Title of Invention	A DEFECT MANAGING METHOD FOR A DISC RECORDING AND/OR REPRODUCING APPARATUS
Abstract	The present invention relates to the field of managing a disc and its defects and discloses a defect managing method to record or reproduce video and/ or audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real time and a method of recording data in real time using defect management information. The defect managing method of the instant invention comprises using information representing use or non use of the linear replacement defect management, and designed for non replacement of a defective block when recording certain data such as real time video data. Thus real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Title of Invention

A DEFECT MANAGING METHOD FOR A DISC RECORDING AND/OR REPRODUCING APPARATUS

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of managing a disc and its defects and discloses a defect managing method to record or reproduce video and/ or audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real time and a method of recording data in real time using defect management information. The defect managing method of the instant invention comprises using information representing use or non use of the linear replacement defect management, and designed for non replacement of a defective block when recording certain data such as real time video data. Thus real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Full Text	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a defect managing method for a disc- recording and/or reproducing apparatus This invention has been divided out of Patent Application No.369/CAL/99. The present invention is in the field of managing a disc and its defects, and more particularly, to a recording medium for storing defect management information with respect to whether linear replacement is used, a method of effectively managing defects to record and/or reproduce video and/or audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real time, and a method of recording data in real time using defect management information. 2. Description of the Related Art. Real time recording or reproduction means that a given amount of data is necessarily recorded or reproduced within a given time since input information is lost if it is not processed at the moment data is input, and since a phenomenon such as pause of an image or temporary interruption of music occurs with reproduction of data as abnormal information if data is not recorded or reproduced at a predetermined speed. The above described problems are caused since the input of information cannot be temporally controlled by a recording and reproducing apparatus. In the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0, a method of managing defects generated on a disc has been disclosed to increase the reliability of data recorded on the disc. Slipping replacement and linear replacement are included as the disclosed defect management method : the first method processes defects detected in an initializing process ; and the second method replaces an error correction code (ECC) block unit (16-sector unit) including a sector having a defect generated during use of the disc with a defect-free ECC block in a spare area. The slipping replacement is used to minimize a reduction in the recording or reproduction speed due to defects, in which a logical sector number to be provided to a defective sector is provided to a sector next to the defective sector detected during a certification process for investigating defects of a disc when the disc is initialized, that is, data is recorded or reproduced by slipping a sector on which a defect is generated during recording or reproduction. Here, a real physical sector number is pushed back by the sector number designated by slipping the defective sector. Such a left-behind phenomeron is solved by using as many sectors as there are defects in a spare area located a' the end portion of a corresponding recording area. However, the slipping replacement cannot be used for a defect generated while a disc is used. When a defecti /e portion is disregarded and skipped, discontinuity is generated on logical sector numbering, which means that the slipping replacement violates file system rules. Thus, the linear replacement is used when a defect is generated during use of the disc, which means the replacement of an ECC block including a defective sector with an ECC block existing in a spare area. When the linear replacement s used, no vacuum exists in a logical sector number, however, the position of a sector on a disc is discontinuous, and real data corresponding to a defective ECC block exists in the spare area. As described above, when real time recording, in which the time for temporarily-input information cannot be arbitrarily delayed, such as, recording of broadcast information or a real image, is necessary, information is recorded in an area to be linearly-replaced by undergoing a process in which a real pickup goes up to the spare area and searches for an area to be linearly replaced, and a process in which the real pickup comes back. Hence, the recording speed is reduced, so that information input in real time cannot be continuously recorded when the linear replacement is used. It is prescribed that a DVD-RAM drive according to the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0 processes all of this defect management to reduce the burden of the host computer used in the drive. The host computer is designed to transmit a command ordered not to manage defects to the drive using a command denoted in an interface standard. That is, if the host computer determines whether defect management will be performed, the defect management itself is supposed to be performed by the drive. Even when the host computer does not manage defects according to the need of an application program, the DVD-RAM disc according to the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0 must necessaril/ manage defects recorded in a primary defect list (PDL) and a secondary defect list (SDL) according to a defect management rule if an area slipping replaced or linear replaced due to defect management performed by another drive exists. Here, it is prescribed that the position of a defective sector replaced according to slipping replacement should be recorded in the PDL, and the position of a defective block replacec according to linear replacement should be recorded in the SDL. That is, when cata is recorded after setting the fact that a specific drive should not perform defect management using the linear replacement, it cannot be ensured that other drives must also not perform the linear replacement on the same disc. Therefore, when real time recording is performed by a current DVD-RAM disc, it may be difficult because of an area to be used by the linear replacement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION To solve the above problems, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for storing defect management information associated with whether linear replacement is used or not, to record real time data. It is another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for storing information for showing a plurality of different defect management modes according to the type of data to be recorded. It is still another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for allocating a spare area for only real time recording whose space can be effectively utilized. It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of managing a defect of a recording medium which can record real time data and can have maximum compatibility with a general DVD-RAM disc. It is still yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of recording real time data using the defect management information associated with whether the linear replacement is used. Accordingly, to achieve the above objectives, Indian Patent Application No.369/CAL/99 provides a recording medium comprising a user data area, a spare area and a control information area, wherein the control information area stores information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective area on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area. To accomplish the second objective, the specification discloses a recording medium for storing defect management mode information for showing a plurality of defect management modes representing use or non-use of linear replacement according to the type of data to be recorded. To accomplish the third objective, the specification also discloses a recording medium for storing information representing non-application of linear replacement to all data on the recording medium in a defect management area, in which only a spare area for slipping replacement is allocated. To accomplish the fourth objective, the present invention provides a defect managing method for a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus comprising the steps of : (a) recording information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management with respect tc an entire disc or a specified area of the disc on the disc ; and (b) determining whether a defeclive area of the disc is to be replaced by a block in a spare area of the disc using linear replacement according to the information representing use or non-use of the linear replacement defect management. To accomplish the fifth objective, the specification further discloses a method of recording real time data while managing a defect on a disc using a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, the method comprising the steps of: (a) determining whether defect management mode information representing whether defect management based on linear replacement will be used ; (b) determining whether data to be recorded is real time data, when the defect management mode information is information that the linear replacement will not be used ; (c) determining whether a linearly-replaced defect exists in an area to record data in, when the data to be recorded is real time data ; and (d) determining whether a new defect is detected in the area to record data in, when no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, and recording the real time data in a desired area when the new defect is not detected. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS The above objectives and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using slipping replacement of a recording medium; FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a defect management method using linear replacement of a recording medium; FIG. 3 is a table of a defect definition structure (DDS); FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag shown in FIG 3, respectively, FIG. 5 is a table of the conterts of a secondary defect list (SDL); FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5. FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of the DDS for recording real time data proposed by the present invention, respectively; FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a method of recording data according to a defect management method of the present invention; FIG. 10 illustrates an example of the structure of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention; FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a DDS for storing information for indicating a plurality of different defect managenent modes proposed by the present invention; FIG. 12 is a table showing allocated spare areas for recording real time data proposed by the present invention; and FIG. 13 illustrates a DDS and the structure of a primary defect list (PDL) for storing defect management mode information oroposed by the present invention for allocating the spare areas for only real time recording shown in FIG. 12. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Preferred embodiments of a recording medium storing defect management information for recording real time da:a, a defect managing method using the same, and a real time data recording method will now be described with reference to the attached drawings. First, slipping replacement and linear replacement will be described in detail eferring to FIGS. 1 and 2 in order to help in the understanding of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using the slipping replacement. Physical addresses on a disc shown in FIG. 1 are records 1 as P1, P2, P3, ..., Pn, and logical addresses must be provided to record real date in this physically-segmented sector. These logical addresses act as addresses allowing a real file system to search for its own data. However, the relationship between the physical addresses and the logical addresses is made in a disc initialization process. If a defect is detected on the third physical sector P3 as shown in FIG. 1, a logical address is not designated to this defective sector, and a logical sector number L3 is designated to the next physical sector P4. Then, the logical sectors are sequentially pushed back by the number of defective sectors, and a spare area located at the er d of a corresponding data group is used by the pushed portion. In this slipping replacement method, effective processing in sector units is possible by simply slipping a defective region, and a pickup does not need to move to a different place upon recording and reproduction by simply disregarding and skipping a defective portion. Thus, the defective region can be avoided while minimizing the delay time. Here, the position of a defective sector replaced bythe slipping replacement is recorded in the PD_. FIG. 2 is a view for explain ng a defect management method using linear replacement. In the linear replacement for processing defects generated while a disc is used after being initialized the defects are managed in an ECC block unit, i.e., in units of 16 sectors. In other words, when an error is generated at a specific sector and a defect is thus detected, if the movement in units of at least 16 sectors is not made for error correction, the error correction unit of each data previously recorded in a disc must be changed. Thus, processing in an ECC block unit must be performed, and the slipping reolacement method of slipping a defective sector and designating a logical sector cannot be used since the logical address of an area where data has already been recorded cannot be changed. When a defect is generated in a logical block LB3 as shown in FIG. 2, the defective region is recorded in the SDL to be preverted from being used, and the defective portion is replaced with a usable block existing in a spare area. The replaced block (SBk in FIG. 2) in the spare area has the same logical block number (LB3) as the erroneous block. In a reproduction sequence, as shown in FIG. 2, reading is continued just before to a defective block as in an area 1, a replaced ECC block existing in the spare area is read by moving a pickup or the like as in an area 2, and data is continuously read from a block right next to the defective block as in an area 3. In order to process defects as describe d above, pickup movement is caused such as a process for searching for data and s process for returning to the block right next to the defective block after reading the replaced block. Thus, much time is required to read or write data, so that this defec: management is not appropriate for real time recording. FIG. 3 is a table of a disc definition structure (DDS) existing in a defect management area (DMA) of a DVD-RAM. In particular, a byte position (BP) 3, a disc certification flag, records the certified contents of the entire disc, and BPs 16 through 39, group certification flags, record the contents of certification of 24 data groups. In addition, BPs 0 and 1 are DDS identifiers, and BPs 4 through 7 are the values of counters for updating DDS/PDL representing the total number of times in which a DDS/PDL block is updated and rewritten. That is, when initialization starts, the value of a counter is set to be "0', and increases by one whenever the DDS/PDL is updated or rewritten. All DDS/PDL and SDL'blocks must have the same counter value after formatting is completed. BPs 8 arid 9 denote the number of groups, and, for example, 24 groups are recorded as "0018" (hexadecimal). FIG. 4A illustrates the structures of the disc certification flag shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among three bits b7, b6 and bo representing an in-process state is "Ob", it indicates format completion, and when the bit b7 is "1b", it indicates an under-formation state. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of formatting using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1b", it indicates the progress of formatting using partial certification. When the bit b5 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of formatting on the em ire disc, and when the bit b5 is "1b", it indicates the progress of formatting on only groups, and indicates that the group certification flag is effective. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never been certified by a user and when the bit b1 is "1b", it indicates that a disc has been certified one or more times by a user. When a bit bO representing disc manufacturer certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never been certified by a manufacturer, and when the bit 0 is "1b", it indicates that the disc has been certified one or more times by the manufacturer. Other bits b4, b3, and b2 are reserved. However, "in-process" is set to oe "1 ]" by any certification before formatting, and when formatting is completed, the "in-process" is reset to be "000". FIG. 4B illustrates the structure of each of the group certification flags of the bit positions 16 through 39 shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among two bits b7 and b6 representing an in-process state is-. "0b", it indicates format completion of a corresponding group, and when the bit b7 is "1b", it indicates that the corresponding group is being formatted. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates that the group is being formatted using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1b", it indicates that the group is being formatted using partial certification. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates that the group has never been certified by a user, and when the bit b1 is "1b", it indicates that the group has been certified one or more times by a user. Other bits b5, b4, b3, b2, and b0 are reserved. FIG. 5 is a table showing the contents of a secondary defect list (SDL). RBP is the position of a relative byte starting with 0. Relative byte positions 0 and 1 are SDL identifiers, and relative byte positions 2 and 3 are reserved. Relative byte positions 4 through 7 denote the total number of updated SDL blocks, and SDL updating counter values increases by one whenever the content of SDL is updated. Relative byte positions 8 through 15 denote spare area full flags, and relative byte positions 16 through 19 denote DDS/FDL updating counter values each indicating the total number of times the DDS/PDl. block is updated and rewritten. The counter value is set to be "0" when initialization starts, and increases by 1 whenever the DDS/PLD is updated or rewritten. As mentioned above, all the DDS/PDL and SDL blocks must have the same count value after formatting is finished. Relative byte positions 20 and 21 are reserved, and relative byte positions 22 and 23 indicate the number of entries in the SDL. The rerraining relative byte positions indicate each SDL entry. FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag of the relative byte positions 8 through 15 shown in FIG. 5 In FIG. 6, if a bit representing a corresponding group is "1", it indicates that no spare blocks are left in the corresponding group, and if the bit is "0". it indicates that a spare block remains in the corresponding group. FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 7, FRM is a bit representing whether a defective block has been replaced. When the defective block has been replaced, FRM records a binary "0", and when the deflective block has not been replaced or nc spare areas exist, FRM records a binary "1". The SDL entry includes the sector number of the first sector of a defective block, and the sector number of the first sector of a replacement block. Here, if the defective block has not been replaced, a hexadecimal "000000" is record in an area where the first seotor number of the replacement block is recorded. Meanwhile, in real time recording, whether corresponding data can be processed within a given time becomes more important than some errors of real data. In particular, in the case of an image or the like, an error is generated to part of a screen when a small error exists in the image. On the other hand, when input data cannot be processed in time, continuous data error is generated to make normal reproduction impossible. Therefore, the processing of data in time is more important. Thus, as for the real time recording, a method allowing non-use of the linear replacement must be suggested. v\hen the linear replacement is not used, there must be a portion recording the fact that a corresponding disc is in use without using the linear replacement. A method o recording such a content will be described referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B. FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate tho structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of the DDS pioposed by the present invention to record real time data, respectively. The structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of FIGS. 8A and 8B are the same as those of FIGS. 4A and 4B except for a bit position b2. That is, as shown in FIG. 8A, when the entire corresponding disc is used without the linear replacement, the bit position b2 of the disc certification flag is set as "1", and when the corresponding disc is used by the linear replacement as in the prior art the bit position b2 is set as "0". In FIGS. 8A and 8B, information associated with use or non-use of the linear replacement stored in the bit position 2(b2) is called a dij.c defect management mode. Also, when only specific groups are partially initialized to prevent the linear replacement, as shown in FIG. 8B, the bit position 2(b2) of the group certification flag for a corresponding group is set as "1" to indicate that linear replacement is not ^performed on a data region in the corresponding group. In an embodiment of the present invention, the bit positions 2(b2) of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag are used as shown n FIGS. 8A and 8B, but another reserved bit can be used. Here, each existing b2 region is reserved, and its value is recorded as "0". When the bit b2 for a disc defect management mode of the disc certification flag or group certification flag is set ,as "1" upon initialization of a disc, the SDL records only the start sector address, of a block having a defect generated during use of the disc, records an FRM bit of the SDL entry as "1", and the linear replacement is not performed. A hekadecimal "000000" is recorded in an area for recording the first sector number of a replacement block of the SDL entry. In this way, while compatibilit/ between a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard and a method of the present invention is maintained, i.e., while a method capable of indicating the existence of non-linearly-replaced blocks as in an existing defect managing method is suggested, a method allowing a defective block not to be linearly replaced is also provided to thereby accomplish recording and reproduction of real t me data. A determination of whether a defective region will be replaced by a block existing in a spare area using linear replacement is made by information associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect management region on the entire disc or a specific area of the disc regardless of the type of data to be recorded in a conesponding area. Also, a determination of wherher a defective region will be replaced by a block existing in a spare area using the linear replacement is made by information associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect management region on the entire disc or in a specific area on the disc in the case of only data required to be recorded in real time. A method of preventing linear replacenent with respect to the entire disc or a specific group of discs was described on the basis of the above-described embodiment. In another embodiment, when a disc defect management mode is set as "1", it can be used as information that the linear replacement is not performed with respect to a block having a defect in an area of a disc for recording information requiring real time recording and reproduction, but the linear replacement can be performed with respect to an area of a aisc not requiring real time recording. In this case, when data not requiring real time recording has already been recorded in an area in which real time data must be receded, and a defective region is thus linearly replaced, the linear replacement of the defective region must be capable of being canceled. Therefore, when the disc defect management mode is set as "1", this can mean that the linear replacement of the defect can be canceled when real time information is recorded. In order to prevent entire linear replacement with respect to the entire disc or a given group on the disc, information associated with the disc defect management mode is set as "1" upon initialization. On the other hand, when linear replacement is not performed only in the case of recording real time data, there is no need to set the defect management mode information upon initialization. That is, when it is determined that there is a necessi y for recording real time data in a disc, the disc defect management mode is set as. "1" just before the real time data is recorded. At this time, a determination of whether a corresponding disc is suitable for recording real time data is made on the basis of the amount or distribution of a defect generated on the disc. When it is determined that the disc is suitable, the disc defect management mode is set as "1". Otherwise, a process for informing a user that the disc is not suitable for recording real time data is required. FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method of recording data in real time without performing defect management using linear replacement with respect to only data desired to be recorded when the disc defect management mode is "1". In FIG. 9, first, a determination of whetner a disc defect management mode is "1" is set before recording of data or, a disc begins, in step S101. If the disc defect management mode is "1", it is determined whether data to be recorded is real time data, in step S103. If the defect management mode is "0", every data is recorded on the basis of a general defect managing method defined in the standard book version 1.0, in steps S102 and S108. When it is determined in step S103 that data to be recorded is not real time data, step S' 02 of performing general defect management is performed. When it is determined h step S103 that data to be recorded is real time data, it is determined whether an already-linearly-replaced defect exists in an area where data is to be recorded, ir step S104. When it is determined in step S104 that the linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, the linearl/-replaced defect is canceled, in step S105. When no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, it is determined whether a newly-detected defect exists in the area to record data in, in step S 106. When it is determined in step S106 that a new defect is detected, information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced is recorded in a secondary defect list (SDL) of a defect management area, in step S107. Next, data is recorded in a desired area in step S108. Also when a new defect Is not detected in step S106, step S108 of recording real time data in a desired region is performed. Step S105 of canceling a linearly-replaced defect, and step S107 of recording information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced are performed by recording the first sector number of a replacement block as a hexadecimal "000000", among linearly-replaced defect information recorded in the SDL, and by recording the FRM information as "1". In this case, since the disc defect management mode is set as "I", it can be recognized from the comparison of this mode information with FRM information that the meaning of the FRM information becomes different from that of existing FRM information. That is, the FRM information tased on the existing standard book denotes that a block having a defect generated for a certain reason has not been replaced with a block in a spare area or no spare areas can be replaced. On the other hand, FRM information based on a new definition is added to the meaning of the existing FRM and can be information representing that when the disc defect management mode is "1", the linear replacement of a defective block replaced by an existing linear replacement method has been cancelec for real time recording, or the defective block has not been linearly replaced for real time recording. Since a disc whose defect management mode is set as "1" is likely to include real time information, the disc can be utilized as information of prohibiting reallocation of information on a disc without consideration of real time information. Piece collection of collecting the pieces of a file on a disc, and read after reallocation can be included as a method of reallocating the information on a disc. The read after allocation is a method of reading data and then replacing a data block likely to have a defect with a block located in a spare area. FIG. 10 illustrates the structure) of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention. When an already-replaced defect exists on a corresponding disc upon recording of real time data, a method of recording the information of an area, n which the first sector number of the replacement block as described above is recorded, as a hexadecimal "000000" and setting an FRM bit as "1" is exemplified as a process for canceling the linear replacement. This method can minimize the change in the existing standard. However, in this method, the information of a block which is determined as defective and replaced must be deleted, so that linear replacement may be arbitrarily performed, canceled, and again performed without sequentially using a spare area. In particular, when a linearly-replaced b ock in the spare area is defective and again replaced, information associated with the linearly-replaced defective block in the spare area is lost. Thus, it would be preferable that blocks in a corresponding spare area are sequentially used when linear replacement occurs, and that even when the linear replacement is canceled, information associated with a block in the spare area replacing a corresponding defect block is maintained. When only a region recording an FRM bit and the first sector number of a replacement block is used to maintain information associated with he replaced sector number of the spare area, it is not possible to tell if the corresponding replaced block has again been replaced on account of a defect or if the linear replacement has been canceled to record real time data. In order to solve such a problem, a canceled linear replacement (CLR) flag is newly defined by using a spare bit of :he SDL entry which is not in use. When linear replacement with respect to a corresponding SDL entry is canceled for recording real time data, a method of setting the CLR flag as "1" can be used. Here, when the CLR flag is set as "0", it indicates a replacement block allocated without being used by real time data. In the structure of an SDL entry of FIG. 10, for example, a bit b31 not in use is used as the CLR flag. Meanwhile, defect management information for recording real time data can be roughly divided into three cases in which: (1) real time data is not recorded on the entire disc; (2) two types of data, i.e., real time data and non-real time data, coexist on a disc, and a linear replacement defect managing method is not used with respect to only the real time data; and (3) only the real time data is recorded in the entire disc, i.e., the linear replacement defect managing method is not used with respect to all recorded data. Particularly, in the third case, real time replacement is not used for the entire disc, so that a spare area for defect management can be set to a smaller size than in the first and second cases. This will be described in detail later referring to FIGS. 12 and 13. When these three or more defect managing methods are applied to one disc, various correspondences are possible accord ng to the purpose of use of a disc, and the disc can be more effectively used. However, considering a condition such as the case of changing and using discs between reproduction apparatuses, the defect management conditions in which a corresponding disc is used must be described in more detail. 1-bit disc defect management mode information representing use or non-use of linear replacement described in FIG. 8 is deficient for defect management information in the above case. Thus, as shown in FIG. 11, defect management mode information capable of representing linear replacement or non-linear replacement depending on a plurality of different defect management modes is stored in a reserved byte located in the DDS of the defect management area DMA) on a disc. That is, FIG. 11 shows the case of using two significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP10 of DDS, i.e., the eleventh byte thereof, by taking defect management (DM) mode depending on use or non-use of linear replacement as an example. As shown in FIG. 11, when the DM mode information is "00b", it indicates that the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are applied to all data on a disc, when the DM mode information s "01b", it indicates that the linear replacement is selectively applied according to the type of information (here, real time data and non-real time data), and when the DM mode information is "10b", it indicates that the linear replacement is not used with respect to every data. That is, when the DM mode information is "00b", the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are mandatory, and this mode is only for data other than real time data in the first case described above. When the DM mode information is "01b", the linear replacement is mandatory, but the linear replacement for real time data is optional. This mode is defect management for a hybrid disc including both real time data and non-real time data in the second case described above. When the DM mode information is "10b", only the slipping replacement is allowable, and this mode is defect management for only real data in the third case described above. When the DM mode information is "10b", the physical layout of a disc can be changed. Meanwhile, since linear replacement cannot be used to record real time data, a spare area necessary for linear replacement does not actually become necessary. For this case, in the present invention, only a spare area for slipping replacement is set in the last group without allocating a spare area for linear replacement as shown in FIG. 12. In particular, the spare area set in the last group (here, a thirty fourth group) allocates 7680 sectors (480 ECC blocks) to a spare area for slipping replacement to process a maximum of 7679 entries capable of being registered in a primary defect list (PDL). In FIG. 12, sect denotes a sector, blk denotes block, and rev denotes revolutions. In order to obtain the compatiDility between the present invention and an existing defect management structure, a flag, capable of discriminating a case in which spare areas for only slipping replacement are allocated only for real time recording from a case in which spare areas for linear replacement and slipping replacement are allocated according to an existing defect management method, is represented with significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP 10 in the DDS and the PDL, as shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, when two significant bits b7 and b6 representing a DM mode on the byte position BP 10 of he DDS/PDL are "00b", it indicates that an existing defect managing method is applied, and when the two significant bits b7 and b6 are "10b", a defect managing method for only real time recording without linear replacement, in which only the spare a-ea for slipping replacement is allocated in the last group of a disc, is applied. Thus spare areas are allocated by a method dedicated for real time recording, thereby increasing the efficiency due to the application of the space of a disc. As described above, while compatibility between a method of the present invention and a defect managing method based on the current DVD-RAM standard is maintained, linear replacement is not perfo-med when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced. In the present invention, information representing a plurality of different defect management modes depending on the type of data to be recorded is stored, so that various correspondences are possible according to the purpose of use of the recording medium. Thus, the recorcing medium can be more effectively used. Also, in the present invention when real time data is recorded, spare areas are allocated to be used for only reel time. Thus, the effectiveness due to the application of the space of a disc can be increased. We claim : 1. A defect managing method tor a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, comprising the steps of : (a) recording information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management with respect to an entire) disc or a specified area of the disc on the disc; and (b) determining whether a defective area of the disc is to be replaced by a block in a spare area of the disc using linear replacement according to the information representing use or non-use of the linear replacement defect management. 2. The defect managing method as daimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement for the entire disc in a reserved area of a disc certification flag in a disc definition structure (DDS) of the disc, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc. 3. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement for the specific area of the disc in a reserved area of a group certification flag in a disc definition structure (DDS) of the disc, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc. 4. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement upon initialization of the disc. 5. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement just before real time data is recorded on the disc. 6. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is information for showing a plurality of defect management modes, and is recorded in a reserved area of a disc definition structure (DDS) of the disc. 7. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the information showing the plurality of defect management modes includes information representing that slipping replacement and linear replacement are applied with respect to all data to be recorded in a user data area on the disc, information representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of the data on the disc, and information representing that linear replacemen is not applied to all the data to be recorded in the user data area on the disc. 8. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement indicates use of a defect managing method dedicated for real time recording in which linear replacement is not performed by allocating only a spare area for slipping replacement. 9. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated to a last group of the disc, and the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is recorded in a reserved area of each of a disc definition structure (DDS) and a primary defect list (PDL) of the disc. 10. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said step (b) in response to the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement representing the non-use of linear replacement, the defect managing method comprises not using linear replacement for real time data to be recorded on the disc, and using linear replacement for data to be recorded on the disc other than the real time data. 11. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said step (b) in response to the information reoresenting use or non-use of linear replacement represents the non-use of linear replacement, the defect managing method comprises not using linear replacement regardless of whether data to be recorded on the disc is real time data. 12. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of: (c) canceling the linear replacement of a defect on an area of the disc where real time data is to be recorded, in response to the information representing use or non- use of linear replacement represent ng the non-use of linear replacement. 13. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said step (c) comprises canceling the linear replacement using a flag representing that the linear replacement has been canceled using a reserved bit in a secondary defect list (SDL), storing information representing that the defective block has been replaced in a Forced Re- Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL and storing a start sector number of the defective block and a start sector number of the replacement block in the SDL. 14. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said step (c) comprises leaving only a start sector number of the defective block in a secondary defect list (SDL), storing information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the defective block has been replaced, and storing information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a start sector number of the replacement block in the SDL. 15. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of: (c) recording only a stal sector number of the defective block having a defect generated while using the disc on which the information that the linear replacement defect management will not be used has been recorded, in a secondary defect list (SDL), recording information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the defective block has been replaced, and recording information that the defective block has not been replaced in a start sector number of the replacement block in the SDL. 16. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of : (c) performing defecl management based on linear replacement when a defect is generated during use of the disc on which the information that the linear replacement defect management will be used has been recorded. 17. A method of recording real time data while managing a defect on a disc using a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, the method comprising the steps of (a) determining whether defect management mode information representing whether defect management based on linear replacement is to be used ; (b) determining whether data to be recorded on a disc is the real time data, in response to the defect management mode information being information that the linear replacement not to be used ; (c) determining whether a linearly-replaced defect exists in an area of the disc in which the data is to be recorded, in response to the data to be recorded being the real time data ; and (d) determining whether a new defect is detected in the area in which to record the data, in response to no linearly-replaced defect existing in the area in which to record the data, and recording the real time data in a designated part of the area in which to record the data in response to the new defect not being detected. 18. The method of recording real time data as claimed in claim 17, further comprising the steps of : (e) performing defect management in response to the defect management mode information being information representing that the linear replacement is to be used in said step (a); and (f) performing the defect management in response to the data to be recorded not being the real time data in said step (b). 19. The method of recording real time data as claimed in claim 17, further comprising the step of : (e) canceling linear replacement in response to the linearly-replaced defect existing in the area in which to record the data, in said step (c). 20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said step (e) comprises the steps of leaving only a start sector number of a defective block in the SDL, storing information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Mark (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the defective block has been replaced, and recording information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a start sector number of a replacement block in the SDL. 21. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said step (e) comprises the steps of setting a flag representing that linear replacement has been canceled using a reserved bit of the SDL, storing information representing that a defective block has been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Mark (FRM) bit of the SDL, and recording a start sector number of a defective block and a start sector number of a replacement block in the SDL. 22. The method of recording real time data as claimed in claim 17, further comprising the step of: (e) recording information representing that linear replacement has not been performed, in response to a new defect being detected in said step (d). 23. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein said step (e) comprises the steps of leaving only a start sector number of a defective block in the SDL, storing information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Mark (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the defective block has been replaced, and recording information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a start sector number of a replacement block in the SDL. 24. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc- random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc having a defect definition structure (DDS), and the defect management mode information is information representing use or non-use of linear replacement for the entire disc, and is stored in a reserved area of a disc certification flag in the DDS. 25. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc- random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc having a defect definition structure (DDS), and the defect management mode information is information representing use or non-use of linear replacement for only some oata groups of the disc, and is stored in a reserved area of a group certification flag in the DDS. 26. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the defect management mode information includes information representing that slipping replacement and linear replacement are applied to all the data to be recorded on the disc, information representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of data, or information representing that linear replacement is not applied to all the data to be recorded on the disc, and the defect management mode information is stored in a reserved area of the DDS. 27. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc- random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc having a defect definition structure (DDS)and a primary defect list (PDL), and the defect management mode information is information representing the use of a defect managing method for only real time recording in which linear replacement is not used by a locating only the spare area for slipping replacement, and is stored in a reserved area of the DDS and a reserved area of the PDL. 28. A defect managing method for a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, substantially as herein described, particularly with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Dated this 7th day of March, 2003 The present invention relates to the field of managing a disc and its defects and discloses a defect managing method to record or reproduce video and/ or audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real time and a method of recording data in real time using defect management information. The defect managing method of the instant invention comprises using information representing use or non use of the linear replacement defect management, and designed for non replacement of a defective block when recording certain data such as real time video data. Thus real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Full Text

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a defect managing method for a disc-
recording and/or reproducing apparatus This invention has been divided out of
Patent Application No.369/CAL/99.
The present invention is in the field of managing a disc and its
defects, and more particularly, to a recording medium for storing defect
management information with respect to whether linear replacement is used, a
method of effectively managing defects to record and/or reproduce video and/or
audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in
real time, and a method of recording data in real time using defect management
information.
2. Description of the Related Art.
Real time recording or reproduction means that a given amount of
data is necessarily recorded or reproduced within a given time since input
information is lost if it is not processed at the moment data is input, and since
a phenomenon such as pause of an image or temporary interruption of music occurs
with reproduction of data as abnormal information if data is not recorded or reproduced
at a predetermined speed. The above described problems are caused since the
input of information cannot be temporally controlled by a recording and
reproducing apparatus.
In the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0, a method of managing defects
generated on a disc has been disclosed to increase the reliability of data
recorded on the disc. Slipping replacement and linear replacement are included
as the disclosed defect management method : the first method processes defects
detected in an initializing process ; and the second method replaces an error
correction code (ECC) block unit (16-sector unit) including a sector having a
defect generated during use of the disc with a defect-free ECC block in a spare
area.
The slipping replacement is used to minimize a reduction in the recording
or reproduction speed due to defects, in which a logical sector number to be provided

to a defective sector is provided to a sector next to the defective sector detected
during a certification process for investigating defects of a disc when the disc is
initialized, that is, data is recorded or reproduced by slipping a sector on which a
defect is generated during recording or reproduction. Here, a real physical sector
number is pushed back by the sector number designated by slipping the defective
sector. Such a left-behind phenomeron is solved by using as many sectors as there
are defects in a spare area located a' the end portion of a corresponding recording
area.
However, the slipping replacement cannot be used for a defect generated
while a disc is used. When a defecti /e portion is disregarded and skipped,
discontinuity is generated on logical sector numbering, which means that the
slipping replacement violates file system rules. Thus, the linear replacement is used
when a defect is generated during use of the disc, which means the replacement of
an ECC block including a defective sector with an ECC block existing in a spare
area.
When the linear replacement s used, no vacuum exists in a logical sector
number, however, the position of a sector on a disc is discontinuous, and real data
corresponding to a defective ECC block exists in the spare area.
As described above, when real time recording, in which the time for
temporarily-input information cannot be arbitrarily delayed, such as, recording of
broadcast information or a real image, is necessary, information is recorded in an
area to be linearly-replaced by undergoing a process in which a real pickup goes up
to the spare area and searches for an area to be linearly replaced, and a process in
which the real pickup comes back. Hence, the recording speed is reduced, so that
information input in real time cannot be continuously recorded when the linear
replacement is used.
It is prescribed that a DVD-RAM drive according to the DVD-RAM standard
version 1.0 processes all of this defect management to reduce the burden of the
host computer used in the drive. The host computer is designed to transmit a
command ordered not to manage defects to the drive using a command denoted in
an interface standard. That is, if the host computer determines whether defect
management will be performed, the defect management itself is supposed to be
performed by the drive.

Even when the host computer does not manage defects according to the
need of an application program, the DVD-RAM disc according to the DVD-RAM
standard version 1.0 must necessaril/ manage defects recorded in a primary defect
list (PDL) and a secondary defect list (SDL) according to a defect management rule
if an area slipping replaced or linear replaced due to defect management performed
by another drive exists. Here, it is prescribed that the position of a defective sector
replaced according to slipping replacement should be recorded in the PDL, and the
position of a defective block replacec according to linear replacement should be
recorded in the SDL. That is, when cata is recorded after setting the fact that a
specific drive should not perform defect management using the linear replacement,
it cannot be ensured that other drives must also not perform the linear replacement
on the same disc.
Therefore, when real time recording is performed by a current DVD-RAM
disc, it may be difficult because of an area to be used by the linear replacement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
To solve the above problems, it is an objective of the present invention to
provide a recording medium for storing defect management information associated
with whether linear replacement is used or not, to record real time data.
It is another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium
for storing information for showing a plurality of different defect management modes
according to the type of data to be recorded.
It is still another objective of the present invention to provide a recording
medium for allocating a spare area for only real time recording whose space can be
effectively utilized.
It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of
managing a defect of a recording medium which can record real time data and can
have maximum compatibility with a general DVD-RAM disc.
It is still yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of
recording real time data using the defect management information associated with
whether the linear replacement is used.

Accordingly, to achieve the above objectives, Indian Patent Application
No.369/CAL/99 provides a recording medium comprising a user data area, a spare area
and a control information area, wherein the control information area stores information
representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a
defective area on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area.
To accomplish the second objective, the specification discloses a recording
medium for storing defect management mode information for showing a plurality of
defect management modes representing use or non-use of linear replacement according
to the type of data to be recorded.
To accomplish the third objective, the specification also discloses a
recording medium for storing information representing non-application of linear
replacement to all data on the recording medium in a defect management area, in which
only a spare area for slipping replacement is allocated.
To accomplish the fourth objective, the present invention provides a defect
managing method for a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus comprising the
steps of : (a) recording information representing use or non-use of linear replacement
defect management with respect tc an entire disc or a specified area of the disc on the
disc ; and (b) determining whether a defeclive area of the disc is to be replaced by a
block in a spare area of the disc using linear replacement according to the information
representing use or non-use of the linear replacement defect management.
To accomplish the fifth objective, the specification further discloses a
method of recording real time data while managing a defect on a disc using a
disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) determining whether defect management mode information representing whether
defect management based on linear replacement will be used ; (b) determining
whether data to be recorded is real time data, when the defect management mode
information is information that the linear replacement will not be used ; (c) determining
whether a linearly-replaced defect exists in an area to record data in, when the data
to be recorded is real time data ; and (d) determining whether a new defect is
detected in the area to record data in, when no linearly-replaced defect exists in the
area to record data in, and recording the real time data in a desired area when the
new defect is not detected.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

The above objectives and advantages of the present invention will become
more apparent by describing in detail preferred embodiments thereof with reference
to the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using slipping
replacement of a recording medium;
FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a defect management method using linear
replacement of a recording medium;
FIG. 3 is a table of a defect definition structure (DDS);
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the
group certification flag shown in FIG 3, respectively,
FIG. 5 is a table of the conterts of a secondary defect list (SDL);
FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5.
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the
group certification flag of the DDS for recording real time data proposed by the
present invention, respectively;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a method of recording data
according to a defect management method of the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates an example of the structure of an improved SDL entry for
canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a DDS for storing information for indicating
a plurality of different defect managenent modes proposed by the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a table showing allocated spare areas for recording real time data
proposed by the present invention; and
FIG. 13 illustrates a DDS and the structure of a primary defect list (PDL) for
storing defect management mode information oroposed by the present invention for
allocating the spare areas for only real time recording shown in FIG. 12.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Preferred embodiments of a recording medium storing defect management
information for recording real time da:a, a defect managing method using the same,
and a real time data recording method will now be described with reference to the
attached drawings.

First, slipping replacement and linear replacement will be described in detail
eferring to FIGS. 1 and 2 in order to help in the understanding of the present
invention.
FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using the
slipping replacement. Physical addresses on a disc shown in FIG. 1 are records 1
as P1, P2, P3, ..., Pn, and logical addresses must be provided to record real date in
this physically-segmented sector. These logical addresses act as addresses
allowing a real file system to search for its own data. However, the relationship
between the physical addresses and the logical addresses is made in a disc
initialization process. If a defect is detected on the third physical sector P3 as
shown in FIG. 1, a logical address is not designated to this defective sector, and a
logical sector number L3 is designated to the next physical sector P4. Then, the
logical sectors are sequentially pushed back by the number of defective sectors,
and a spare area located at the er d of a corresponding data group is used by the
pushed portion. In this slipping replacement method, effective processing in sector
units is possible by simply slipping a defective region, and a pickup does not need
to move to a different place upon recording and reproduction by simply disregarding
and skipping a defective portion. Thus, the defective region can be avoided while
minimizing the delay time. Here, the position of a defective sector replaced bythe
slipping replacement is recorded in the PD_.
FIG. 2 is a view for explain ng a defect management method using linear
replacement. In the linear replacement for processing defects generated while a
disc is used after being initialized the defects are managed in an ECC block unit,
i.e., in units of 16 sectors. In other words, when an error is generated at a specific
sector and a defect is thus detected, if the movement in units of at least 16 sectors
is not made for error correction, the error correction unit of each data previously
recorded in a disc must be changed. Thus, processing in an ECC block unit must
be performed, and the slipping reolacement method of slipping a defective sector
and designating a logical sector cannot be used since the logical address of an area
where data has already been recorded cannot be changed. When a defect is
generated in a logical block LB3 as shown in FIG. 2, the defective region is
recorded in the SDL to be preverted from being used, and the defective portion is
replaced with a usable block existing in a spare area. The replaced block (SBk in

FIG. 2) in the spare area has the same logical block number (LB3) as the erroneous
block.
In a reproduction sequence, as shown in FIG. 2, reading is continued just
before to a defective block as in an area 1, a replaced ECC block existing in the
spare area is read by moving a pickup or the like as in an area 2, and data is
continuously read from a block right next to the defective block as in an area 3. In
order to process defects as describe d above, pickup movement is caused such as a
process for searching for data and s process for returning to the block right next to
the defective block after reading the replaced block. Thus, much time is required to
read or write data, so that this defec: management is not appropriate for real time
recording.
FIG. 3 is a table of a disc definition structure (DDS) existing in a defect
management area (DMA) of a DVD-RAM. In particular, a byte position (BP) 3, a
disc certification flag, records the certified contents of the entire disc, and BPs 16
through 39, group certification flags, record the contents of certification of 24 data
groups.
In addition, BPs 0 and 1 are DDS identifiers, and BPs 4 through 7 are the
values of counters for updating DDS/PDL representing the total number of times in
which a DDS/PDL block is updated and rewritten. That is, when initialization starts,
the value of a counter is set to be "0', and increases by one whenever the DDS/PDL
is updated or rewritten. All DDS/PDL and SDL'blocks must have the same counter
value after formatting is completed. BPs 8 arid 9 denote the number of groups, and,
for example, 24 groups are recorded as "0018" (hexadecimal).
FIG. 4A illustrates the structures of the disc certification flag shown in FIG. 3.
When a bit b7 among three bits b7, b6 and bo representing an in-process state is
"Ob", it indicates format completion, and when the bit b7 is "1b", it indicates an
under-formation state. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of
formatting using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1b", it indicates the
progress of formatting using partial certification. When the bit b5 is "Ob", it indicates
the progress of formatting on the em ire disc, and when the bit b5 is "1b", it indicates
the progress of formatting on only groups, and indicates that the group certification
flag is effective. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates
that a disc has never been certified by a user and when the bit b1 is "1b", it

indicates that a disc has been certified one or more times by a user. When a bit bO
representing disc manufacturer certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never
been certified by a manufacturer, and when the bit 0 is "1b", it indicates that the disc
has been certified one or more times by the manufacturer. Other bits b4, b3, and b2
are reserved. However, "in-process" is set to oe "1 ]" by any certification before
formatting, and when formatting is completed, the "in-process" is reset to be "000".
FIG. 4B illustrates the structure of each of the group certification flags of the
bit positions 16 through 39 shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among two bits b7 and
b6 representing an in-process state is-. "0b", it indicates format completion of a
corresponding group, and when the bit b7 is "1b", it indicates that the corresponding
group is being formatted. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates that the group is being
formatted using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1b", it indicates that the
group is being formatted using partial certification. When a bit b1 representing user
certification is "Ob", it indicates that the group has never been certified by a user,
and when the bit b1 is "1b", it indicates that the group has been certified one or
more times by a user. Other bits b5, b4, b3, b2, and b0 are reserved.
FIG. 5 is a table showing the contents of a secondary defect list (SDL). RBP
is the position of a relative byte starting with 0. Relative byte positions 0 and 1 are
SDL identifiers, and relative byte positions 2 and 3 are reserved. Relative byte
positions 4 through 7 denote the total number of updated SDL blocks, and SDL
updating counter values increases by one whenever the content of SDL is updated.
Relative byte positions 8 through 15 denote spare area full flags, and relative byte
positions 16 through 19 denote DDS/FDL updating counter values each indicating
the total number of times the DDS/PDl. block is updated and rewritten. The counter
value is set to be "0" when initialization starts, and increases by 1 whenever the
DDS/PLD is updated or rewritten. As mentioned above, all the DDS/PDL and SDL
blocks must have the same count value after formatting is finished. Relative byte
positions 20 and 21 are reserved, and relative byte positions 22 and 23 indicate the
number of entries in the SDL. The rerraining relative byte positions indicate each
SDL entry.
FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag of the relative byte
positions 8 through 15 shown in FIG. 5 In FIG. 6, if a bit representing a
corresponding group is "1", it indicates that no spare blocks are left in the

corresponding group, and if the bit is "0". it indicates that a spare block remains in
the corresponding group.
FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 7,
FRM is a bit representing whether a defective block has been replaced. When the
defective block has been replaced, FRM records a binary "0", and when the
deflective block has not been replaced or nc spare areas exist, FRM records a
binary "1". The SDL entry includes the sector number of the first sector of a
defective block, and the sector number of the first sector of a replacement block.
Here, if the defective block has not been replaced, a hexadecimal "000000" is
record in an area where the first seotor number of the replacement block is
recorded.
Meanwhile, in real time recording, whether corresponding data can be
processed within a given time becomes more important than some errors of real
data. In particular, in the case of an image or the like, an error is generated to part
of a screen when a small error exists in the image. On the other hand, when input
data cannot be processed in time, continuous data error is generated to make
normal reproduction impossible. Therefore, the processing of data in time is more
important.
Thus, as for the real time recording, a method allowing non-use of the linear
replacement must be suggested. v\hen the linear replacement is not used, there
must be a portion recording the fact that a corresponding disc is in use without using
the linear replacement. A method o recording such a content will be described
referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B.
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate tho structures of the disc certification flag and the
group certification flag of the DDS pioposed by the present invention to record real
time data, respectively. The structures of the disc certification flag and the group
certification flag of FIGS. 8A and 8B are the same as those of FIGS. 4A and 4B
except for a bit position b2. That is, as shown in FIG. 8A, when the entire
corresponding disc is used without the linear replacement, the bit position b2 of the
disc certification flag is set as "1", and when the corresponding disc is used by the
linear replacement as in the prior art the bit position b2 is set as "0". In FIGS. 8A
and 8B, information associated with use or non-use of the linear replacement stored
in the bit position 2(b2) is called a dij.c defect management mode.

Also, when only specific groups are partially initialized to prevent the linear
replacement, as shown in FIG. 8B, the bit position 2(b2) of the group certification
flag for a corresponding group is set as "1" to indicate that linear replacement is not
^performed on a data region in the corresponding group. In an embodiment of the
present invention, the bit positions 2(b2) of the disc certification flag and the group
certification flag are used as shown n FIGS. 8A and 8B, but another reserved bit
can be used. Here, each existing b2 region is reserved, and its value is recorded as
"0".
When the bit b2 for a disc defect management mode of the disc certification
flag or group certification flag is set ,as "1" upon initialization of a disc, the SDL
records only the start sector address, of a block having a defect generated during
use of the disc, records an FRM bit of the SDL entry as "1", and the linear
replacement is not performed. A hekadecimal "000000" is recorded in an area for
recording the first sector number of a replacement block of the SDL entry.
In this way, while compatibilit/ between a defect managing method based on
a current DVD-RAM standard and a method of the present invention is maintained,
i.e., while a method capable of indicating the existence of non-linearly-replaced
blocks as in an existing defect managing method is suggested, a method allowing a
defective block not to be linearly replaced is also provided to thereby accomplish
recording and reproduction of real t me data.
A determination of whether a defective region will be replaced by a block
existing in a spare area using linear replacement is made by information associated
with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect
management region on the entire disc or a specific area of the disc regardless of the
type of data to be recorded in a conesponding area.
Also, a determination of wherher a defective region will be replaced by a
block existing in a spare area using the linear replacement is made by information
associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded
in a defect management region on the entire disc or in a specific area on the disc in
the case of only data required to be recorded in real time.
A method of preventing linear replacenent with respect to the entire disc or a
specific group of discs was described on the basis of the above-described
embodiment. In another embodiment, when a disc defect management mode is set

as "1", it can be used as information that the linear replacement is not performed
with respect to a block having a defect in an area of a disc for recording information
requiring real time recording and reproduction, but the linear replacement can be
performed with respect to an area of a aisc not requiring real time recording. In this
case, when data not requiring real time recording has already been recorded in an
area in which real time data must be receded, and a defective region is thus
linearly replaced, the linear replacement of the defective region must be capable of
being canceled. Therefore, when the disc defect management mode is set as "1",
this can mean that the linear replacement of the defect can be canceled when real
time information is recorded.
In order to prevent entire linear replacement with respect to the entire disc or
a given group on the disc, information associated with the disc defect management
mode is set as "1" upon initialization. On the other hand, when linear replacement
is not performed only in the case of recording real time data, there is no need to set
the defect management mode information upon initialization. That is, when it is
determined that there is a necessi y for recording real time data in a disc, the disc
defect management mode is set as. "1" just before the real time data is recorded. At
this time, a determination of whether a corresponding disc is suitable for recording
real time data is made on the basis of the amount or distribution of a defect
generated on the disc. When it is determined that the disc is suitable, the disc
defect management mode is set as "1". Otherwise, a process for informing a user
that the disc is not suitable for recording real time data is required.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method of recording data in real time
without performing defect management using linear replacement with respect to only
data desired to be recorded when the disc defect management mode is "1".
In FIG. 9, first, a determination of whetner a disc defect management mode is
"1" is set before recording of data or, a disc begins, in step S101. If the disc defect
management mode is "1", it is determined whether data to be recorded is real time
data, in step S103. If the defect management mode is "0", every data is recorded on
the basis of a general defect managing method defined in the standard book version
1.0, in steps S102 and S108. When it is determined in step S103 that data to be
recorded is not real time data, step S' 02 of performing general defect management
is performed. When it is determined h step S103 that data to be recorded is real

time data, it is determined whether an already-linearly-replaced defect exists in an
area where data is to be recorded, ir step S104.
When it is determined in step S104 that the linearly-replaced defect exists in
the area to record data in, the linearl/-replaced defect is canceled, in step S105.
When no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, it is
determined whether a newly-detected defect exists in the area to record data in, in
step S 106.
When it is determined in step S106 that a new defect is detected, information
representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced is recorded in a secondary
defect list (SDL) of a defect management area, in step S107. Next, data is recorded
in a desired area in step S108. Also when a new defect Is not detected in step
S106, step S108 of recording real time data in a desired region is performed.
Step S105 of canceling a linearly-replaced defect, and step S107 of
recording information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced are
performed by recording the first sector number of a replacement block as a
hexadecimal "000000", among linearly-replaced defect information recorded in the
SDL, and by recording the FRM information as "1". In this case, since the disc
defect management mode is set as "I", it can be recognized from the comparison of
this mode information with FRM information that the meaning of the FRM
information becomes different from that of existing FRM information.
That is, the FRM information tased on the existing standard book denotes
that a block having a defect generated for a certain reason has not been replaced
with a block in a spare area or no spare areas can be replaced. On the other hand,
FRM information based on a new definition is added to the meaning of the existing
FRM and can be information representing that when the disc defect management
mode is "1", the linear replacement of a defective block replaced by an existing
linear replacement method has been cancelec for real time recording, or the
defective block has not been linearly replaced for real time recording.
Since a disc whose defect management mode is set as "1" is likely to include
real time information, the disc can be utilized as information of prohibiting
reallocation of information on a disc without consideration of real time information.
Piece collection of collecting the pieces of a file on a disc, and read after
reallocation can be included as a method of reallocating the information on a disc.

The read after allocation is a method of reading data and then replacing a data
block likely to have a defect with a block located in a spare area.
FIG. 10 illustrates the structure) of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear
replacement proposed by the present invention. When an already-replaced defect
exists on a corresponding disc upon recording of real time data, a method of
recording the information of an area, n which the first sector number of the
replacement block as described above is recorded, as a hexadecimal "000000" and
setting an FRM bit as "1" is exemplified as a process for canceling the linear
replacement.
This method can minimize the change in the existing standard. However, in
this method, the information of a block which is determined as defective and
replaced must be deleted, so that linear replacement may be arbitrarily performed,
canceled, and again performed without sequentially using a spare area. In
particular, when a linearly-replaced b ock in the spare area is defective and again
replaced, information associated with the linearly-replaced defective block in the
spare area is lost.
Thus, it would be preferable that blocks in a corresponding spare area are
sequentially used when linear replacement occurs, and that even when the linear
replacement is canceled, information associated with a block in the spare area
replacing a corresponding defect block is maintained. When only a region
recording an FRM bit and the first sector number of a replacement block is used to
maintain information associated with he replaced sector number of the spare area,
it is not possible to tell if the corresponding replaced block has again been replaced
on account of a defect or if the linear replacement has been canceled to record real
time data.
In order to solve such a problem, a canceled linear replacement (CLR) flag is
newly defined by using a spare bit of :he SDL entry which is not in use. When linear
replacement with respect to a corresponding SDL entry is canceled for recording
real time data, a method of setting the CLR flag as "1" can be used. Here, when the
CLR flag is set as "0", it indicates a replacement block allocated without being used
by real time data. In the structure of an SDL entry of FIG. 10, for example, a bit b31
not in use is used as the CLR flag.

Meanwhile, defect management information for recording real time data can
be roughly divided into three cases in which: (1) real time data is not recorded on
the entire disc; (2) two types of data, i.e., real time data and non-real time data,
coexist on a disc, and a linear replacement defect managing method is not used
with respect to only the real time data; and (3) only the real time data is recorded in
the entire disc, i.e., the linear replacement defect managing method is not used with
respect to all recorded data.
Particularly, in the third case, real time replacement is not used for the entire
disc, so that a spare area for defect management can be set to a smaller size than
in the first and second cases. This will be described in detail later referring to FIGS.
12 and 13.
When these three or more defect managing methods are applied to one disc,
various correspondences are possible accord ng to the purpose of use of a disc,
and the disc can be more effectively used. However, considering a condition such
as the case of changing and using discs between reproduction apparatuses, the
defect management conditions in which a corresponding disc is used must be
described in more detail. 1-bit disc defect management mode information
representing use or non-use of linear replacement described in FIG. 8 is deficient
for defect management information in the above case.
Thus, as shown in FIG. 11, defect management mode information capable of
representing linear replacement or non-linear replacement depending on a plurality
of different defect management modes is stored in a reserved byte located in the
DDS of the defect management area DMA) on a disc. That is, FIG. 11 shows the
case of using two significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP10 of
DDS, i.e., the eleventh byte thereof, by taking defect management (DM) mode
depending on use or non-use of linear replacement as an example.
As shown in FIG. 11, when the DM mode information is "00b", it indicates that
the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are applied to all data on a
disc, when the DM mode information s "01b", it indicates that the linear replacement
is selectively applied according to the type of information (here, real time data and
non-real time data), and when the DM mode information is "10b", it indicates that the
linear replacement is not used with respect to every data.

That is, when the DM mode information is "00b", the slipping replacement
and the linear replacement are mandatory, and this mode is only for data other than
real time data in the first case described above. When the DM mode information is
"01b", the linear replacement is mandatory, but the linear replacement for real time
data is optional. This mode is defect management for a hybrid disc including both
real time data and non-real time data in the second case described above. When
the DM mode information is "10b", only the slipping replacement is allowable, and
this mode is defect management for only real data in the third case described
above. When the DM mode information is "10b", the physical layout of a disc can
be changed.
Meanwhile, since linear replacement cannot be used to record real time data,
a spare area necessary for linear replacement does not actually become necessary.
For this case, in the present invention, only a spare area for slipping replacement is
set in the last group without allocating a spare area for linear replacement as shown
in FIG. 12. In particular, the spare area set in the last group (here, a thirty fourth
group) allocates 7680 sectors (480 ECC blocks) to a spare area for slipping
replacement to process a maximum of 7679 entries capable of being registered in a
primary defect list (PDL). In FIG. 12, sect denotes a sector, blk denotes block, and
rev denotes revolutions.
In order to obtain the compatiDility between the present invention and an
existing defect management structure, a flag, capable of discriminating a case in
which spare areas for only slipping replacement are allocated only for real time
recording from a case in which spare areas for linear replacement and slipping
replacement are allocated according to an existing defect management method, is
represented with significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP 10 in the
DDS and the PDL, as shown in FIG. 13.
As shown in FIG. 13, when two significant bits b7 and b6 representing a DM
mode on the byte position BP 10 of he DDS/PDL are "00b", it indicates that an
existing defect managing method is applied, and when the two significant bits b7
and b6 are "10b", a defect managing method for only real time recording without
linear replacement, in which only the spare a-ea for slipping replacement is
allocated in the last group of a disc, is applied. Thus spare areas are allocated by

a method dedicated for real time recording, thereby increasing the efficiency due to
the application of the space of a disc.
As described above, while compatibility between a method of the present
invention and a defect managing method based on the current DVD-RAM standard
is maintained, linear replacement is not perfo-med when real time data is recorded.
Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced.
In the present invention, information representing a plurality of different
defect management modes depending on the type of data to be recorded is stored,
so that various correspondences are possible according to the purpose of use of the
recording medium. Thus, the recorcing medium can be more effectively used.
Also, in the present invention when real time data is recorded, spare areas
are allocated to be used for only reel time. Thus, the effectiveness due to the
application of the space of a disc can be increased.

We claim :
1. A defect managing method tor a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus,
comprising the steps of :
(a) recording information representing use or non-use of linear replacement
defect management with respect to an entire) disc or a specified area of the disc on the
disc; and
(b) determining whether a defective area of the disc is to be replaced by a
block in a spare area of the disc using linear replacement according to the information
representing use or non-use of the linear replacement defect management.

2. The defect managing method as daimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises
recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement for the entire
disc in a reserved area of a disc certification flag in a disc definition structure (DDS) of the
disc, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc.
3. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises
recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement for the
specific area of the disc in a reserved area of a group certification flag in a disc definition
structure (DDS) of the disc, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-random access
memory (DVD-RAM) disc.
4. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises
recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement upon
initialization of the disc.
5. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step (a) comprises
recording the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement just before
real time data is recorded on the disc.

6. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information
representing use or non-use of linear replacement is information for showing a plurality
of defect management modes, and is recorded in a reserved area of a disc definition
structure (DDS) of the disc.
7. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the information showing
the plurality of defect management modes includes information representing that slipping
replacement and linear replacement are applied with respect to all data to be recorded in
a user data area on the disc, information representing that linear replacement is
selectively applied according to type of the data on the disc, and information
representing that linear replacemen is not applied to all the data to be recorded in the
user data area on the disc.
8. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information
representing use or non-use of linear replacement indicates use of a defect managing
method dedicated for real time recording in which linear replacement is not performed by
allocating only a spare area for slipping replacement.
9. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the spare area for
slipping replacement is allocated to a last group of the disc, and the information
representing use or non-use of linear replacement is recorded in a reserved area of each
of a disc definition structure (DDS) and a primary defect list (PDL) of the disc.
10. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said step (b) in
response to the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement
representing the non-use of linear replacement, the defect managing method comprises
not using linear replacement for real time data to be recorded on the disc, and using
linear replacement for data to be recorded on the disc other than the real time data.

11. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said step (b) in
response to the information reoresenting use or non-use of linear replacement
represents the non-use of linear replacement, the defect managing method comprises
not using linear replacement regardless of whether data to be recorded on the disc is
real time data.
12. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of:
(c) canceling the linear replacement of a defect on an area of the disc where
real time data is to be recorded, in response to the information representing use or non-
use of linear replacement represent ng the non-use of linear replacement.
13. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said step (c) comprises
canceling the linear replacement using a flag representing that the linear replacement
has been canceled using a reserved bit in a secondary defect list (SDL), storing
information representing that the defective block has been replaced in a Forced Re-
Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL and storing a start sector number of the
defective block and a start sector number of the replacement block in the SDL.
14. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said step (c)
comprises leaving only a start sector number of the defective block in a secondary defect
list (SDL), storing information representing that the defective block has not been
replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the
defective block has been replaced, and storing information representing that the
defective block has not been replaced in a start sector number of the replacement block
in the SDL.
15. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of:
(c) recording only a stal sector number of the defective block having a
defect generated while using the disc on which the information that the linear
replacement defect management will not be used has been recorded, in a secondary
defect list (SDL), recording information representing that the defective block has not
been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL showing

whether the defective block has been replaced, and recording information that the
defective block has not been replaced in a start sector number of the replacement block
in the SDL.
16. The defect managing method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of :
(c) performing defecl management based on linear replacement when a
defect is generated during use of the disc on which the information that the linear
replacement defect management will be used has been recorded.
17. A method of recording real time data while managing a defect on a disc using a disc
recording and/or reproducing apparatus, the method comprising the steps of
(a) determining whether defect management mode information representing
whether defect management based on linear replacement is to be used ;
(b) determining whether data to be recorded on a disc is the real time data,
in response to the defect management mode information being information that the linear
replacement not to be used ;

(c) determining whether a linearly-replaced defect exists in an area of the
disc in which the data is to be recorded, in response to the data to be recorded being the
real time data ; and
(d) determining whether a new defect is detected in the area in which to
record the data, in response to no linearly-replaced defect existing in the area in which to
record the data, and recording the real time data in a designated part of the area in
which to record the data in response to the new defect not being detected.
18. The method of recording real time data as claimed in claim 17, further comprising
the steps of :
(e) performing defect management in response to the defect management
mode information being information representing that the linear replacement is to be
used in said step (a); and

(f) performing the defect management in response to the data to be recorded
not being the real time data in said step (b).
19. The method of recording real time data as claimed in claim 17, further comprising
the step of :
(e) canceling linear replacement in response to the linearly-replaced defect
existing in the area in which to record the data, in said step (c).
20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said step (e) comprises the steps of
leaving only a start sector number of a defective block in the SDL, storing information
representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment
Mark (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the defective block has been replaced, and
recording information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a
start sector number of a replacement block in the SDL.
21. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said step (e) comprises the steps of
setting a flag representing that linear replacement has been canceled using a reserved
bit of the SDL, storing information representing that a defective block has been replaced
in a Forced Re-Assignment Mark (FRM) bit of the SDL, and recording a start sector
number of a defective block and a start sector number of a replacement block in the SDL.
22. The method of recording real time data as claimed in claim 17, further comprising
the step of:
(e) recording information representing that linear replacement has not been
performed, in response to a new defect being detected in said step (d).
23. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein said step (e) comprises the steps of
leaving only a start sector number of a defective block in the SDL, storing information
representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a Forced Re-Assignment
Mark (FRM) bit of the SDL showing whether the defective block has been replaced, and

recording information representing that the defective block has not been replaced in a
start sector number of a replacement block in the SDL.
24. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-
random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc having a defect definition structure (DDS), and
the defect management mode information is information representing use or non-use of
linear replacement for the entire disc, and is stored in a reserved area of a disc
certification flag in the DDS.
25. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-
random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc having a defect definition structure (DDS), and
the defect management mode information is information representing use or non-use of
linear replacement for only some oata groups of the disc, and is stored in a reserved
area of a group certification flag in the DDS.
26. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the defect management mode
information includes information representing that slipping replacement and linear
replacement are applied to all the data to be recorded on the disc, information
representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of data, or
information representing that linear replacement is not applied to all the data to be
recorded on the disc, and the defect management mode information is stored in a
reserved area of the DDS.
27. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the disc is a digital versatile disc-
random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc having a defect definition structure (DDS)and a
primary defect list (PDL), and the defect management mode information is information
representing the use of a defect managing method for only real time recording in which
linear replacement is not used by a locating only the spare area for slipping replacement,
and is stored in a reserved area of the DDS and a reserved area of the PDL.

28. A defect managing method for a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, substantially
as herein described, particularly with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
Dated this 7th day of March, 2003

The present invention relates to the field of managing a
disc and its defects and discloses a defect managing method
to record or reproduce video and/ or audio data from a
digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real
time and a method of recording data in real time using defect
management information. The defect managing method of the
instant invention comprises using information representing
use or non use of the linear replacement defect management,
and designed for non replacement of a defective block when
recording certain data such as real time video data. Thus
real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Documents:

145-KOL-2003-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

145-KOL-2003-FORM 27.pdf

145-KOL-2003-FORM-27.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-abstract.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-claims.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-correspondence.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-description (complete).pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-drawings.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-examination report.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-form 1.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-form 18.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-form 2.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-form 3.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-form 5.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-gpa.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-reply to examination report.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-specification.pdf

145-kol-2003-granted-translated copy of priority document.pdf

145-KOL-2003-OTHERS.pdf

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Patent Number

231357

Indian Patent Application Number

145/KOL/2003

PG Journal Number

10/2009

Publication Date

06-Mar-2009

Grant Date

04-Mar-2009

Date of Filing

07-Mar-2003

Name of Patentee

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO.LTD

Applicant Address

416, MAETAN-DONG, PALDAL-GU, SUWON-CITY, KYUNGKI-DO

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	KO JUNG-WAN	684-6, SEO-RI, YIDONG-MYUN, YONGIN-CITY, KYUNGKI-DO

PCT International Classification Number

G11B 20/18

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	98-14059	1998-04-20	Republic of Korea
2	98-23913	1998-06-24	Republic of Korea
3	98-29733	1998-07-23	Republic of Korea