lignin, TDS, COD, BOD & other organic and inorganic matter produced during the manufacture of sugar, alcohol fermentation and alkali digestion of pulp. It is a well known fact that lignin and color in such types of effluents are not easily biodegradable and hence, have disposal problems in the natural environment. The pollutants like oil & grease, spill-over of juice, soda and acids from tube washings originating from sugar factory effluent also have disposal problems. Indion 840 is strong acid macroporous cation exchange resin having styrene matrix with sulphite as functional group and Indion -930 A is a strong base macroporous Type I anion exchange resin having polyacrylic links with quaternary ammonium functional groups. The adsorption on these resins is reversible and the resins are resistant to organic fouling.
Accordingly the present invention provides an improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane sugar, distillery and paper & pulp industries which comprises treating the effluent of industry selected from cane sugar, distillery, paper& pulp and a mixture thereof with a flocculating agent selected from mixture of sulphate or chloride or nitrate of element selected from Group III elements and transition metals along with an oxide of alkali or alkaline earth metal such as calcium along with natural earth metals dolomite and bentonite and a natural adsorbant ,for a
period of 10 - 30 minutes, at a temperature in the range 25-35°C, allowing the effluent to settle for a period of 3 to 4 hours, separating the supernatant and contacting the said supernatant with a mixture of ion exchange resin of the kind as herein described , for a period ranging from 5- 30 minutes, allowing it to settle and separating the supernatant to obtain the desired pollutants reduced effluent. In an embodiment of the present invention the ratio of sugar factory effluent to spent wash used in a mixture of effluents of cane sugar and distillery waste is in the range of 20-50:20-50.
In an another embodiment the ratio of sugar factory effluent to black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent and black liquor is in the ratio of 20-50 : 20 - 50. In yet another embodiment the ratio of sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor is in the range of 90-100 : 45-55 : 45-55, preferably in the range of 100 : 50: 50. In yet another embodiment the flocculating agent used is a mixture of sulphate or chloride or nitrate of element selected from Group III elements and transition metals along with an oxide of alkali or alkaline earth metal such as calcium along with natural earth metals dolomite and bentonite and a natural adsorbant. In yet another embodiment the flocculating agent used comprising the ratio of aluminum sulphate : ferrous sulphate : dolomite : bentonite : charcoal powder in the range of 35-45 : 45-55 : 3-6 : 3-6: 2-4, preferably in the range of 40 : 50 : 5 : 5: 3. In yet another embodiment the mixture of ion exchange resins used is a mixture of atleast two different commercially available resins selected from the group consisting of IR -120, IR- 400, MB-106, Gel-A 23, ADS-600, Indion-840 and Indion-930 A, preferably a mixture of Indion 840 and Indion 930 A.in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v).
In yet another embodiment the pollutants reduced from the effluents are colour, liginins, total dissolved solid (TDS), COD,BOD and other organic and inorganic materials.
Novelty of the process lies in the reduction of pollutants of Spent wash, Black liquor and Sugar factory effluent. There is no reference available mentioning, this type of simultaneous effluent treatment. The process does not involve any use of mineral acid, thus avoiding corrosion problems. The process does not involve use of any expensive chemicals or enzymes, thus it is a cost effective easy to handle process. As the end products are not hazardous the process is eco-friendly.
The process of the present invention is described herein below with reference to the examples which are illustrative only and should not be construed to the limit of scope of the present invention in any manner.
Example -1
In the first step of the treatment an effluent from sugar industry 100ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm) was taken in 250 ml beaker, to which a flocculent (100 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite and bentonite, charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide Ig was added and poured in a 100ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD -2924 ppm, BOD-1246 ppm, TDS- 4820 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 80%.
In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -1897ppm, TDS -490 ppm and color reduction was 91%.
Example 2
In the first step of the treatment an effluent from sugar industry 100 ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm) was taken in 250 ml beaker, to which a flocculent (25 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite and bentonite, charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 0.25g was added and poured in a 100 ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD -3201 ppm, BOD-1204 ppm, TDS- 3070 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 40%.
In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -2197ppm, TDS - 300 ppm and color reduction was 78%.
Example 3
In the first step of the treatment a mixture containing an effluent from sugar industry 50ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS-2760 ppm) and 50ml spent wash from distillery ( COD - 12726,TDS- 20640 ppm, BOD - 1810 ppm) to which 200ml water was added. The mixture was taken in a 500ml beaker (COD - 2885 ppm, BOD - 1610,TDS- 4750 ppm) to which a flocculent (100 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite, bentonite and charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 2g was added and poured in a 500 ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD - 2173 ppm, BOD-406 ppm, TDS- 2720 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 70%.
In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -790ppm, TDS - 350 ppm and color reduction was 87.3%.
Example 4
In the first step of the treatment a mixture containing an effluent from sugar industry 100ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm), 50ml spent wash from distillery ( COD - 12726, TDS - 20640 ppm, BOD - 1810 ppm) and 50ml black liquor from paper mills ( COD - 10908 ppm, BOD - 4420 ppm, TDS - 12710 ppm) to which 400ml water was added. The mixture was taken in a 1000 ml beaker (COD -
2687 ppm, BOD - 705,TDS- 3290 ppm) to which a flocculent (200 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite, bentonite and charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 5g was added and poured in a 1000 ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The treated sample of the mixture showed COD - 1818 ppm, BOD- 480 ppm, TDS- 3190 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 76%.
In the second step of the treatment 50 ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the ifrst treatment was taken separately in 100 ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature lor 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD - 585 ppm, TDS - 85 ppm and color reduction was 90%.
Example 5
In the first step of the treatment a mixture containing an effluent from sugar industry 75ml (COD - 3438 ppm, BOD - 1405 ppm and TDS -2760 ppm) and 75ml black liquor from paper mill ( COD - 10908, TDS - 12710 ppm, BOD -4420 ppm) to which 300ml water was added. The mixture was taken in a 1000 ml beaker (COD -3043 ppm, BOD - 805, TDS - 3390 ppm) to which a flocculent (150 mg) comprising a mixture of metal salts, aluminum and ferrous sulphate, dolomite, bentonite and charcoal powder, in 40:50:5:5:3 proportion and calcium oxide 3g was added and poured in a 500ml measuring cylinder for 30 minutes at 35°C temperature. The supernatant thus obtained was analyzed for its COD, BOD, TDS and color reduction using spectrophotometer at 480 nm after adjusting the pH of the sample to ~8. The
treated sample of the mixture showed COD - 2450 ppm, BOD-684 ppm, IDS- 3190 ppm, pH-12 and color reduction was found to be 70%.
In the second step of the treatment 50ml of the supernatant thus obtained from the first treatment was taken separately in 100ml conical flask to which a mixture of ion exchange resins (Indion -840 and Indion 930 A 2.5% each v/v). was added and stirred on magnetic stirrer at 35°C temperature for 30 minutes. The filtered solution was analyzed for COD, TDS and color reduction. The treated sample showed COD -984ppm, TDS - 250 ppm and color reduction was 90%.
Advantages of the invention
The present invention involves the treatment of effluent from sugar mill, spent wash
from distillery and black liquor from pulp & paper mill simultaneously.
The present invention involves removal of COD, BOD, TDS and color
simultaneously at 35°C temperature thus saving energy cost.
The process does not involve any use of mineral acid, thus avoiding corrosion
problems.
The process does not involve use of any expensive chemicals or enzymes, thus it is
cost effective.
The process does not involve use of any special equipment, thus it is easy to handle.
The process end products are not hazardous in nature, thus it is an eco-friendly
process.

We claim
1. An improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane
sugar, distillery and paper & pulp industries which comprises treating the
effluent of industry selected from cane sugar, distillery, paper & pulp and a
mixture thereof with a flocculating agent selected from mixture of sulphate or
chloride or nitrate of element selected from Group III elements and transition
metals along with an oxide of alkali or alkaline earth metal such as calcium
along with natural earth metals dolomite and bentonite and a natural
adsorbant, for a period of 10 - 30 minutes, at a temperature in the range 25-
35°C, allowing the effluent to settle for a period of 3 to 4 hours, separating the
supernatant and contacting the said supernatant with a mixture of ion
exchange resin of the kind such as herein described , for a period ranging
from 5- 30 minutes, allowing it to settle and separating the supernatant to
obtain the desired pollutants reduced effluent.
2. An improved process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of sugar factory
effluent to spent wash used in a mixture of effluents of cane sugar and
distillery waste is in the range of 20-50 : 20 - 50.
3. An improved process as claimed in claims 1& 2, wherein the ratio of sugar
factory effluent to black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory effluent and
black liquor is in the ratio of 20-50 : 20 - 50.
4. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-3, wherein the ratio of sugar
factory effluent, spent wash and black liquor used in a mixture of sugar factory
effluent, spent wash and black liquor is in the range of 90-100 : 45-55 : 45-55,
preferably in the range of 100 : 50 : 50.
5. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-4, wherein the flocculating agent
used comprising the ratio of aluminum sulphate : ferrous sulphate : dolomite :
bentonite : charcoal powder in the range of 35-45 : 45-55 : 3-6 : 3-6: 2-4,
preferably in the range of 40 : 50 : 5 : 5: 3.
6. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-5, wherein the mixture of ion
exchange resins used is a mixture of strong acid macroporous cation exchange
resin having styrene matrix with sulphite as functional group and a strong base
macroporous Type 1 anion exchange resin having polyacrylic links with
quaternary ammonium functional groups , in a ratio of 1 : 1 (v/v).
7. An improved process as claimed in claims 1-6, wherein the pollutants reduced
from the effluents are colour, lignins, total dissolved solid (TDS), COD,BOD
and other organic and inorganic materials.
8. An improved process for the reduction of pollutants from effluents of cane
sugar, distillery and paper & pulp industries, substantially as herein described
with reference to the examples accompanying this specification.

Documents:

179-del-2002-abstract.pdf

179-del-2002-claims.pdf

179-del-2002-correspondence-others.pdf

179-del-2002-correspondence-po.pdf

179-del-2002-description (complete).pdf

179-del-2002-form-1.pdf

179-del-2002-form-18.pdf

179-del-2002-form-2.pdf

179-del-2002-form-3.pdf

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Patent Number

231017

Indian Patent Application Number

179/DEL/2002

PG Journal Number

13/2009

Publication Date

27-Mar-2009

Grant Date

28-Feb-2009

Date of Filing

28-Feb-2002

Name of Patentee

COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH,

Applicant Address

RAFI MARG, NEW DELHI-110001, INDIA.

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	PRAMOD PRABHAKAR MOGHE	NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY, PUNE 411008, MAHARASHTRA.
2	VINITA VINAY PANCHANDIKAR	NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY, PUNE 411008, MAHARASHTRA.
3	ASHWINI VINYAK POL	NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY, PUNE 411008, MAHARASHTRA.
4	PRAKASH KONDIBA BAHIRAT	NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY, PUNE 411008, MAHARASHTRA.

PCT International Classification Number

B02C 19/12

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1			NA